周新麗

用作狀語(yǔ)的從句稱為狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句常用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等，按其意義和作用主要可以分為以下幾種：

（一）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

1. when, while, as

when為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”的意思，指某個(gè)具體的時(shí)間，表示一件事跟著另一件事發(fā)生；while為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”的意思，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句中的動(dòng)作與從句中的動(dòng)作在某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)同時(shí)發(fā)生；as表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”或“一邊……，一邊……”的意思，也強(qiáng)調(diào)兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：

(1)Well have a big party for him when he gets here.

(2)I hurt my back while I was shoveling snow.

(3)He whistles while he works.

(4)Tom slipped as he was getting off the train.

2. before, after

before表示“在……之前”的意思，一般主句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前；after表示“在……之后”的意思，一般主句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。例如：

(1)Ill read for a while before I go to bed.

(2)She got a new job after she studied computer.

(3)Shes going to watch TV after she finishes washing the dishes.

3. till, until

till, until為“直到……為止”的意思，until更為正規(guī)。在句首多用until。例如：

(1)He waited till his mother returned.

(2)I watched him until he disappeared.

(3)We danced and danced until a lot of them joined in.

★用till和until時(shí)要注意主句中的動(dòng)詞是否有持續(xù)性，如果動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有持續(xù)性，是瞬間動(dòng)詞，主句要用否定式表示狀態(tài)。在否定句中經(jīng)常譯為“直到……才”。例如：

(1)She wont get a better job until she learns English.

直到她學(xué)了英語(yǔ)，她才可以得到一份較好的工作。

(2)I didnt begin to work until she had gone. 直到她走了我才開(kāi)始工作。

4． since, ever since

since, ever since表示“從……起”或“自從……以來(lái)”的意思。

since從句一般用過(guò)去時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作的起點(diǎn)；主句用完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)。例如：

(1)Shes had several jobs since she first began to work.

(2)Hes learned a lot since he began working there.

(3)Ever since Maurice arrived, he has been sitting quietly in the corner.

如果主句中的動(dòng)詞不表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)而表示目前的狀態(tài)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：

It is twenty years since she began to teach English.

5. as soon as, once, directly

as soon as, once, directly表示“一……就……”的意思。例如：

(1)As soon as Martina saw the fire, she telephoned the fire department.

(2)Onec my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she will be able to drive.

6. no sooner…than…, hardly…when…

no sooner…than…, hardly…when…表示“剛……就……”的意思。例如：

(1)He had no sooner arrived than he began to complain.

(2)We had hardly got into the country when it began to rain.

★如果no sooner, hardly放在句首，句子要倒裝，把had提到主語(yǔ)前面。例如：

(1)No sooner had he arrived than he began to complain.

(2)Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.

★no sooner, hardly引導(dǎo)的從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去時(shí)。

7. the moment, the day, the next time

the moment表示“一……就……”的意思；the day表示“那天……”的意思；the next time表示“下一次……”的意思。例如：

(1)Everyone was talking but stopped the moment Mr. Smith entered the room.

(2)The next time Paul flies to New York, he will visit his uncle.

(3)The day I was in Beijing , the weather was hot.

★時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的使用很關(guān)鍵，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的將來(lái)時(shí)要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示。例如：

(1)When my aunt arrives for a visit tomorrow, she will see my good friend for the first time.不可以說(shuō)：When my aunt will arrive for a visit tomorrow, she will see my good friend for the first time.

(2)The next time Paul flies to New York, he will visit his uncle.不可以說(shuō)：The next time Paul will fly to New York, he will visit his uncle.

★如用by the time引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，它的主句一般用完成時(shí)。例如：

(1)By the time I go to bed tonight, I have finished my work for the day.

(2)By the time he graduated from high school, he had attended seven different schools.

★時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的將來(lái)完成時(shí)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)表示。例如：

(1)When I have been here for a year Ill ask for a rise.不可以說(shuō)：When Ill have been here for a year Ill ask for a rise.

(2)When we have had lunch well go for a walk.不可以說(shuō)：When well have had lunch well go for a walk.

（二）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

where, wherever

where指在某個(gè)地點(diǎn)，wherever指在任何一個(gè)地方。例如：

(1)Keep your tool box where you can get it.

(2)Ill drive you where youre going.

