范玉海,屈紅軍,張功成,馮楊偉,關(guān)利群,雷 露
(1西北大學(xué)大陸動力學(xué)國家重點實驗室,地質(zhì)學(xué)系;2中國海洋石油研究中心)
世界主要深水含油氣盆地?zé)N源巖特征
范玉海1,屈紅軍1,張功成2,馮楊偉1,關(guān)利群1,雷 露1
(1西北大學(xué)大陸動力學(xué)國家重點實驗室,地質(zhì)學(xué)系;2中國海洋石油研究中心)
對墨西哥灣、巴西東部大陸邊緣、西非被動大陸邊緣、澳大利亞西北陸架、挪威中部陸架、南海等六個地區(qū)的22個深水含油氣盆地?zé)N源巖特征(主力烴源巖形成的時代、構(gòu)造背景、沉積環(huán)境、類型、地球?qū)W化指標(biāo)等)的綜合研究結(jié)果表明,世界深水含油氣盆地主力烴源巖主要集中在白堊系,其次為第三系和侏羅系;裂谷期烴源巖占絕對優(yōu)勢,其次為被動陸緣期;沉積環(huán)境以湖相和海陸過渡相為主,其次為海相。墨西哥灣、巴西東部大陸邊緣和非洲西海岸的烴源巖以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根為主,澳大利亞西北陸架、挪威中部陸架和南海的烴源巖以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根為主。
全世界;深水盆地;含油氣盆地;烴源巖特征;沉積相;成熟度指標(biāo)
隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和能源需求的增長以及陸上和淺海老油區(qū)新發(fā)現(xiàn)難度的增大,世界深水盆地成了近幾十年來勘探的重點區(qū)域[1-3],尤其是在巴西坎波斯(Campos)盆地發(fā)現(xiàn)了Albacora、Marlim等大型油氣田以后,深水勘探更是不斷升溫,如今已成為世界上最熱的勘探領(lǐng)域[4-8]。據(jù) USGS和國際能源機構(gòu)估計,全球深水盆地潛在石油儲量可能超過(1 000~1 500)×108bbl[9]。目前,全球有 60 多個國家進(jìn)行深水油氣勘探,累計發(fā)現(xiàn)的石油地質(zhì)儲量超過250×108bbl,天然氣達(dá)到 160×108bbl油當(dāng)量[10-11],所探明油氣主要分布在墨西哥灣、巴西東部邊緣、非洲西海岸、澳大利亞西北陸架、挪威中部陸架及南海的深水盆地中[4,7,12-13](圖1)。
圖1 世界主要深水含油氣盆地位置圖[6]
烴源巖好壞直接決定生烴強度、烴源豐富程度即烴源供給條件的優(yōu)劣[14]。因此,歸納總結(jié)世界主要深水含油氣盆地?zé)N源巖形成的時代、構(gòu)造背景、沉積環(huán)境、類型、地球化學(xué)指標(biāo)等特征及其分布規(guī)律,對下一步深水盆地油氣勘探具有一定的借鑒意義。
在大量調(diào)研資料的基礎(chǔ)上,本文對墨西哥灣、巴西東部大陸邊緣(坎波斯盆地、桑托斯盆地)、西非被動大陸邊緣(阿尤恩-塔爾法亞盆地、塞內(nèi)加爾盆地、尼日爾三角洲盆地、木尼河盆地(Rio Muni Basin)、加蓬盆地、下剛果盆地、寬扎盆地、納米比亞盆地、西南非盆地)、澳大利亞西北陸架(卡那封盆地、布勞斯盆地、波拿巴盆地)、挪威中部陸架、南海(珠江口盆地、瓊東南盆地、文萊—沙巴盆地、北巴拉望盆地、曾母盆地、萬安盆地)的主要烴源巖特征進(jìn)行了綜合分析(表1),歸納總結(jié)這些深水含油氣盆地中主力烴源巖形成的時代、構(gòu)造背景、沉積環(huán)境、類型、地球化學(xué)指標(biāo)及成熟度等特征,并探討其分布規(guī)律。
經(jīng)大量的資料分析發(fā)現(xiàn),世界主要深水含油氣盆地的烴源巖從志留紀(jì)到第三紀(jì)都有分布,但主要集中在白堊紀(jì),其次為第三紀(jì)和侏羅紀(jì),侏羅紀(jì)之前的地層中烴源巖的生烴潛力較差(圖2,表1)。
圖2 世界深水含油氣盆地主力烴源巖分布時代
墨西哥灣烴源巖從侏羅紀(jì)到第三紀(jì)都有分布,上侏羅統(tǒng)烴源巖被認(rèn)為是最重要的烴源巖[15-17,21-22];巴西坎波斯及桑托斯盆地的烴源巖主要為下白堊統(tǒng)Lagoa Feia組頁巖[4,28](表1);西非的絕大部分油氣來自下白堊統(tǒng)鹽下湖相頁巖和鹽上上白堊統(tǒng)―第三系海相頁巖(表1),其中以下白堊統(tǒng)的烴源巖為主[4,30,32,36,40];澳大利亞西北陸架的烴源巖時跨整個中生代(表1),下—中侏羅統(tǒng)海相、海陸交互相碳質(zhì)泥巖和煤系為主要烴源巖[42-43,45,47];挪威中部大陸邊緣盆地中的烴源巖為早侏羅世的海陸過渡相煤及頁巖和晚侏羅世的海相頁巖(表1),主要為晚侏羅世海相頁巖[55,61,63];南海的烴源巖主要為第三紀(jì)頁巖,從始新世到中新世都有分布[64-65,68,70,74](表1)。
離散大陸邊緣盆地的發(fā)育一般都經(jīng)歷前裂谷期(裂前期)、裂谷期(裂陷期)以及被動陸緣期(熱沉降期或漂移期)三個大的構(gòu)造演化階段。世界深水含油氣盆地的烴源巖在各個構(gòu)造演化階段均有分布,其中裂谷期占絕對優(yōu)勢,其次為被動陸緣期(圖3,表1)。
