董衛(wèi)/DONG Wei

面對復(fù)雜條件的挑戰(zhàn)

設(shè)計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作，必須面對種種困難的環(huán)境。作為一家知名的國際化設(shè)計團隊，斯米特－漢莫－拉森建筑事務(wù)所（SHL）就是在各種復(fù)雜環(huán)境下的設(shè)計項目中成長起來的。在設(shè)計中應(yīng)對各種復(fù)雜條件是對建筑師知識結(jié)構(gòu)和個人能力的雙重挑戰(zhàn)，所以每一次設(shè)計都是改善自身知識結(jié)構(gòu)、提高工作能力的一次機遇。該事務(wù)所合伙人之一斯戴芬·戴維·維勒斯先生認(rèn)為，具備應(yīng)對任何復(fù)雜條件的能力是建筑師的基本素養(yǎng)，建筑設(shè)計本身就是在不同限制性環(huán)境中尋求突破的創(chuàng)造性過程，這也正是設(shè)計工作的樂趣所在。

作品背后的思想

設(shè)計民主 在設(shè)計中追求和體現(xiàn)民主是許多北歐設(shè)計機構(gòu)的共識，意在強調(diào)設(shè)計是為人而非為物。在與斯戴芬·戴維·維勒斯先生的談話中，我聽到的第一種設(shè)計觀就是民主。我認(rèn)為，民主是西方國家引以為自豪的基本價值觀，而對中國人來說，則必須從自己的文化傳統(tǒng)出發(fā)作出合理的判斷。如何從建筑師的角度來落實民主的觀念，的確一下子令人難以把握。究竟何以在設(shè)計作品中體現(xiàn)出民主的理念，是否能夠形成一種“民主的空間”？似乎全靠使用者與觀者的感悟，而這正是建筑空間詮釋理論的用武之地。當(dāng)然，要把一種形而上的意識形態(tài)應(yīng)用于形而下的空間塑造，的確是一件十分困難的事。從這個角度出發(fā)，我們看到，在建筑的物質(zhì)空間與觀念空間之間存在著很大的轉(zhuǎn)換可能，亦即空間理解和理論關(guān)照的可能。無論如何，我們很難在思想與空間形態(tài)之間尋找到絕對固定的對位關(guān)系。在更多情況下，思想是思考或設(shè)計靈感的“觸媒”，但這種“觸媒”是否必然能夠形成一種真實美好的形式，并能夠使人們感悟到其背后的動機，不僅要靠建筑師的功力，更依賴于理論解說和制度引導(dǎo)。在SHL事務(wù)所，設(shè)計民主顯然是一種制度化的民主。舉例來說，為了堅守自己的“民主”觀念，SHL決定遠離當(dāng)下十分紅火的“數(shù)字設(shè)計”游戲，也不去追求時尚的“非規(guī)則形式”。對這個事務(wù)所來說，凡是過于時尚的東西總有消失的時候，且時尚的東西總是非大眾的東西。因此，堅持認(rèn)為追求變幻莫測的時尚與恪守永恒和普世的民主理想的觀念格格不入，就是SHL事務(wù)所民主觀在建筑設(shè)計中的一種具體體現(xiàn)。

另外，民主理念也體現(xiàn)在對140人的設(shè)計團隊的管理過程中。包括方案的價值取向和設(shè)計判斷，最終方案的選取充分表現(xiàn)在一種“經(jīng)驗民主”的機制中，由5位合伙人、一位CEO及不同城市分支機構(gòu)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和主創(chuàng)建筑師群構(gòu)成了事務(wù)所的多層級智慧核心，根據(jù)項目和特點開展設(shè)計評估與研討，以保證在有限的時間內(nèi)提出最佳方案。

環(huán)境優(yōu)先 應(yīng)當(dāng)知道，在鑒賞“雜志作品”的時候，我們首先應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注不同作品的設(shè)計條件與所處環(huán)境，這是理解建筑師設(shè)計意圖的一條捷徑。而要做到這一點，閱讀文字與品讀圖片同樣重要。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，SHL事務(wù)所為本刊提供的資料中，每個項目除了總平面以外，還有一張表現(xiàn)更大尺度環(huán)境的區(qū)位圖。這張小小的區(qū)位圖告訴

Chal lenges Under Compl icated Condi tions

Design is creative work faced with many dif ficult circumstances. As a famous international team of architects, schmidt hammer lassen project design grows from various complicated conditions. To deal with these complicated conditions in design is a chal lenge both to the knowledge structure and to the personal ability of architects. Therefore each design is an opportunity to the improvement of personal knowledge st ructure and the advance of work competence. Mr. Stephen D. Wil lacy, one of the pratice's partners, thinks that the ability to face any complex condition is basic literacy for architects.Architectural design is a creative process to seek a breakthrough under dif ferent limited circumstances,which is actual ly interesting for design work.

