王 莉
青島市博物館的陳列展廳中,陳列著四尊雕琢精美的北朝石造像及一座石碑。這批石佛造像造型優(yōu)美,雕刻技法嫻熟,衣紋細(xì)致柔和,神態(tài)栩栩如生。它們不僅充分展現(xiàn)了中國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民高超的聰明智慧和創(chuàng)造才能,同時(shí)對(duì)研究中國(guó)古代宗教和文化藝術(shù)史方面也都具有重要的參考價(jià)值。
石造像分別建造于北魏和北齊北周時(shí)期,距今已有1400多年的歷史。
陳列于西區(qū)大廳內(nèi)的兩尊較大的石造像,造型基本相同,體態(tài)呈迎風(fēng)挺立式,衣角翻飛,飄然欲動(dòng)。兩尊石造像各重30噸,高一丈八尺(5.4米),故俗稱“丈八佛”。佛像身軀前傾,頭作高髻,雙目細(xì)長(zhǎng),鼻高目深,眉宇間有白毫相(即小白圓點(diǎn)),雙耳大且下垂過于常人,脖頸細(xì)長(zhǎng),面形瘦削適中,目光下視,面含笑容,給人一種和藹慈祥的感覺。佛像右手前伸,左手下垂,手心向外,作“施無畏與原印”。內(nèi)著僧祗支(佛教服裝的一種名稱),胸前束僧祗支帶作結(jié)下垂,外著褒衣博帶式大衣,下部著密褶裙,衣紋作“V”形的斷面。赤足立于復(fù)瓣蓮花石座上。蓮花座下為四方形須彌座,底座中間雕刻有一裸身力士,袒胸鼓腹,頭頂蓮花盆,兩側(cè)又各刻一羅漢守護(hù),并有手持琵琶的伎樂侍從浮雕,可謂既生動(dòng)又逼真。這兩尊石佛造像雖無銘文紀(jì)年,但從造型、服飾、蓮花座以及雕刻技法等方面來考證,兩尊“丈八佛”的形象清瘦簡(jiǎn)樸,褒衣博帶式的大衣,較密的直平階梯式衣裙,疊紋,較瘦長(zhǎng)的復(fù)瓣蓮花,從它們身上,可以明顯地看到北魏孝文帝漢化政策施行后,反映到佛教雕塑藝術(shù)上的風(fēng)格,其建造年代應(yīng)在北魏的景明、正始之后的北齊北周之前(即公元500—550年),屬南北朝石窟造像第二時(shí)期的形象。
陳列于西區(qū)北側(cè)展廳中的兩尊較小的菩薩石造像,造型服飾也基本相同但姿態(tài)稍異,各高3米,頸帶項(xiàng)圈,兩肩披巾下垂至肘部?jī)?nèi)側(cè)再向外飄。腹前有僧祗支帶,帶的正中做蝴蝶結(jié)下垂,下著長(zhǎng)裙,裙帶寬大。兩尊都是一手前伸而微微揚(yáng)起,一手輕松下垂,持一桃形環(huán)狀物,只是手的姿勢(shì)呈對(duì)稱狀,均雙足赤立在單瓣蓮花座上,造像頭部是用水泥后配的。從形象上看,左側(cè)是“觀世音”,右側(cè)是“大勢(shì)至”,都是阿彌陀佛的挾持菩薩。兩尊菩薩石造像的刻工較淺,衣褶稀疏,單瓣蓮花較為肥大。從這些藝術(shù)造型特征來看,其建造年代應(yīng)是北齊北周時(shí)期(即公元550年以后),屬南北朝石窟造像第三期形象。
展廳中還陳列有一塊半圓形螭紋造像碑首,殘高160厘米,寬210 厘米,厚40厘米,頂部雕有四條蟠螭,造型極為生動(dòng)。碑額陽刻兩行篆書“雙丈八碑,蘇公之頌” ,每字各長(zhǎng)寬12厘米。背面鑿有一尖供龕,龕內(nèi)雕有一佛二菩薩像,像背有尖眉形佛光,周圍滿飾火焰紋,龕左邊有陰刻楷書“像主蘇萬基妻張供養(yǎng)”。由此可知,造像人“蘇公”,就是蘇萬基。由于碑文部分早已失存,蘇萬基已無從查考,只能推測(cè)是蘇萬基為其妻張氏避禍求福,而雕造這兩尊“丈八佛”石造像了。
這些珍貴的石造像原安放于山東臨淄龍泉寺內(nèi),據(jù)《臨淄縣志》中華民國(guó)九年版記載:“龍泉寺在龍池村西北淄水岸上,尚有石佛四,各高丈八尺”?!傲穑邶埑卮妪埲鹿手?,佛高丈余,有荷蘭人見之,謂形容與印度古石佛同,真六朝物也,欲購之,不可得乃止?!饼埲屡f址現(xiàn)早已成為廢墟,有文章介紹,據(jù)見過當(dāng)時(shí)情況的老人講,原來龍泉寺的規(guī)模約有四、五十畝地之大,石佛原放在大殿內(nèi),兩尊大佛居中座,坐北面南并立,兩尊菩薩在大佛前面,東西面向而立,像頭已掉下,一個(gè)原在石像下,一個(gè)曾被作地界用,石碑埋在地
下。日本帝國(guó)主義勢(shì)力侵入山東后,曾兩次準(zhǔn)備將這批珍貴文物劫走。1928年7月24日上?!渡陥?bào)》報(bào)道,“臨淄縣龍池地方,有石佛兩個(gè)(應(yīng)是四個(gè)),成化碑一座,碎碑一方,在數(shù)年前,曾有中國(guó)敗類,擬將佛碑等以三萬元之價(jià)售予日本人,為地方人士聞之,出面干涉,故未成交,此次日本占據(jù)濟(jì)南及膠濟(jì)路沿線以迄青島,龍池適在日本人所謂二十里以內(nèi),某日人垂涎龍池之古佛碑等已久,乃于本月十五日,率人將佛碑一并劫取,運(yùn)至淄河店車站,預(yù)備運(yùn)往日本……”,當(dāng)時(shí)適逢“濟(jì)南五三慘案”,中國(guó)人民反日斗爭(zhēng)風(fēng)起云涌,日本侵略者迫于形勢(shì),未敢將這批珍貴文物劫走,只是將兩尊小佛像的頭盜走了。
1930年,青島四方機(jī)車車輛廠廠長(zhǎng)欒寶德獲悉,遂派人用專車把這批石造像和石碑從淄河店車站運(yùn)來青島,安放在當(dāng)時(shí)廠外的四方公園內(nèi),并配上兩個(gè)水泥制的菩薩頭像,供人參觀。后來工廠不斷擴(kuò)大,把四方公園圈入廠內(nèi),所以這批石造像一直在四方機(jī)車車輛廠內(nèi)。解放后,黨和政府十分重視歷史文物的保護(hù)工作,1977年山東省人民政府將這批石造像列為省級(jí)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。1979年7月,青島市人民政府決定,將這批北朝石造像遷移至青島市博物館(市南區(qū)大學(xué)路7號(hào))庭院內(nèi),公開展出。1998年7月,青島市博物館新館(青島市嶗山區(qū)梅嶺東路51號(hào))落成,為使這批珍貴文物免遭雨蝕風(fēng)化,決定將這批珍貴的石造像遷到新館陳列大廳內(nèi),進(jìn)行室內(nèi)展出,供國(guó)內(nèi)外廣大社會(huì)觀眾觀賞,并視為“鎮(zhèn)館之寶”。
