張祥美
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的難點(diǎn),也是歷年各地中考的考查熱點(diǎn)之一。其考查熱點(diǎn)如下:
[考查熱點(diǎn)一] 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be的形式必須與句子的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致,并有時(shí)態(tài)的變化形式。例如:
1. (2008咸寧市) —Some of the plastic bags cant_____after June 1.
—Yes, people will use environment bags instead.
A. use B. be use
C. be used D. are used
[簡(jiǎn)析] 第一個(gè)句子的意義應(yīng)為“塑料袋在六月一日后不能再被人們使用”。由此可知,句子的謂語(yǔ)部分應(yīng)為含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞cant的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,即正確答案為C。
2. (2008天津市) Im sure the telephone_____before the car.
A. invented B. is invented
C. was invented D. is inventing
[簡(jiǎn)析] 根據(jù)常識(shí)我們可知, telephone只能“被發(fā)明”,不能自己“發(fā)明”自己,并且telephone還是在過(guò)去被發(fā)明的,因此空白處應(yīng)填一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)式,即正確答案為C。
3. (2008河南?。?—Look at the sign on the right.
—Oh, parking_____here.
A. doesnt allow B. isnt allowed
C. didnt allow D. wasnt allowed
[簡(jiǎn)析] 主語(yǔ)parking(停車(chē))含單數(shù)意義。交通警示牌立在那里,說(shuō)明在此處停車(chē)這種行為應(yīng)該是從過(guò)去,到現(xiàn)在,再到將來(lái)都是不準(zhǔn)許的。因此,空白處應(yīng)填一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)式,正確答案為B。
[考查熱點(diǎn)二] 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)
中考試題主要考查一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
▲ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞am/is/are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。主語(yǔ)為I時(shí),用am。主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)名詞和人稱(chēng)代詞we, you, they時(shí),用are。 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞和人稱(chēng)代詞it/he/she時(shí),用is。 例如:
1. (2008安徽?。?When you leave the room, make sure the door
.
A. was locked B. is locked
C. will be locked D. should be locked
[簡(jiǎn)析] 主句的意思應(yīng)為“確保門(mén)被鎖上”。因此,門(mén)是“被鎖上”,空白處的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是被動(dòng)式。從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句是個(gè)祈使句,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)式。故B為正確答案。
2. (2008遼寧?。?—I want to be a Chinese teacher when I grow up.
—Thats great. Chinese teachers_____in China and some foreign countries.
A. need B. are needing
C. are needed D. will need
[簡(jiǎn)析] 答句后一句的主語(yǔ)Chinese teachers只能“被需要(are needed)”。 故正確答案為C。
3. (2008泰安市) —Look! What a nice garden!
—Yes. It_____every day.
A. is cleaned B. has been cleaned
C. is being cleaned D. was cleaned
[簡(jiǎn)析] 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是被動(dòng)形式,但從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)every day我們可以判斷,空白處應(yīng)填一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)式,據(jù)此可排除B、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。故正確答案為A。
▲ 一般過(guò)去時(shí):一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“was/were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。主語(yǔ)為人稱(chēng)代詞I/he/she/it和單數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),用was。 主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)名詞和人稱(chēng)代詞we, you和they時(shí),用were。 例如:
1. (2008江西?。?—How many cakes can I have, Mum?
—None, dear. They_____for your father.
A. prepare B. prepared
C. have prepared D. were prepared
[簡(jiǎn)析] 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,答句中的They指的是cakes, 它與prepare之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,而且動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。故正確答案為D。
2. (2008山西?。?Professor Yi Zhongtian_____to the Talk Show on CCTV?鄄1 last weekend.
A. invites B. invited C. was invited
[簡(jiǎn)析] 根據(jù)句意可知,句子主語(yǔ)Professor Yi Zhongtian與invite之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。再?gòu)臅r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last weekend判斷,正確答案為C。
▲ 一般將來(lái)時(shí):一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“will/shall + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成, will沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化, shall只用于第一人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)。例如:
1. (2008南京市) It is reported that the Underground Line No. 3
in our city in 2010.
