徐學(xué)農(nóng),王恩東

(農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所,北京 100193)

西花薊馬 Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera：Thripidae)是世界性的果蔬和園藝作物上的大害蟲。它原產(chǎn)美國(guó),60年代以前主要分布于美國(guó)西部,70、80年代在北美迅速擴(kuò)散、蔓延至全美和加拿大。1983年在荷蘭發(fā)現(xiàn),以后差不多每年向外蔓延 200～250 km,在不到十年的時(shí)間里就蔓延到整個(gè)歐洲 (Kirk and Terry,2003)。其擴(kuò)散蔓延十分迅速,現(xiàn)廣泛分布于世界五大洲。2003年在我國(guó)北京首次發(fā)現(xiàn) (張友軍等,2003),以后又進(jìn)一步在北京多個(gè)區(qū)縣及云南等地發(fā)現(xiàn),并有進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)散蔓延的趨勢(shì)。

西花薊馬寄主廣,在 250多種植物上發(fā)現(xiàn)。除直接銼吸危害外,還可傳播多種植物病毒病,如番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)和風(fēng)仙花壞死斑病毒(impatiens necrotic spot virus INSV),對(duì)多種作物生產(chǎn)造成了巨大的危害 (Nagata and Peters,2001;Ullman et al.,2002)。各國(guó)紛紛尋找各種防治辦法以期解決其治理問題。

化學(xué)防治西花薊馬相當(dāng)困難。西花薊馬個(gè)體微小,成蟲只有 2～3 mm,生活隱蔽,繁殖快,變異大,對(duì)農(nóng)藥產(chǎn)生抗性快,就目前所知,西花薊馬對(duì)幾乎所有用于防治它的化學(xué)農(nóng)藥都產(chǎn)生了抗性(Gillespie,1989;Br?dsgaard,1994;Zhao et al.,1995;Herron and James,2005)。也正是抗性的產(chǎn)生,部分導(dǎo)致了西花薊馬在世界上的擴(kuò)散蔓延(Kirk and Terry,2003)。隨著貿(mào)易的頻繁,抗性品系的西花薊馬到達(dá)一個(gè)地方后會(huì)很快形成種群。另一方面,由于其生活史中老熟幼蟲化蛹和羽化都是在土壤中進(jìn)行(Palmer,1989;Helyer et al.,1995;Berndt et al.,2004),也增加了西花薊馬化學(xué)防治的困難。西花薊馬主要危害蔬菜和花卉,這些作物產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)與人民生活質(zhì)量密切相關(guān),從食品的安全性上考量,化學(xué)農(nóng)藥在西花薊馬的防治上也應(yīng)大大減少。

基于上述的原因,也從西花薊馬在歐美的防治歷史來看,生物防治在西花薊馬的綜合治理中占著越來越重要的位置。西花薊馬的生物防治作用物主要有捕食螨、小花蝽、線蟲、捕食性薊馬、昆蟲寄生真菌、植物性殺蟲劑及抗生素類藥劑。這些天敵和生物藥劑,或防治西花薊馬的地上蟲態(tài),即成蟲、卵或若蟲,或防治地下蟲態(tài)預(yù)蛹和蛹,或聯(lián)合使用同時(shí)防治地上和地下蟲態(tài),這些措施在西花薊馬的生物防治中發(fā)揮了積極作用。

1 單獨(dú)使用

1.1 捕食螨類

控制西花薊馬的地上與地下蟲態(tài)均有不同類群的捕食螨。用于控制地下生活階段的捕食螨有尖狹下盾螨 Hypoaspis aculeife和兵下盾螨 H.miles(Gillespie and Quiring,1990;Br?dsgaard et al.,1996;徐學(xué)農(nóng)等,2005)。這兩種捕食螨也常被用來防治蕈蚊 (Enkegaard et al.,1997;Jess and Kilpatrick,2000)和根螨(Lesna et al.,1996,2000)。

