馬鳳春
【摘要】 目的 通過應(yīng)用經(jīng)顱多普勒(TCD)檢測蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的顱內(nèi)血流狀況,診斷腦血管痙攣(CVS)并經(jīng)過數(shù)字減影血管造影(SDC)證實,說明TCD診斷CVS的可靠性。方法 應(yīng)用TCD檢測2000-2005年CT已經(jīng)明確診斷為蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血Ⅰ~Ⅲ級患者49例(Ⅳ~Ⅴ級患者病情嚴重不宜做血管造影檢查,因此不做討論)。于患病后第1天開始,每隔3 d監(jiān)測一次,動態(tài)觀察10 d。觀察血管參數(shù):大腦中動脈(MCA)、頸內(nèi)動脈終末段(TICA)、頸內(nèi)動脈顱外段(ICA)的收縮期峰值流速(Vs)、平均血流速度(Vm)以及大腦中動脈與頸內(nèi)動脈顱外段(ICA)峰值流速的比值(∨MCA/∨ICA),同時行SDC檢查證實。結(jié)果 49例患者中,TCD提示CVS者26例,痙攣條數(shù)33條。數(shù)字減影血管造影結(jié)果顯示CVS者31例,痙攣條數(shù)36條,TCD診斷CVS的敏感率為83.8%,TCD診斷CVS特異性為91.6%。結(jié)論 TCD技術(shù)與SDC相比具有操作簡便、價廉、實時無創(chuàng)、敏感有效,容易重復(fù)檢查等優(yōu)點。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 經(jīng)顱多普勒;腦血管痙攣;數(shù)字減影血管造影
Transcranial Doppler in diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm-A comparative study
MA Feng-chun.Beijing Miyun County Hospitail,101500,China
【Abstract】 Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate intracranial blood flow conditions in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage with transcranial Doppler (TCD),and to investigate the reliability of TCD in diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) by comparing with the subtraction digital angiography (SDC) result.Methods 49 patients who underwent TCD examination between 2000 and 2005 were involved in this study.All the patients had appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage for grade Ⅰ~Ⅲ on computerized tomography (CT) scan (grade Ⅳ~Ⅴ were excluded because too serious to endure angiography).From the first day of making a definite diagnosis,TCD were performed every three days,and the observation lasted for ten days.Evaluated parameters included:The Peak and mean velocity(Vs and Vm)of Middle cerebral artery(MCA),Distal internal carotid artery(TICA)and Extracranial internal carotid artery(EICA).Ratio of MCA and EICA(VMCA/VICA) was calculated,and SDC for each person were also performed.Results Among the 49patients,TCD suggested 26 were CVS,and 33 vasospasm vessels in total.SDC results showed there were 31CVS patients,and 36 vasospasm vessels in total.Specification of TCD in CVS diagnosis was 83.8%,and the specification was 91.6%.Conclusion Compared with the SDC,TCD has its advantages for flexible operations,low cost,real-time and non-invasive,sensitive and effective,and good reproducibility.
【Key words】 Transcranial Doppler;Vasospasm;Subtraction digital angiography
CVS是腦出血、 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血和重度顱腦損傷的嚴重并發(fā)癥,嚴重的CVS可以引起腦缺血、腦梗塞及神經(jīng)功能障礙,甚至死亡,因此早期診斷CVS非常重要。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象 選擇本院2000-2005年期間,已經(jīng)明確診斷的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的患者49例,發(fā)病時間均在24 h之內(nèi)開始觀察。根據(jù)Hunt-Hess分級,Ⅰ級6例;Ⅱ級15例;Ⅲ級28例;Ⅳ~Ⅴ級患者病情嚴重不宜做血管造影檢查,因此不做對比分析。其中男26例,女23例,年齡38~65歲。
1.2 儀器和方法 應(yīng)用美國麥迪根500M經(jīng)顱多普勒,平臥位,應(yīng)用2 MHz脈沖多普勒探頭和4 MHz連續(xù)脈沖多普勒探頭分別經(jīng)雙側(cè)顳窗和頸部探測MCA、TICA和ICA的收縮期峰值速度、平均血流速度,并計算∨MCA/∨ICA的比值。經(jīng)顳窗探測深度45~65 cm。于患病后第1天開始,每隔3 d觀察一次,動態(tài)觀察10 d,記錄每個患者最高峰值流速和最高平均流速,做為診斷參數(shù)。觀察血管參數(shù):MCA、ICA、TICA的Vs、Vm、MCA與ICA峰值流速的比值(∨MCA/∨ICA)。依據(jù)國內(nèi)常用痙攣診斷標準):Vm 90~120 cm/s診斷為輕度痙攣;Vm 120~150 cm/s診斷為中度痙攣;Vm>150 cm/s診斷重度痙攣,∨MCA/∨ICA>3也是診斷CVS的輔助指標之一。同期患者行數(shù)字減影血管造影檢查,兩種檢查結(jié)果進行對比分析。
2 結(jié)果
49例患者中,僅MCA血流速度增高者11例;僅TICA流速增高者5例;MCA和ICA同時增高者10例,其中MCA的Vm最高者148 cm/s、Vm最低者91 cm/s;TICA的Vm最高者136 cm/s、Vm最低者90 cm/s同時伴有∨MCA/∨ICA>3者23例,提示腦血管痙攣者26例,痙攣條數(shù)33條。另外23例患者在觀察期間,血流速度雖然存在較大波動,但是未能達到診斷痙攣的標準。數(shù)字減影血管造影結(jié)果顯示腦血管痙攣30例,痙攣條數(shù)36條,TCD觀察CVS的敏感率為86.7%,TCD診斷CVS特異性為94.2%。
3 討論
腦血管痙攣的發(fā)生多是由于顱內(nèi)出血所致的血凝塊,釋放出各種活性物質(zhì)。如5-HT、兒茶酚胺、血紅蛋白及花生四烯酸代謝產(chǎn)物的縮血管作用,引起血管的收縮,另外機械刺激損傷部位的腦血管,也會引起腦血管收縮導(dǎo)致痙攣的發(fā)生。臨床上將SDC檢查作為診斷腦血管痙攣的金標準,但是SDC操作過程復(fù)雜,耗時,而且會對腦血管造成很大的刺激,甚至加重痙攣的發(fā)生。而且TCD技術(shù)與SDC相比具有操作簡便、價廉、實時、有效無創(chuàng),容易重復(fù)檢查等優(yōu)點,其準確性和敏感性很高,應(yīng)用TCD檢測不僅可以早期診斷腦血管痙攣,并指導(dǎo)臨床調(diào)整用藥劑量,選擇手術(shù)時機,在很大程度上減少了后遺癥和死亡率。
參 考 文 獻
[1] 華揚.實用頸動脈與顱腦血管超聲診斷學(xué).科學(xué)出版社,2002:101-105.
[2] 簡文豪.顱腦與外周血管超聲診斷學(xué).科學(xué)技術(shù)文獻出版社,2006: 47-54.
[3] 張雄偉.臨床經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲學(xué).人民衛(wèi)生出版社,1993:194-207.