Thinking Behind the Works

Democratization in Design － To seek and reflect democracy in design is the shared idea for many Nordic design organizations, which emphasize that design is for people instead of objects. The first value of design I heard during the talk with Mr. Stephen D.Wil lacy is democracy, which I think western countries cherish as a basic value, but for Chinese people, it can be judged logical ly from their own cultural traditions.It is difficult to put the idea of democracy into effect from the architectural point of view. How to ref lect the idea of democracy in design works or whether the"space of democracy" could be made may rely on the understanding of users and views, which is precisely the scope for explaining the theory in connection to architectural space. However, the pre-condition for people in various countries to understand this is to abandon any potential high-sounding political words and tendentious ideology. From this point, there is great possibility to transfer between the material space and the viewed space, that is, between space understanding and theory concerns. For example, in order to hold the idea of“democracy”, schmidt hammer lassen architects decided to keep away from the prevailing “figure design”game, as wel l as the fashionable“non-regular form”. From the point of view of schmidt hammer lassen architects, fashionable things wil l disappear sooner or later; besides, fashion is always not belonging to the majorities. So it is a detailed ref lection in architectural design of schmidt hammer lassen architects concerning the f irmly believed democracy idea, which is conf licting with the concept of changeable fashion.

In addition, the architectural concept of democracy inf luences the management process of the design firm with 140 employees. In the process operation, it includes value orientation, proposal comparison and judgment, and the f inal scheme selection ref lects the mechanism of“experience democracy”, the mul tiple-layer intel ligent core comprises 5 partners, a CEO, leaders in branches of dif ferent cities and the chief architects group. They can make the best design proposal in the al lotted time after carrying out the design evaluation and research according to the characteristics of the project.

Pr i or i t y t o Envi ronment－It shal l be knowledgeable that when we enjoy the “magazine works”, we ought first ly to be concerned about the various design conditions of various works and their environments. It is a shortcut to understand the architect's design concept. Words and pictures are of the same importance in this regard. I found in every project materials provided by schmidt hammer lassen architects, there is a location plan which displays the greater extent of location in addition to the master plan. We can get some important information f rom this small location plan: firstly, the actual environment of the building, which usual ly is the key factor inf luencing the design objectives; secondly, it is seldom to provide a location plan when publishing their works in international architecture magazines. Choosing to add the location plan in the limited space of the magazine and repeatedly emphasizing the features of the design environment with words shows the degree of attention of this office to the environmental issue,and it also ref lects the architects’environment consciousness and the way of thinking in architectural design.

Creative Ideas － Primarily, insisting on innovation in architectural design, because design is an intel ligent activity motivated by creativity. People can understand the creation of design from various aspects, and the creation in a spatial sphere is the final goal of the whole design process. From the works of schmidt我們一些重要的信息。其一，表明建筑所處的實質(zhì)環(huán)境，這往往是影響設(shè)計意圖的關(guān)鍵性因素；其二，為每個建筑作品提供區(qū)位圖在各種國際建筑雜志所發(fā)表的作品中并不多見。在原本十分有限的篇幅內(nèi)還要增加似乎沒有什么價值的區(qū)位圖，而且在文字解說中反復(fù)強調(diào)設(shè)計環(huán)境的特點，這本身就說明了該事務(wù)所對環(huán)境問題的重視程度，更反映出事務(wù)所在從事建筑設(shè)計時的一種環(huán)境理念和思考方式。

因此，這幅區(qū)位圖意味著環(huán)境優(yōu)先觀念已經(jīng)不再是一種口號，而是實實在在的“設(shè)計哲學(xué)”在事務(wù)所圖示體系中的具體表現(xiàn)。