用于防治西花薊馬地上生活階段的捕食螨主要來自新小綏螨屬 Neoseiulus、鈍綏螨屬 Amblyseius和伊綏螨屬Iphiseius,其中有胡瓜新小綏螨 [又名黃瓜鈍綏螨、胡瓜鈍綏螨,Neoseiulus(Amblyseius)cucumeris]、巴氏鈍綏螨 A.barkeri、A.hibisci、A.limonicus和不純伊綏螨 Iphiseius degenerans,但最常用的還是胡瓜新小綏螨。

新小綏螨屬和鈍綏螨屬的一些捕食螨自上世紀(jì) 80年代初被大量飼養(yǎng)用來防治薊馬(Ramakers and van Leiburg,1992)。90年代初,隨著胡瓜新小綏螨在短日照下的不滯育品系的發(fā)現(xiàn)(Morewood and Gilkeson,1991;van Houten and van Stratum,1993;van Houten et al.,1995),使之成為世界上諸多天敵公司的重要產(chǎn)品之一。2005年底,荷蘭 Koppert公司開發(fā)出來的一種新的捕食螨——斯氏鈍綏螨 Amblyseius swirskii,主要用于防治溫室粉虱,但對(duì)西花薊馬也有一定防效。捕食螨在多種作物如花卉(Hessein and Parrella,1990;De Courcy Williams,1993,2001),甜椒 (Ramakers,1987;Altena and Ravensberg,1990)、黃瓜 (Gillespie,1989;Jacobson et al.,2001b)、西紅柿 (Shipp and Wang,2003)等上可較有效地防治西花薊馬。

捕食螨的釋放方式：(1)撒放式(sprinkling method)。通過人工或機(jī)械方式把捕食螨(產(chǎn)品包裝中通常還包括捕食螨的飼料粉螨和作為粉螨飼料的麩皮)撒到植物上。撒放式的缺點(diǎn)是費(fèi)工費(fèi)時(shí),且大量的捕食螨并沒有落到植物葉片上。(2)緩釋式(control release sachet或 controlled release system,即 CRS,或 amblyseius breeding system,即ABS)。把捕食螨、粉螨和麩皮包裝在緩釋袋中,形成一個(gè)自繁育系統(tǒng),掛放到田間后,捕食螨會(huì)從緩釋袋中不斷地逸出。考慮到捕食螨的擴(kuò)散能力有限,釋放方式已由早期的每 3株掛 1袋(Bennison and Jacobson,1991),發(fā)展到后來的每株掛一袋(Sampson,1998;Jacobson et al.,2001b)。無論上述何種釋放方式,要注意隨捕食螨同時(shí)釋放出的粉螨在高密度和環(huán)境潮濕時(shí)對(duì)一些作物可能造成一定的危害(參見 BIOBEST生物公司的技術(shù)手冊(cè))。

利用捕食螨防治西花薊馬,其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于捕食螨易大量生產(chǎn),成本低 (Ramakers and van Leiburg,1982;Gillespie and Ramey,1988)。但不足在于：1)植綏螨的個(gè)體均較小,通常只能取食西花薊馬初孵若蟲,對(duì)第 2齡后的蟲態(tài)基本沒有作用(Gillespie and Ramey,1988;van der Hoeven and van Rijn,1990),釋放過遲會(huì)導(dǎo)致防治的失敗(Jacobcon,1995;Shipp and Wang,2003);2)西花薊馬第 2齡若蟲甚至可以取食其天敵捕食螨如不純伊綏螨(Faraji et al.,2001,2002)和胡瓜新小綏螨(Xu,2004)的卵,使捕食螨難以建立種群,尤其是西花薊馬種群密度大時(shí);3)多數(shù)捕食螨的卵對(duì)低濕十分敏感,低濕造成大量卵的死亡。胡瓜新小綏螨在20℃、60%的相對(duì)濕度下其卵的孵化率僅有 21.6%(De Courcy Williams et al.,2004);4)有些作物的特性可能影響到釋放捕食螨的有效性。黃瓜上由于沒有充足的花粉可能影響到胡瓜新小綏螨種群的建立(Ramakers et al.,1989;Bennison et al.,1990)。van Houten等 (1995)和 van Driesche等(2006)認(rèn)為胡瓜新小綏螨尤其在釋放量不是很大時(shí),在黃瓜和鳳仙花屬植物上不是西花薊馬十分有效的捕食者;5)土壤生物群落的復(fù)雜性,影響到土壤中使用的多食性捕食螨的有效性。Wiethoff等(2004)在溫室土壤中釋放尖狹下盾螨,認(rèn)為它不能有效地抑制黃瓜上西花薊馬的種群,是由于土壤中其它生物如線蟲、跳蟲等也是下盾螨的食料,干擾了下盾螨對(duì)西花薊馬的取食。

