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卡馬西平的藥物基因組學(xué)

2010-02-11 19:40王小燕史道華
中國藥房 2010年20期
關(guān)鍵詞:轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體卡馬西平外顯子

王小燕,史道華

(1.福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)??偱R床醫(yī)學(xué)院,福州市 350025;2.南京軍區(qū)福州總醫(yī)院藥學(xué)科,福州市 350025)

卡馬西平是臨床上常用的一線抗癲癇藥物,應(yīng)用廣泛。但因治療窗口較窄和個(gè)體差異性,卡馬西平給藥劑量常常難以預(yù)測、把握。研究表明,基因多態(tài)性可導(dǎo)致藥物療效差異[1],是影響給藥劑量確定的重要因素之一。

藥物基因組學(xué)(Pharmacogenomics)主要研究與藥物療效及不良反應(yīng)相關(guān)的基因多態(tài)性,指導(dǎo)臨床開出“基因合適”的處方,使患者得到最佳治療效果,從而達(dá)到真正“個(gè)體化用藥”的目的[2]??R西平的療效與作用靶標(biāo)、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體、代謝酶、人類白細(xì)胞抗原的基因多態(tài)性有關(guān)[3]。本文著重就卡馬西平藥物基因組學(xué)研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。

1 Na+通道基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平藥效學(xué)

卡馬西平主要作用于Na+通道,能夠抑制癲癇灶及其周圍神經(jīng)元放電。Na+通道由1個(gè)α亞基和多個(gè)β亞基構(gòu)成。α亞基作為主體形成通道孔,由4個(gè)高度同源性的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域(Ⅰ~Ⅳ)組成,每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域含有6個(gè)α螺旋跨膜區(qū)(S1~S6)。其中,S4區(qū)含5~8個(gè)帶正電荷的氨基酸殘基,稱為“電壓感受區(qū)”,當(dāng)膜電位發(fā)生變化時(shí),S4螺旋構(gòu)型即發(fā)生變化。Na+通道基因SCN1A、SCN2A分別編碼電壓門控Na+通道的α1亞基和α2亞基,其基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平療效有關(guān)[4]。

Tate SK等[5]在425例歐洲籍癲癇患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)Na+通道上SCN1A(rs3812718)G突變?yōu)锳與卡馬西平的給藥劑量有關(guān)。此基因突變頻率為0.45,位于靠近外顯子5的高度保守部位,影響外顯子5的表達(dá)。因外顯子5編碼結(jié)構(gòu)域Ⅰ中的S4區(qū)域,此變異可能通過影響電壓感受區(qū),從而影響藥物效應(yīng)[3]。這一基因多態(tài)性與給藥劑量的關(guān)系頗受爭議。有研究[6,7]表明,AA基因型患者卡馬西平每日給藥劑量顯著高于GG基因型患者(1313 mg vs.1083 mg)。然而,Zimprich等[8]對369例澳大利亞患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果并未發(fā)現(xiàn)卡馬西平劑量與此基因型具有明顯的關(guān)聯(lián)性。Lakhan等[4]對496例北印度人SCN2A(rs17183814)進(jìn)行研究,表明G突變?yōu)锳與癲癇患者耐藥有關(guān)。Sill等[9]對400例蘇格蘭患者研究,也發(fā)現(xiàn)了此相關(guān)性。但Makmor-Bakry等[10]研究卻表明,此基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平的維持劑量無關(guān)[8]。

2 藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平中樞血藥濃度

藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體是能與特定的藥物結(jié)合,并將其轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)出細(xì)胞的一類蛋白,包括ATP結(jié)合盒式蛋白(ATP binding cassette protein,ABC)家族轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體,如P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)、多藥耐藥相關(guān)蛋白(multidrug resistance-associated protein,MRP)和Ras超家族成員,如RLIP 76等。在難治性癲癇患者中,大腦血腦屏障上藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體高度表達(dá),藥物外排增加,阻止了藥物進(jìn)入中樞,導(dǎo)致卡馬西平靶濃度降低[11],但此現(xiàn)象不能完全解釋卡馬西平療效的個(gè)體差異性。