創(chuàng)新理念 在建筑設(shè)計中堅持創(chuàng)新應(yīng)當(dāng)是一件天經(jīng)地義的事，因為設(shè)計本來就是以創(chuàng)新為動力的智力活動。人們可以從許多方面考慮設(shè)計的創(chuàng)新性，其中對空間的創(chuàng)造是整個設(shè)計過程的終極目標(biāo)。從SHL事務(wù)所的作品中，我們可以體驗出一種堅持以地方文化為本的創(chuàng)新精神，對地方文化的理解或?qū)で罂臻g的“場所精神”是該事務(wù)所多年來一以貫之的設(shè)計理念。因此，我們可以看到在不同國家從事建筑設(shè)計時，SHL的建筑師總是企圖對地方文化及其環(huán)境有所了解，并在此基礎(chǔ)上開展設(shè)計工作，這使得建筑作品擁有了對地方文化與環(huán)境的詮釋性特征（例如，已成為北歐建筑經(jīng)典的格陵蘭瓦克文化中心，1997），而要達到這一目標(biāo)并非易事。這種基于地方文化的創(chuàng)新理念似乎正是SHL事務(wù)所能夠在國際競賽中屢屢獲勝的秘訣。

北歐品質(zhì) 在許多北歐建筑師的眼中，所謂北歐品質(zhì)就是高品質(zhì)的代名詞。這種北歐品質(zhì)既包括設(shè)計的內(nèi)容，也包括建造和管理的內(nèi)容。SHL一貫強調(diào)的設(shè)計整體性，即指從宏觀的環(huán)境層面到微觀的細(xì)部大樣的全過程控制。而在全部的品質(zhì)控制中，設(shè)計品質(zhì)是最重要的環(huán)節(jié)。在一個事務(wù)所中，控制設(shè)計品質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵在于對設(shè)計的管理，而不在于設(shè)計創(chuàng)意本身。設(shè)計管理包括落實設(shè)計創(chuàng)意的全部環(huán)節(jié)，特別是不同工種之間的協(xié)調(diào)、設(shè)計和施工之間的協(xié)調(diào)、與使用者的協(xié)調(diào)、甚至對設(shè)計作品的推廣與宣傳。在SHL事務(wù)所，所有這些環(huán)節(jié)都有專人負(fù)責(zé)，這就保證了設(shè)計、施工與使用的全過程管理，從而保證了“北歐品質(zhì)”的實至名歸。

生態(tài)設(shè)計 經(jīng)過20余年的耳濡目染，我們早已將“生態(tài)建筑”或“生態(tài)城市”的概念銘刻在心。但在某種程度上，“生態(tài)”一詞也被過度商業(yè)化，以至于在聽到有人在繼續(xù)賣弄這一詞匯時，我們總不免要想想，他指的是什么樣的和誰的“生態(tài)”？這意味著，其一，“生態(tài)”具有強烈的地域性和不平等性，一個地方/族群的生態(tài)有可能是另一個地方/族群的災(zāi)難；其二，任何具有良好意愿的新概念都有可能由于誤讀或曲解而成為陳詞濫調(diào)，這種狀況似乎也是諸如“可持續(xù)”、“綠色”、“低碳”等概念交替出現(xiàn)的原因。無論如何，在談到這些新的概念的時候，我們不僅要聽其言，更要觀其行，這樣才能真正理解生態(tài)概念是如何用于設(shè)計中并成為現(xiàn)實的。SHL事務(wù)所主張生態(tài)化的建筑設(shè)計，這與大部分建筑師的觀點并無二致。其生態(tài)設(shè)計的特點在于建筑師十分注重對地方條件的利用。這樣，SHL的生態(tài)設(shè)計實際上就是充分尊重地方條件的設(shè)計路線，所設(shè)計的生態(tài)建筑也就是充分結(jié)合地方環(huán)境的建筑，而非炒作時尚概念或濫用昂貴技術(shù)的建筑。

每一個成熟的事務(wù)所都會有自己的設(shè)計哲學(xué)或建筑觀念。設(shè)計民主、環(huán)境優(yōu)先、創(chuàng)新理念、北歐品質(zhì)和生態(tài)設(shè)計構(gòu)成了SHL事務(wù)所設(shè)計哲學(xué)的核心內(nèi)容，從這些角度去理解其設(shè)計作品，有助于我們較好地把握建筑形態(tài)背后的動機和觀念，有助于把這本專輯中的每一棟建筑都看作一個在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r間里存在于適當(dāng)條件下的活著的生命體。這正是SHL事務(wù)所的建筑師們所要達到的境界?！?/p>

[1] NORBERG-SCHULZ C. Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. Rizzoli New York,1979.