1.2 捕食蝽類

用于西花薊馬防治的捕食性蝽主要種類有 Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner,Macrolophus pygmaeus(Rambur)和一些小花蝽屬 Orius天敵。

Castane等 (1996)試驗(yàn)了釋放 D.tamaninii防治黃瓜上的西花薊馬。當(dāng)西花薊馬在高密度發(fā)生時(shí) (每葉 5頭西花薊馬成蟲),以3：10益害比釋放D.tamaninii的高齡幼蟲,可顯著地把西花薊馬的種群壓制在經(jīng)濟(jì)危害水平以下。

小花蝽屬天敵包括 Orius albidipennis Reuter、O.niger(Wolff)、O.minutus L.、O.majusculus(Reuter)、O.laevigatus(Fieber)、O.insidiosus(Say)和東亞小花蝽 O.sauteri(Poppius)(Blaeser et al.,2004;張安盛等,2007a,2007b)。這些天敵被廣泛應(yīng)用于溫室多種作物如甜椒(van den Meiracker and Ramakers,1991;Chambers et al.,1993;Dissevelt et al.,1995;Tavella et al.,1996;Sanchez et al.,1997,2000;Funderburk et al.,2000;Deligeorgidis,2002;Bosco et al.,2008)、黃瓜 (Trottin-Caudal et al.,1991;Ravensberg et al.,1992)、豆類 (徐學(xué)農(nóng)等,2005;Xu et al.,2006)、草莓(Frescata and Mexia,1996)、向日葵 (Chyzik and Klein,1995)、菊花(Br?dsgaard and Enkegaard,1997)等 上 薊 馬 的防治。

小花蝽是多食性昆蟲,可取食薊馬、葉螨、昆蟲卵、蚜蟲以及小的鱗翅目昆蟲幼蟲。薊馬是小花蝽的主要獵物,多獵物共存時(shí)對(duì)維持小花蝽種群有一定的積極意義。雖然葉螨也是小花蝽重要的獵物之一,但通常不至于影響到小花蝽對(duì)西花薊馬防治的有效性(Xu et al.,2006)。西花薊馬的密度影響到小花蝽的防治有效性,低密度時(shí)必須要有其它的獵物存在,否則小花蝽有離開植物的傾向 (Ramakers and Meiracker,1991)。有些植物的特性同樣會(huì)影響到小花蝽的防治功效。Coll and Ridgway(1995)的結(jié)果顯示 O.insidiosus在番茄上的搜索沒有在豆類和甜椒上有效,認(rèn)為番茄分泌粘液的腺毛影響了小花蝽的活動(dòng);Shipp and Wang(2003)也發(fā)現(xiàn)這種小花蝽在番茄上的效果不好。每 2周一次,每次每株釋放 10頭小花蝽成蟲并不能將西花薊馬種群壓低到經(jīng)濟(jì)閾值以下。