In the exhibition hall of Qingdao Museum, there is a display of four exquisite stone Buddhist statutes of the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD) and a stone tablet. With their graceful shapes, skillful carving techniques, and delicate patterns, these statutes look alive. While fully showcasing the super wisdom and creation capacities of the ancient Chinese people, these stone statues have important reference value for studies of ancient Chinese religion and cultural art history. The stone statues were carved during the periods of Northern Wei (386-534), Northern Qi (550-577) and Northern Zhou (557-581) more than 1,400 years ago. The two large statues of similar shape, weighing 30 tons and 5.4 meters tall, present a windward pose and are called "Zhangba Buddhist." The two small stone Bodhisattva statutes, each of which is 3 meters high, have similar garment patterns but a rather different pose. The carving traces are shallow and the single lotus petals look very fat.
On the top of the semicircular table are four pieces of panchi with lively shapes. On the front are carved two lines of seal characters. On the back is carved one tributary niche, in which there are one Buddha and two Bodhisattva statutes.
Previously these treasured stone statues were placed at Longquan Temple, Zibo City, Shandong Province. In 1928, the Japanese invaders moved them to Zihedian Railway station and prepared to transfer them to Japan. Later, facing the pressure from the Chinese people, the Japanese did not transfer the statues save for the heads of the two little Buddha statutes. In 1930, Qingdao Sifang Locomotive Factory transported these stone statues and tablet to Qingdao and placed them in Sifang Park for people to visit, having made two replacement cement heads for the two little Buddha statues. In 1977, Shandong Provincial People's Government listed these stone statues as key cultural relics under major provincial protection. In July 1979, the stone statues were moved to Qingdao Museum located at Daxue Road for public exhibition. In July 1998, the new Qingdao Museum located Meiling East Road was constructed, so the stone statues were placed in the new exhibition hall for people to visit and are honored as the soul of the museum.