A. will build B. has built
C. will be built D. has been built
[簡(jiǎn)析] 根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)境及意義推斷, the Underground Line No. 3只能是“被”人“建成”。再?gòu)臅r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 2010我們可以判斷,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。故正確答案為C。
2. (2008徐州市) Dont worry. You_____plenty of time to decide.
A. will give B. have given
C. will be given D. are giving
[簡(jiǎn)析] 從句意“別擔(dān)心,會(huì)給你許多的時(shí)間做決定”我們可知,主語(yǔ)You與give之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系, A、B、D三項(xiàng)均不符合要求。故正確答案為C。
▲ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“have/has + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。第一、三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)與has連用,其余人稱(chēng)的主語(yǔ)與have連用。例如:
(2006徐州市) Chinas sport stars Yao Ming and Liu Xiang_____Goodwill Ambassadors(親善大使) for Shanghai.
A. has been named B. have been named
C. has named D. have named
[簡(jiǎn)析] 主語(yǔ)Yao Ming and Liu Xiang是“已經(jīng)”被任命為上海的親善大使,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)式。因此,正確答案為B。
▲ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“is/am/are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。主語(yǔ)為人稱(chēng)代詞it/she/he和單數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),用is。 主語(yǔ)為I時(shí),用am。 主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)名詞和人稱(chēng)代詞we, you, they時(shí),用are。 例如:
(2006濱州市) The World Cup(世界杯足球賽)_____in Germany now.
A. being had B. is having
C. is holding D. is being held
[簡(jiǎn)析] 主語(yǔ)The World Cup是hold動(dòng)作的承受者。又從時(shí)間副詞now我們可知,空白處應(yīng)該填現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)式。故正確答案為D。
[考查熱點(diǎn)三] 含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, must, should等) + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如:
1. (2008黃岡市) —Do you believe there are aliens?
—Im afraid not. I dont think aliens_____in space.
A. can find B. can be found
C. can be founded D. cant be found
[簡(jiǎn)析] 答話(huà)者認(rèn)為,“外星人”是不會(huì)“被找到”的。主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為否定式,實(shí)際否定從句內(nèi)容。 find的過(guò)去分詞是found。 故正確答案為B。
2. (2008自貢市) —There is a lot of wind in North China.
—Well, more trees_____every year to stop the wind.
A. must be planted B. can planted
C. should planted
[簡(jiǎn)析] 答語(yǔ)中,主語(yǔ)more trees與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞plant之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。因此,正確答案應(yīng)為A。
3. (2008南寧市) Things should_____here before you enter the Great Museum.
A. keeps B. keep
C. be kept D. are kept
[簡(jiǎn)析] 句子主語(yǔ)Things與keep之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。又根據(jù)含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成模式可知,正確答案為C。
[考查熱點(diǎn)四] 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
look after, talk about, laugh at, listen to, take care of, pay attention to, write down等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。將其變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),要將整個(gè)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視為一個(gè)整體,將其中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^(guò)去分詞,后面的介詞或副詞不能漏掉。例如:
(2008恩施市) Maria_____at 6:00 every morning by her mother to get ready for school.
A. was woken up B. woke up
C. wakes up D. is woken up
[簡(jiǎn)析] Maria是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞wake up動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,從介詞短語(yǔ)by her mother和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at 6:00 every morning我們可以判斷,空白處的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故正確答案為D。
[考查熱點(diǎn)五] 表示被動(dòng)意義的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
sell, wash, be worth doing等詞語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)含義。還有一些句式中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間不存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因而常用其主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。例如:
(2008杭州市) Happiness_____in her grandfathers eyes every time he hears her voice.
A. shines B. is shining
C. has shone D. was shone
[簡(jiǎn)析] 句子含被動(dòng)意思,但主語(yǔ)Happiness與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞shine之間不存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故不能用被動(dòng)形式,只能用主動(dòng)形式。又從句中的hears可知,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故正確答案為A。
中學(xué)英語(yǔ)園地·教學(xué)指導(dǎo)版2008年10期