捕食性蝽類最大的問題是對(duì)多種農(nóng)藥非常敏感。M.pygmaeus對(duì)殺蟲劑吡蟲啉,噻蟲啉均非常敏感 (Hillert et al.,2002);小花蝽對(duì)多種農(nóng)藥也十分敏感(Shipp et al.,2000;Studebaker and Kring,2003)。

1.3 昆蟲寄生線蟲類

抑制薊馬種群的線蟲有 2大類,其寄生方式不一致。一類為不直接殺死薊馬,而是導(dǎo)致其不育,如 Thripinema nicklewoodi Siddiqi(Tylenchida：Allantonematidae)(Wilson and Cooley,1972;Lim et al.,2001;Arthurs an Heinz,2003;Lim and van Driesche,2005);另一類為直接殺死薊馬,如斯氏線蟲屬和異小桿線蟲屬,如嗜菌異小桿線蟲 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar(Rhabditida：Heterorhabditidae)的一些線蟲(Helyer et al.,1995)。前一類線蟲在土壤中不能傳播,但可在植物上傳播(Mason and Heinz,2002),而后者可寄生生活于土壤中的西花薊馬蛹。

西花薊馬幾乎所有生活階段均可被 Thripinema nicklewoodi所感染,但各蟲態(tài)間差異較大。雌蛹最為敏感,雄成蟲最不敏感。線蟲在寄主體外僅能生活 7～86 h(Mason and Heinz,2002)。平均每頭被侵染的西花薊馬成蟲每天可產(chǎn) 21.4頭線蟲,雌雄比為 6：1。通過解剖發(fā)現(xiàn),雌蟲體內(nèi)有更多的線蟲。第 2代線蟲在雌蟲體內(nèi)有 192.6頭,而在雄蟲體內(nèi)僅有 93.7頭。當(dāng) 50頭健康的 1齡幼蟲和 4頭被感染的成蟲置于一片豆葉上時(shí),到達(dá)成蟲階段的西花薊馬有 75.3%的被寄生率(Lim et al.,2001)。T.nicklewoodi在籠罩鳳仙花屬植物上可減少西花薊馬 79%的種群數(shù)量 (Lim and van Driesche,2004)。Arthurs and Heinz(2006)認(rèn)為,由于相對(duì)比較差的擴(kuò)散能力以及殺死寄主的速度比較慢,使 T.nicklewoodi在溫室中的盆栽菊花上低劑量使用時(shí)很難在一個(gè)作物生產(chǎn)季節(jié)發(fā)揮作用。但如果薊馬的密度比較低,T.nicklewoodi在一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里還是可以壓制薊馬種群。寄生并繁殖至西花薊馬第 9代時(shí),能減少 87.4%的西花薊馬種群。

Ebssa et al.(2001)使用高濃度的斯氏線蟲和異小桿線蟲,在西花薊馬 1個(gè)世代內(nèi)就降低了其70%的種群。

線蟲在高劑量使用及環(huán)境條件比較適合時(shí),才能取得比較好的防治效果(Arthurs and Heinz,2006)。低的傳播率,要求高的釋放率,從而導(dǎo)致釋放使用成本過高,限制了線蟲的使用。

1.4 捕食性薊馬

捕食西花薊馬的薊馬來自兇薊馬屬,有 Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen(Thysanoptera：Aeolothripidae)(Hoddle et al.,2002)和細(xì)腰兇薊馬(Franklinothrips vespiformis Crawford)。細(xì)腰兇薊馬可以取食西花薊馬的幼蟲,Zegula等 (2003)在鐵海棠上使用細(xì)腰兇薊馬防治西花薊馬。試驗(yàn)條件下,在釋放細(xì)腰兇薊馬后的 7周內(nèi),西花薊馬的數(shù)量被壓低到每花 1頭幼蟲,而對(duì)照每花有 14頭幼蟲。