(3)You have the right to live where you want.

(4)Wherever he goes, Ill go, and I dont care what happens.

（三）原因狀語(yǔ)從句

1. because

because表示原因。例如：

(1)I like my work very much because my job is interesting and important.

(2)I couldnt see her expression, because her head was turned.

2. since, as

since表示“既然”的意思，as表示“由于”的意思。例如：

(1)As I was feeling tired, I went to bed early.

(2)Since it was Saturday, he stayed in bed an extra hour.

(3)As there were no buses we had to take a taxi.

3. seeing(that), now(that)

seeing(that) now(that) 表示“鑒于，既然”的意思。例如：

(1)Seeing that he refused to help us, theres no reason why we should now help him.

(2)Now that we are alone, we can speak freely.

(3)Now that you are well again you can travel.

（四）條件狀語(yǔ)從句

1. if, unless

if表示“如果”的意思；unless表示“如果不”，“除非”的意思。例如：

(1)If I work late, I get tired.

(2)If the water is boiling, it means the food is nearly ready.

(3)He will never get a good job unless he improves his language skills.

★祈使句＋and＋主句＝if條件狀語(yǔ)從句＋主句。這是狀語(yǔ)從句檢測(cè)中較難的一點(diǎn)。例如：

(1)Sit down, and Ill make you a cup of tea. (If you sit down, Ill make you a cup of tea.)

(2)Ten minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train. (If we had been ten minutes earlier, we could have caught the last train.)

2. providing (that)， provided (that)

providing (that), provided（that） 表示“假如，假設(shè)”的意思。例如：

Provided that the salary meets my expectations, I will accept the job offer.

3. as long as, so long as

as long as, so long as表示“只要”的意思。例如：

(1)Im happy as long as you are happy.

(2)I dont care, so long as she lets me enter her room.

(五)方式狀語(yǔ)從句

1. as

as表示“像……一樣”的意思。例如：

I have changed it as you suggested.

2. as if, as though

As if, as though表示“好像”的意思。例如：

(1)That house looked as if nobody was living in it.

(2)He looked at me as if I were mad.

(3)I cant understand why she likes him so much. It isnt as though hes good-looking at all.

（六）比較狀語(yǔ)從句

as…as…，the same…as, such…as, not so (as)…as

as…as表示“像……一樣”的意思，the same…as表示“和……一樣，同樣”的意思，such…as表示“像……這樣的”的意思；not so (as)…as表示“不像……一樣”的意思。例如：

(1)Some of our states are as big as France and England put together.

(2)His name is the same as his uncles (name)

(3)Hes not such a good student as she (is).

(4)She doesnt work as hard as I do.

(5)It did not take so long as he had feared.

（七）目的狀語(yǔ)從句

that, so that, in order that

that, so that, in order that表示“為了……，以便”的意思。例如：

(1)Being it closer that I may see it better.

(2)She built a high wall round her garden so that her fruit wouldnt be stolen.

(3)The notice is written in several languages so that everyone may understand it.

(4)I lent him $30 in order that he might go for a holiday.

（八）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

1. though, although, even though (even if)

though, although, even though都表示“雖然”的意思。although比though更為正式，even though（even if）更為強(qiáng)調(diào)。although已有“雖然……，但是”的含義，不需要在主句中加but。例如：

（1）Although, the traffic was bad, I arrived on time.

（2）I couldnt sleep although (though, even though) I was tired.

2． no matter how (what, who), however

no matter how (what, who)表示“無(wú)論怎樣，不管什么，無(wú)論誰(shuí)”的意思，however表示“不管怎樣”的意思。例如：

（1）He had to get the car fixed no matter how much it cost.

（2）You cant go in no matter who you are.

（3）No matter what happened, we would say nothing.

（4）However much I tried, I failed to pass the examination.

(九)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

so…that, such…that

so后跟形容詞或副詞，so…that表示“如此……以至于……”的意思；such后跟復(fù)數(shù)（或單數(shù)）名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，such…that表示“這樣的（一個(gè)）……以至于……”的意思。例如：

(1)I was so tired that I went to bed at seven oclock.

(2)He worked so hard that he felt quite ill.

(3)It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day in the garden.

(4)It was such a good book that I couldnt put it down.

(5)He gave such good reasons that I had to excuse him for his carelessness.