姜經(jīng)志

1.open, turn on

兩者雖然都是動詞表示“開”之意，但它們在用法上又有區(qū)別：

open通常用來表示“開門”、“開窗”、“開盒子”、“睜開眼”等，其反義詞為close。例如：

Its hot inside. Why not open the windows?

里面熱，為什么不把窗戶打開呢？

Please dont open your eyes and guess: Whats in the bag?

請不要睜開眼，猜一猜：袋子里有什么？

She couldnt wait to open the box. 她迫不及待地打開了盒子。

open還可用作形容詞，意為“開著的”、“敞開的”，表示的是狀態(tài)，其反義詞為closed。例如：

——I think the shop is closed at this time of day.

我認(rèn)為這家商店白天這個(gè)時(shí)候不開門。

——No, I think its open. 不，我認(rèn)為開門了。

turn on習(xí)慣上用來表示“開電視”、“開收音機(jī)”、“開燈”等一些電器設(shè)備，其反義詞為turn off。例如：

Mother is asleep. Youd better not turn on the TV set.

母親睡覺了。你最好別開電視。

I turned on the light and saw a cat on the floor.

我打開燈看見地板上有只貓。

turn on是個(gè)由“動詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的短語動詞，其后接名詞作賓語時(shí)位于副詞前或后均可，其后若接代詞作賓語只能位于副詞之前。例如：

Please turn on the radio. (=Please turn the radio on.) 請打開收音機(jī)。

Please turn it on. 請把它打開。

請選用以上詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空：

① Who ____ the radio just now?

② Please ____ your books and look at page 108.

③ Dont say that before we ____ the color TV set.

④ Look!All the doors are ____.

(Key:①turned on ②open ③turn on ④open)

2.in, into

in意為“在……內(nèi)”，是表示靜態(tài)的介詞。into意為“進(jìn)……里”，是表示動態(tài)的復(fù)合介詞。例如：

She is walking in the room. 她正在房間里踱來踱去。

She is walking into the room. 她正在進(jìn)房間。

John works in a factory about ten kilometers from his home.

約翰在離家10公里遠(yuǎn)的一家工廠工作。

He gets into the lift and goes up to the twelfth floor.

他走進(jìn)電梯，上第十二樓。

在put, throw, break, lay, fall等動詞之后，既可用in, 也可用into, 這時(shí)in也表示動態(tài)，常含有into的意思。例如：

He put all the books in/into the bag. 他把所有的書都放進(jìn)書包里。

[特別提醒]in可用作副詞，into則不能。例如：

Come in!進(jìn)來！

請選用以上詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空：

① Fish live ____ the water.

② The teacher came ____ the classroom.

③ There are many people ____ the bus.

④ Mike fell ____ the hole.

⑤ Wed better go ____.

(Key:①in ②into ③in ④in/into ⑤in)

3.cup, glass

這兩個(gè)名詞都可指“杯子”，區(qū)別在于：

cup一般指用玻璃以外的材料制成的杯子，體積小，且常帶有把柄，多用來喝可樂、咖啡、茶等。cup還可以指比賽時(shí)作為獎品的“獎杯”。例如：

Would you have a cup of tea？請來一杯茶好嗎？

Who won the cup? 誰獲優(yōu)勝？

glass一般指用玻璃制成的杯子，常用來飲酒。例如：

There are two glasses of wine on the table. 桌上有兩杯酒。

Lets have a glass of beer. 我們喝杯啤酒吧。

此外，glass作可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)還有“鏡子”、“眼鏡”等意思，作不可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)意為“玻璃”。例如：

Look at yourself in the glass. 用鏡子照你自己。

I need a piece of glass. 我需要一塊玻璃。

請選用以上詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空：

① I have five tea ____.

② Please give me a ____ of water.

③ Is any coffee in that blue ____?

④ He is drinking a ____ of beer.

(Key:①cups ②glass ③cup ④glass)

4.add…to, add to, add up, add up to

這幾個(gè)詞組都有“加”的意思，它們在用法上有區(qū)別，表示的程度也不一樣。

1)add…to意思是“把……加到……上去”。例如：

In order to get harvest, the farmers usually add fertilizer to the soil.