1.5 真菌

白僵菌、綠僵菌和蠟蚧輪枝菌均能不同程度地控制或抑制西花薊馬種群的增長(zhǎng)。

Ugine等 (2005a,2005b)室內(nèi)測(cè)定了球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana(Balsamo)對(duì)西花薊馬的致病力。球孢白僵菌的 GHA品系在很低的劑量時(shí)也表現(xiàn)出高效性。Murphy等 (1998)試驗(yàn)曾證實(shí),球孢白僵菌的 GHA品系,可以有效地控制溫室花卉作物上的西花薊馬。Gill等 (1998)報(bào)道每周使用BotaniGard(球孢白僵菌的一個(gè)商品名)可以完全控制溫室中菊花上的西花薊馬。Jacobson等(2001a)在溫室黃瓜上試驗(yàn)了2個(gè)球孢白僵菌產(chǎn)品,即 Naturalis-L和 BotaniGard可濕性粉劑,可降低 65%～87%的西花薊馬種群。

熊蜂 Bombus impatiens是溫室作物傳粉的一個(gè)常用品種。Al-mazra'awi等 (2006)研究了在溫室中釋放攜帶球孢白僵菌孢子的熊蜂感染西花薊馬,兩次調(diào)查中的西花薊馬平均感染率分別達(dá)到 40%和 34%。球孢白僵菌加昆蟲引誘劑沒有增加對(duì)西花薊馬的控制作用(Ludwig and Oetting,2002)。

金龜子綠僵菌 Metarhizium anisopliae對(duì)菊花上西花薊馬控制作用明顯 (Brownbridge,1995;Maniania et al.,2002)。接種后 7 d可導(dǎo)致至少 94%的成蟲死亡率。幼蟲對(duì)真菌浸染沒有成蟲敏感,可能由于幼蟲在脫皮時(shí)將尚未侵入的病菌也一同脫去(Vestergaard,1995);Azaizeh等 (2002)在 3個(gè)連續(xù)季節(jié)里在溫室條件下研究了利用金龜子綠僵菌一個(gè)品系 Metarhizium anisopliae-7(M.a-7)(一個(gè)以色列本土種)防治黃瓜上西花薊馬。M.a-7能有效在壓制西花薊馬的種群增長(zhǎng),尤其是在西花薊馬起始密度低到中等時(shí);Ansari等 (2007)在 5種泥炭土及泥炭土的替代生長(zhǎng)介質(zhì)中(泥炭、椰殼纖維、樹枝、泥炭和 10%及 20%的綠色植物堆肥)試驗(yàn)了金龜子綠僵菌 V275品系防治西花薊馬蛹,能減少 70%～90%的蛹的羽化。

一些研究利用蠟蚧輪枝菌 Verticillium lecani來防治西花薊馬 (Ravensberg et al.,1990;Helyer,1993)。van der Schaaf等(1990)報(bào)道每周噴霧蠟蚧輪枝菌的可濕性粉劑可導(dǎo)致黃瓜上西花薊馬 60%的感染率。

1.6 植物性殺蟲劑

Th?ming等 (2003)在土壤中使用印楝素使豆株通過吸收獲得系統(tǒng)毒性,對(duì)西花薊馬的地上活動(dòng)蟲態(tài)和土壤中的蛹均有一定的毒殺作用。

但已有報(bào)道稱,印楝素對(duì)西花薊馬的一些天敵如胡瓜新小綏螨、小花蝽 Orius majusculus(Reuter)(Spollen and Isman,1996;Drescher and Madel,1997)及捕食性蝽 M.pygmaeus(Hillert et al.,2002)有副作用。