2.1 P-gp基因多態(tài)性

P-gp是一種跨膜糖蛋白,由MDR1基因編碼,在肝、腎、胎盤、腸、血腦屏障、腦脊液屏障等組織或器官中表達(dá)[12,13]。Nishimura等[14]研究顯示,P-gp可導(dǎo)致海人酸(kainic acid)誘導(dǎo)的癲癇模型小鼠中樞內(nèi)卡馬西平濃度降低。Volk等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),耐藥性癲癇小鼠與非耐藥癲癇小鼠相比,血腦屏障血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上P-gp過度表達(dá)。

P-gp 26號(hào)外顯子3435位點(diǎn)的C突變?yōu)門可導(dǎo)致P-gp表達(dá)下降[16]。Siddiqui等[17]提出,英國人群P-gp 3435位的CC基因型可能與癲癇耐藥有關(guān)。有學(xué)者分別在北印度和土耳其人群中重復(fù)類似研究,未能得出MDR13435位基因多態(tài)性與癲癇耐藥的關(guān)系[18,19]。而Seo等[20]卻發(fā)現(xiàn)210例日本癲癇患者TT基因型與癲癇耐藥相關(guān)。此外,12號(hào)外顯子1236 C突變?yōu)門、21號(hào)外顯子2677 G突變?yōu)門/A與3435 C突變?yōu)門,存在強(qiáng)烈的連鎖不平衡關(guān)系[21]。

2.2 MRP2基因多態(tài)性

MRP為有機(jī)陰離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體,在肝、腎、腸、胎盤、腦血腦屏障等組織或器官中表達(dá)[22]。Schinke等[23]研究表明,MRP和P-gp在底物特異性方面有交叉,許多藥物同時(shí)是這2個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的底物。大鼠應(yīng)用MRP抑制劑后,其腦內(nèi)卡馬西平血藥濃度顯著增加[24]。Belgley等[25]研究顯示,MRP 2與P-gp表達(dá)產(chǎn)物分布位置一致,均在血腦屏障上的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞腔面表達(dá),而MRP 1、MRP 3、MRP 5則在基底膜外側(cè)表達(dá)[13],因此,只有MRP 2可能對藥物進(jìn)入中樞有影響。

Ito等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),MRP 2有6個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)。5’端非翻譯區(qū)的24位C突變?yōu)門(突變率為0.18),可能導(dǎo)致MRP 2表達(dá)量及活性的上調(diào)[27]。Ufer等[28]等發(fā)現(xiàn),高加索難治性癲癇患者此突變率顯著上調(diào),還可能與ABCB 1代償性上調(diào)有關(guān)[29]。Meyer等[30]指出,1249位G突變?yōu)锳可導(dǎo)致417位纈氨酸變?yōu)楫惲涟彼幔c妊娠婦女胎盤MRP 2表達(dá)量下降有關(guān)(突變率為0.125~0.22)[27]。而kim[31]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),韓國人此基因多態(tài)性與癲癇耐藥無關(guān)聯(lián)。

2.3 RLIP76基因多態(tài)性

RLIP 76為Ral結(jié)合蛋白,非ABC家族成員,分子量為76 kd,位于常染色體18pl1.3上,含有11個(gè)外顯子和9個(gè)內(nèi)含子。主要作用是調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的內(nèi)攝、移動(dòng)、內(nèi)吞作用。Awasthi等[32]認(rèn)為,RLIP 76蛋白在大腦血腦屏障上內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞膜管腔表面表達(dá)。在已敲除RLIP 76蛋白的大鼠中注射卡馬西平,可出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)毒性。此外,RLIP 76很少在正常大腦組織實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞或血管內(nèi)表達(dá),但在癲癇患者的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)卻顯著大量表達(dá)[32]。然而有學(xué)者[33,34]研究表明,RLIP 76的6種基因多態(tài)性(rs1979368、rs1561998、rs2028660、rs1813100、rs329007、rs167897,突變頻率分別為 0.489、0.533、0.522、0.534、0.398、0.021)與中樞卡馬西平血藥濃度并無關(guān)聯(lián)。