[2] 董衛(wèi). 專注于此時此地——關(guān)于北歐當(dāng)代建筑中的地方主義. 新建筑. 1997（3）.

[3] 董衛(wèi). 北歐現(xiàn)代建筑發(fā)展歷程簡述. 世界建筑. 1997（4）.

[4] 張玫英. 陽光中的舞蹈. 世界建筑. 2008（5）.

hammer lassen architects, we can experience a creative spirit insisting on the local culture of innovation. It has been for many years the consistent design concept for schmidt hammer lassen architects to understand the local cul ture or seek the“l(fā)ocale spirit”(genius loci). So we could see that schmidt hammer lassen architects has always been attempting to understand the local culture and its environment,and carrying out the design works on that basis in dif ferent counties. Al l of these trial actions have brought architectural works explanative features of that local culture and environments (eg. The classical Katuaq Culture Center of Greenland, 1997). However,it is difficult to reach this target. It seems that the innovative ideas based on the local culture are the recipe of schmidt hammer lassen architects making constant success in international competitions.

Nordic Qual i ty － In the eyes of many Nordic architects, the Nordic quality is an alternative name for high quality, referring to design, construction and management. The integrity of design is always emphasized by schmidt hammer lassen architects, i.e. the overal l process is control led from the macroscopical environmental layers to microcosmic detailed samples. Among al l the quality controls, the design quality is the most important part. In the of fice, the key of control ling the design quality is the management of design, not just the creation of ideas alone. The management of design includes the implementation of al l segments of the design, especial ly the coordination between various types of engineering work, design and construction, interaction with users,and even the promotion and advertisement of design works. In schmidt hammer lassen architects, al l these links have people in charge, which ensures the entire process of management in design, construction and application, and thus guarantees the actual “Nordic Quality”.

Ecological Design － The concepts of “ecological architecture” and “ecological city” have already been engraved into our memories af ter their immersion more than 20 years ago. But to some degree, the word“ecological” has been over-commercialized. Hence,when we hear it paraded by some people, we tend to think what was pointed and whose“ecology”. This means that, firstly,“ecology” has a strong territoriality and inequality, the ecology of one local/subpopulation may be the disaster of another local/subpopulation;secondly, it could be a mere platitude when any new concept despite of good intentions is read wrongly or misinterpreted. Maybe it is the reason for the alternate appearance of “sustainability”,“Green” and “LC” etc.No matter how, when we talk about these new words,we shal l not only listen to the words, but also observe the activities. In this way, we could understand how the concept of ecology is used in design and put into effect. The ecological architectural design pointed by schmidt hammer lassen architects is similar to others where features of ecological design is the architects'focus on the use of local condition. So in fact, it is a design policy that respect the local conditions. So, the ecological buildings are the ones in harmony with its environments, instead of the ones in description of fashionable concepts or through abuse of expensive technology.

Every mature practice has its own design philosophy or architectural value. Democratization in Design, Priority to Environment, Creative Ideas,Nordic Quality, and Ecological Design are the key elements of schmidt hammer lassen architects design philosophy. Understanding its design work from these mentioned points of view can help us to grasp the motivation and value behind the architectural form,and can help us to see each building as a specific life under the particular conditions and times. That's the spirit schmidt hammer lassen architects wants to achieve.□

Reference:

[1] NORBERG-SCHULZ C. Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. Rizzoli New York,1979.

[2] DONG Wei. Focus on this Ttime and this Place-Aoubt the Local Idea of Modern Architecture of Northern Europe, New Architecture. 1997(3).

[3] DONG Wei. Brief of Development of Modern Architecture of Northern Europe. World Architecture.1997(4).

[4] ZHANG Meiying. the Dance in the Sun. Wor ld Architecture. 2008(5).