1.7 抗生素類

阿維菌素與多殺菌素是目前用來防治西花薊馬較多的微生物源殺蟲劑。

阿維菌素(abamectin,avermectin)在智利多種蔬菜上防治西花薊馬很有效(Gonzales and Barria,2001)。多殺菌素(Spinosad)對(duì)多種植物如鳳仙花屬植物 (van Driesche et al.,2006)和菊花(Warnock and Cloyd,2005)上發(fā)生的西花薊馬均十分有效。Funderburk等 (2000)試驗(yàn)證明,多殺菌素比通常的廣譜性農(nóng)藥更有效地控制西花薊馬,部分因?yàn)槎鄽⒕夭粫?huì)像通常殺蟲劑那樣大量降低小花蝽 O.insidiosus種群數(shù)量(Funderburk et al.,2000)。

阿維菌素和多殺菌素對(duì)天敵可能產(chǎn)生不同的毒害作用。Shipp等(2000)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)測(cè)定了阿維菌素(Avermectin b1)對(duì)西花薊馬天敵的殘留毒性。當(dāng)不純伊綏螨和小花蝽 Orius insidiosus暴露于Avermectin b1低于 6 d的殘留時(shí),仍有高于 85%的死亡率,但 6 d后殘留毒性迅速降低,對(duì)小花蝽的毒性降低到死亡率低于 25%。而同樣的情況下對(duì)胡瓜新小綏螨的毒性低。劉慧娟等(2007)的研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)用于防治西花薊馬的亞致死劑量的阿維菌素對(duì)胡瓜新小綏螨有負(fù)作用。多殺菌素對(duì)胡瓜新小綏螨低毒,對(duì)小花蝽 O.insidiosus中等毒性(Jones et al.,2005)。 Herron and James(2005)發(fā)現(xiàn)西花薊馬對(duì)多殺菌素產(chǎn)生了抗性,但對(duì)阿維菌素沒有產(chǎn)生抗性。

2 聯(lián)合使用

單獨(dú)使用某種天敵或生物殺蟲劑,其效能有時(shí)十分有限。因此,近年來,利用多天敵聯(lián)合釋放或天敵與生物殺蟲劑聯(lián)合使用來防治西花薊馬占據(jù)了越來越重要的地位。其中,捕食螨與其它的生物防治因子聯(lián)合使用的居多。

2.1 捕食螨與小花蝽

徐學(xué)農(nóng)等(2005)研究了聯(lián)合釋放尖狹下盾螨與小花蝽 O.insidiosus防治菜豆上的西花薊馬。在幾乎所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)密度下,聯(lián)合比單獨(dú)釋放顯著地壓低了西花薊馬的種群密度。

2.2 捕食螨與線蟲

Premachandra等 (2003)利用尖狹下盾螨與昆蟲寄生線蟲 -嗜菌異小桿線蟲 (HK3品系)或芫菁夜蛾斯氏線蟲(Nemaplus,SFN)聯(lián)合防治土壤中的西花薊馬蛹。單獨(dú)使用時(shí),尖狹下盾螨能減少 46%的西花薊馬羽化率,而 SFN和 HK3分別能減少46%和 61%的西花薊馬羽化率。聯(lián)合使用時(shí),可減少 71%～82%西花薊馬成蟲羽化率。

Ebssa等 (2006)在溫室和人工氣候室里試驗(yàn)了釋放嗜菌異小桿線蟲 (或 H.indica)和/或胡瓜新小綏螨防治豆株上的西花薊馬。聯(lián)合釋放可壓低 83%的薊馬種群密度,比兩者中的任何一個(gè)都顯著提高了防效。

2.3 植物上捕食螨與地表自由活動(dòng)捕食螨

Wiethoff等 (2004)利用胡瓜新小綏螨和尖狹下盾螨聯(lián)合使用防治溫室中黃瓜上的西花薊馬,但聯(lián)合釋放時(shí)對(duì)西花薊馬的防治效果并不比單獨(dú)釋放胡瓜新小綏螨的強(qiáng)多少。