3 藥物代謝酶與卡馬西平外周血藥濃度

卡馬西平的體內(nèi)代謝復(fù)雜,經(jīng)環(huán)氧化物水解酶(microsomal epoxide hydrolase,mEH)、細(xì)胞色素 P450(CYP 450)中的CYP3A4、CYP3A5及尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶(uridine 5’-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases,UGT)中的 UGT2B7等酶代謝??R西平先經(jīng)CYP3A4代謝成具有活性的卡馬西平環(huán)氧化物,再通過微粒體環(huán)氧化物水解酶轉(zhuǎn)化為無活性的卡馬西平二元醇或經(jīng)UGT2B7轉(zhuǎn)化為葡糖醛酸化合物,最終以游離或結(jié)合的形式隨尿液排出。

CYP3A4是人類肝臟及腸道中一種主要的CYP 450酶,約占成人肝臟CYP 450酶總量的25%?,F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)CYP3A4變體種類近20種,且種族差異性大。Makmor-Bakry等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),71例蘇格蘭癲癇患者,CYP3A4基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平給藥劑量無關(guān)。微粒體環(huán)氧化物水解酶是一種重要的生物轉(zhuǎn)化的Ⅱ相代謝酶,該酶定位于人類染色體1q42.1,由EPHX 1基因編碼,具有高度保守性,可催化多種環(huán)氧化中間產(chǎn)物水解為更易溶于水的反式二氫二醇。EPHX 1外顯子3的337 T突變?yōu)镃(頻率為0.453),可導(dǎo)致卡馬西平羥基化/環(huán)氧化物比例增高,而外顯子4的416 A突變?yōu)镚(頻率為0.135),則導(dǎo)致卡馬西平羥基化/環(huán)氧化比例降低[10,35]。UGT2B7主要介導(dǎo)卡馬西平的葡萄糖醛酸化,是一種重要的Ⅱ相代謝酶。UGT2B7的802位C突變?yōu)門,可導(dǎo)致蘇氨酸突變?yōu)榻M氨酸,基因突變頻率為0.11,然而并未發(fā)現(xiàn)此代謝酶的基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平維持劑量有關(guān)[10]。

4 人類白細(xì)胞抗原(HLA)基因多態(tài)性與卡馬西平不良反應(yīng)

卡馬西平可引起皮疹,包括輕度的斑丘疹(MPE)以及嚴(yán)重危及生命的皮疹(SCR),如Stevens-Johnson綜合征(SJS)、中毒性表皮壞死溶解(TEN)和藥物超敏綜合征(HSS)。研究表明,SCR的死亡率高達(dá)30%,且>90%的SCR發(fā)生在卡馬西平使用的前2個(gè)月內(nèi),因此對患者的健康造成了極大的威脅。

Hung等[36]研究顯示,HLA-B*1502在卡馬西平引起的SJS/TEN中一定出現(xiàn),而在卡馬西平應(yīng)用后無皮疹人群僅為3%,且與代謝酶基因多態(tài)性無關(guān)。Locharernkul等[37]認(rèn)為,HLA-B*1502與卡馬西平引起的MPE和HSS基因無關(guān),因此可以用來預(yù)測卡馬西平引起的SJS/TEN反應(yīng)。Lonjou等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),卡馬西平誘導(dǎo)的與HLA-B*1502基因相關(guān)的SJS/TEN只在亞洲人中表現(xiàn),而在高加索人中無此現(xiàn)象。因此,美國食品與藥物管理局(FDA)于2007年提出亞洲地區(qū)首次服用卡馬西平的患者,應(yīng)進(jìn)行HLA-B*1502基因型檢測,以避免卡馬西平導(dǎo)致的嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)[39,40]。

5 展望

運(yùn)用藥物基因組學(xué)指導(dǎo)癲癇患者用藥已成趨勢,國內(nèi)、外學(xué)者雖有一系列研究,但難以評估合并用藥、生活環(huán)境的差異等對試驗(yàn)結(jié)果造成的影響。因試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)不規(guī)范,不同研究結(jié)果難以比較且有重復(fù)。與卡馬西平用藥相關(guān)的基因變異眾多,而現(xiàn)有的研究大多集中于單個(gè)基因的變異。面對復(fù)雜的癲癇疾病,要真正實(shí)現(xiàn)卡馬西平個(gè)體化用藥,藥物基因組學(xué)研究還需不斷深入。

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