為了獲得豐收，農(nóng)民通常往地里追（加）肥。

If you add 15 to 85, you will get 100. 15加85等于100。

這里的add是及物動詞。如果to的賓語在上文已經(jīng)提到，則賓語連同to均可省略。例如：

This soup is too salty, add some hot water (to the soup).

這湯太咸了，加點(diǎn)熱水。

2)add to意為“增加”，add是不及物動詞，add to后面通常接抽象名詞。例如：

Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.

有你們陪同，我們這次訪問更加愉快了。

I dont want to add to his difficulties. 我不想增加他的困難。

add to之間還可以有修飾成分。例如：

The newly constructed buildings add greatly to the beauty of this city.

新建的大樓大大地增加了這個(gè)城市的美觀。

3)add up意思是“把……加起來”，“加起來”，add是及物動詞。例如：

Add up 6, 8 and 18 and youll get 32.

把6、8和18相加，總數(shù)是32。

Take care to add these figures up correctly. 注意把這些數(shù)字加準(zhǔn)確。

4)add up to意思是“加起來共計(jì)”，“總和”，例如：

The bills add up to exactly 100 dollars.

這些賬單加起來正好100美元。

His whole school education added up to nearly fifteen years.

他受的學(xué)校教育總共近15年。

請選用以上詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空：

① If you ____ 25 ____ 15, you will get 40.

② I dont want to ____ his trouble.

③ ____ 1, 3 and 5 and youll get 9.

④ The bills ____ exactly 300 yuan.

(Key:①add, to ②add to ③Add up ④add up to)

5.finally, at last, in the end

(1)finally一般指一系列事物或論點(diǎn)的順序的最后一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，或用在動詞前，表示等了好久才……，沒有感情色彩。例如：

Finally, lets do some exercises. 最后我們來做一些練習(xí)吧。

The question was finally settled. 這個(gè)問題最終得以解決。

(2)at last往往表示經(jīng)過一番努力或曲折的過程之后的意思，常常有較濃厚的感情色彩。例如：

The sixth blind man went forward to feel the elephant. He was old and slow and it took him quite some time to find the elephant at all. At last he got hold of the beasts tail. 第六個(gè)瞎子走上前去摸大象。他年紀(jì)大，行動遲緩，費(fèi)了相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間才找到大象。最后他抓住了大象的尾巴。

(3)in the end可與finally和at last通用。例如：

The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.

這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了四年，最后北方取得了勝利。

但in the end可預(yù)卜將來。例如：

When a piece of ice is taken to a warm room, it becomes smaller and smaller, until in the end it disappears completely.

當(dāng)一塊冰被帶進(jìn)暖和的屋子，冰就會變得越來越小，直到最后完全消失。

請選用以上詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空：

① ____ my brother joined the army.

② The king waited and waited. ____, after a year he could not wait any longer.

③ ____ we will arrive at the top of the mountain.

④ The war had been long and hard, but now there was peace ____.

(Key:①Finally/In the end ②At last ③At last ④in the end)

6.up, down

正如我們漢語里把去北方說成“北上”，去南方說成“南下”一樣，英語也常用up和down這一組對立的詞（作副詞或介詞）來表達(dá)不同的去向。它們的使用與區(qū)別如下：

(1)去北方用up, 去南方用down。例如：

Some birds fly up north in spring and down south in autumn.

一些鳥春天飛向北方，秋天又飛向南方。

(2)去內(nèi)地用up, 去沿海用down。例如：

The explorers traveled up to the country. 探險(xiǎn)者到內(nèi)地旅行。

Then he made his way down to the shore. 然后他朝海邊走去。

(3)去河的上游用up,下游用down。例如：

I swam up the river yesterday. 昨天我游泳逆江而上。

A box is floating down the river. 一只箱子順?biāo)ァ?/p>

(4)進(jìn)城用up,下鄉(xiāng)用down。例如：

Years ago, many students went down to the countryside, and now they have some up to the cities again.

許多年前很多學(xué)生下鄉(xiāng)，現(xiàn)在又回城了。

(5)到城市的住宅用up，商業(yè)區(qū)用down。例如：

He traveled up in the suburbs on his bike. 他騎自行車到郊區(qū)去。

I was down Nanjing Road doing some shopping.

我去南京路買些東西。