然而,徐學(xué)農(nóng)等(2005)研究了聯(lián)合釋放胡瓜新小綏螨與尖狹下盾螨防治菜豆 Phaseolus vulgaris上西花薊馬,發(fā)現(xiàn)其聯(lián)合防治效果要顯著高于兩者單獨(dú)防治效果。在3個(gè)密度的尖狹下盾螨的和 2個(gè)密度的胡瓜新小綏螨共 6種組合中,僅 1組與高密度的捕食螨防效相近,其它 5組防效均顯著地高于兩種捕食螨單獨(dú)防治的效果。

2.4 捕食螨與昆蟲寄生真菌

Jacobson等 (2001a)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室和溫室環(huán)境中研究了球孢白僵菌 (Naturalis-L)與胡瓜新小綏螨防治黃瓜上西花薊馬的兼容性。在溫室黃瓜上預(yù)防性釋放胡瓜新小綏螨阻止了西花薊馬種群的增長(zhǎng)。Naturalis-L噴霧到溫室黃瓜上或室內(nèi)生測(cè)的黃瓜葉片上對(duì)胡瓜新小綏螨都沒有傷害。球孢白僵菌可作為第二道防線用于胡瓜新小綏螨對(duì)西花薊馬的預(yù)防性治理中。

2.5 捕食螨與植物活性殺蟲劑

Schmid and Guyer(2004)聯(lián)合使用印楝素、胡瓜新小綏螨及兵下盾螨防治西花薊馬。試驗(yàn)中,在8 d的間隔中分別在植物上和土壤中 2次使用了印楝素,在第 2次施用后的第 4 d釋放了 2種捕食螨。21周后,西花薊馬幾近滅絕。

2.6 捕食性天敵與微生物源農(nóng)藥

Ludwig and Oetting(2001)在養(yǎng)蟲籠中試驗(yàn)了小花蝽 Orius insidiosus與多殺菌素配合使用。在小花蝽釋放 2周和 4周后使用多殺菌素,很好地壓制了西花薊馬的種群數(shù)量。

3 討論與建議

3.1 多天敵聯(lián)合釋放或天敵與生物藥劑同時(shí)使用時(shí)的兼容性問題

單獨(dú)釋放某種天敵或生物藥劑單獨(dú)使用時(shí)其防治效果通常并不令人滿意。為了提高防治效能,常常會(huì)同時(shí)采用多種生物防治措施。然而,多天敵聯(lián)合釋放可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)天敵間的兼性捕食/寄生作用(Intraguild predation-IGP),從而影響到天敵的防治效果。Wittmann and Leather(1997)對(duì)同時(shí)釋放胡瓜新小綏螨與小花蝽 O.laevigatus防治西花薊馬提出了疑問,因?yàn)樾』碓诤闲滦〗楎臀骰ㄋE馬間并沒有捕食選擇性,對(duì)兩者的獵食沒有顯著性差異。Chow等(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)同時(shí)提供給小花蝽O.insidiosus相同數(shù)量的不純伊綏螨和西花薊馬時(shí),小花蝽捕食更多的不綏伊綏螨。溫室試驗(yàn)表明,同時(shí)釋放小花蝽與不純伊綏螨并沒有強(qiáng)化對(duì)西花薊馬的控制,因?yàn)閮烧叩目刂菩Чc單用小花蝽的效果相似。然而,Xu(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn),小花蝽 O.insidiosus與胡瓜新小綏螨同時(shí)釋放時(shí)顯著地控制了西花薊馬。在西花薊馬與二斑葉螨共發(fā)的環(huán)境中,隨著二斑葉螨與西花薊馬密度的增加,小花蝽對(duì)胡瓜新小綏螨的 IGP明顯減弱。此外,聯(lián)合釋放地上與地下捕食性天敵,雖然不存在天敵間的 IGP現(xiàn)象,但也可能發(fā)生一種天敵對(duì)另一種天敵的資源掠奪性競(jìng)爭(zhēng),使同時(shí)釋放的另一天敵并沒有起到很好的效果。徐學(xué)農(nóng)等(2005)的研究結(jié)果表明,在釋放小花蝽 O.insidiosus防治西花薊馬的試驗(yàn)中,同時(shí)釋放的尖狹下盾螨在多數(shù)情況下并沒有顯著增加對(duì)西花薊馬的防治效能。Wiethoff等 (2004)在研究同時(shí)釋放胡瓜新小綏螨與尖狹下盾螨防治西花薊馬時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣的現(xiàn)象。因此,多天敵釋放時(shí),一定要充分研究天敵間的相互關(guān)系。天敵間的 IGP、資源掠奪性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以及害蟲的密度等都會(huì)對(duì)聯(lián)合釋放天敵的防治效能產(chǎn)生影響。

天敵與生物性藥劑同時(shí)使用時(shí),注意生物藥劑對(duì)天敵的負(fù)作用,特別是對(duì)小花蝽的負(fù)作用。

3.2 西花薊馬生物治理上的困境

因?yàn)槲骰ㄋE馬為害的特殊性,主要危害溫室及大棚里的蔬菜及花卉等,這些作物的安全與人類健康息息相關(guān),因此,西花薊馬的防治多采用生物防治的方法。從捕食性天敵到寄生性天敵,從動(dòng)物性天敵到微生物類天敵,再到微生物類代謝物,從地上釋放天敵到地下釋放天敵,再到聯(lián)合地上與地下釋放天敵,幾乎是無所不用其極。然而,西花薊馬仍然是溫室蔬菜花卉上的重要害蟲,而且從其 70年代自美國(guó)發(fā)生擴(kuò)散后,似乎就從來沒有停止過向外蔓延的“腳步”。因此,從根本上說,在解決西花薊馬治理這一世界性的難題上,僅僅依賴生物防治是很難行得通的。甚至在一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)將其維持在低水平發(fā)生都是困難的。防治上的稍微疏忽就會(huì)導(dǎo)致西花薊馬發(fā)生的迅速“抬頭”。此外,西花薊馬可傳播植物病毒病,當(dāng)溫室有 TSWV和 INSV時(shí),生物防治不應(yīng)該使用 (Matteoni,1995)。而化學(xué)防治在溫室這樣特殊的種植生境中又一再受到限制。因此,采取以生物防治為主體的綜合治理方法,協(xié)調(diào)使用多種措施,是更好的選擇。生物防治措施的使用,一方面減少了農(nóng)藥對(duì)生物安全的威脅,另一方面,也可作為減少西花薊馬對(duì)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥抗性產(chǎn)生的辦法之一(van Driesche et al.,2006;Ansari et al.,2007)。

3.3 中國(guó)西花薊馬的治理

西花薊馬近年侵入中國(guó),已在北京、云南等地發(fā)現(xiàn),并有在中國(guó)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)散蔓延的趨勢(shì)。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)其適生性(戴霖等,2004)及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性(杜予洲等,2005)進(jìn)行了分析,認(rèn)為在大多地區(qū)具有發(fā)生的可能性,而且,具有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性。如何對(duì)這一入侵害蟲進(jìn)行有效的控制,是中國(guó)害蟲治理專家面臨的一個(gè)新的重要課題。從綜合治理的角度出發(fā),應(yīng)首先積極尋找天敵昆蟲(或捕食螨)及病原微生物,或從國(guó)外引進(jìn),或發(fā)掘出國(guó)內(nèi)自有的本土種類。目前正在研究的一些捕食螨、東亞小花蝽和南方小花蝽等都是非常值得期待的天敵品種,白僵菌和綠僵菌等微生物類天敵也值得關(guān)注。此外,也應(yīng)積極并盡快篩選出植物源農(nóng)藥以及高效低毒低殘留的化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,研發(fā)西花薊馬性誘劑等,與生物防治作用物一道,采取綜合治理的方法,盡最大可能把西花薊馬的控制在低水平發(fā)生狀態(tài)。

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