墨西哥灣盆地?zé)N源巖全部為被動陸緣期的海相頁巖[15-18,22-23];巴西東部大陸邊緣盆地?zé)N源巖主要為裂谷期湖相頁巖,局部地區(qū)發(fā)育被動陸緣期的海相頁巖[25,27-29];西非的絕大部分油氣來自裂谷期鹽下湖相頁巖,其次為被動陸緣期鹽上上白堊統(tǒng)—第三系早期海相頁巖[30,33-37];澳大利亞西北大陸架含油氣盆地主要的烴源巖為裂谷期下—中侏羅統(tǒng)海相、海陸交互相碳質(zhì)泥巖和煤系,其次為被動陸緣期白堊系海相泥頁巖[42,44,46-51];挪威中部陸架主要烴源巖位于裂谷期[52,54];南海主要烴源巖為裂谷期海陸過渡相泥巖,但在南海南部北巴拉望盆地、萬安盆地及曾母盆地也發(fā)育被動陸緣期的海相泥頁巖[64,66-74]。
圖3 世界深水含油氣盆地主力烴源巖形成時的構(gòu)造背景
世界深水含油氣盆地的烴源巖發(fā)育海陸過渡相、海相和湖相三種沉積相類型,其中以湖相和海陸過渡相為主,其次為海相(圖4,表1)。
表1 世界深水含油氣盆地主要烴源巖特征(據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[4,15―73])
墨西哥灣盆地?zé)N源巖幾乎都為海相頁巖[15-17,19-23];巴西東部大陸邊緣盆地?zé)N源巖主要為湖相頁巖[24-26,27-29];西非的絕大部分油氣來自鹽下湖相頁巖,北部的阿尤恩—塔爾法亞盆地、塞內(nèi)加爾盆地、尼日爾三角洲盆地發(fā)育鹽上海相頁巖[30-32,35-39]。澳大利亞西北大陸架主要的烴源巖為海相頁巖,局部發(fā)育湖相泥頁巖[42-44,46-54];挪威中部陸架盆地主要烴源巖為海相頁巖,也發(fā)育海陸過渡相的泥頁巖及煤層[53,56-60];南海主要烴源巖為裂谷期海陸過渡相泥巖及煤層,也發(fā)育少量的湖相或海相泥頁巖[64-69]。
圖4 世界深水含油氣盆地主力烴源巖沉積相類型
不同沉積環(huán)境形成的烴源巖,其干酪根類型不同。生油為主的Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根和生氣為主的Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根在世界深水盆地中都有分布(圖5,表1),其中Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根數(shù)量較多。
墨西哥灣、巴西東部大陸邊緣和非洲西海岸的烴源巖以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根為主[15-23,25,27,30-36]。澳大利亞西北大陸架、挪威中部陸架和南海的烴源巖以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根為主[42-44,46,48,55-57,59-63,65-69]。
圖5 世界深水含油氣盆地主力烴源巖干酪根類型
墨西哥灣主要烴源巖為上侏羅統(tǒng)的海相鈣質(zhì)頁巖、灰質(zhì)泥巖,TOC達(dá)1%~2%,Ⅰ—Ⅱ型,為富氫油源巖[15-17,21]。
巴西東部盆地湖相黑色鈣質(zhì)頁巖生油巖遍及整個盆地,TOC一般為2.0%~6.0%,最高達(dá)9.0%,HI最高達(dá)900mg/g,干酪根為I型,它們于始新世進(jìn)入生油窗,至今仍處于生油窗之內(nèi)[28]。
西非木尼河及其南部盆地主要為湖相頁巖,Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根,TOC值1%~5.9%;尼日爾三角洲及其北部盆地主要為海相頁巖,II—III型干酪根,TOC值 3%~10%[30-41]。
澳大利亞西北陸架被動陸緣深水盆地的主力烴源巖為中生界海陸交互相碳質(zhì)泥頁巖與煤系和海相泥巖,生氣為主,生油次之,干酪根類型為Ⅱ或Ⅲ型[54]。
挪威中部陸架烴源巖以晚侏羅世海相泥頁巖為主,具有高放射性,TOC為5%~8%,是一套富油的烴源巖[55],干酪根類型為Ⅱ或Ⅲ型[63]。
南海各沉積盆地主要發(fā)育始新統(tǒng)湖相泥巖、漸新統(tǒng)濱岸沼澤相煤系和中新統(tǒng)海相泥巖、碳質(zhì)泥巖等3套烴源巖。始新統(tǒng)湖相泥巖有機碳含量在1.5%~2.0%之間,母質(zhì)類型以Ⅱ1型干酪根為主;漸新統(tǒng)濱岸沼澤相煤系地層中泥巖、碳質(zhì)泥巖的有機碳含量在1.0%~2.0%之間,以Ⅱ2型干酪根為主,煤層有機碳含量高達(dá)80%,平均為23.18%,主要為Ⅲ型干酪根,以生氣為主;中新統(tǒng)淺?!肷詈O嗄囗搸r有機碳平均為0.5%~0.7%,主要為Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根[40-50]。
(1)世界深水主要含油氣盆地?zé)N源巖從志留系到第三系都有分布,但主要集中在白堊系,其次為第三系和侏羅系,侏羅紀(jì)之前的地層中烴源巖的生烴潛力較差;
(2)世界深水含油氣盆地的烴源巖在各個構(gòu)造演化階段均有分布,其中裂谷期占絕對優(yōu)勢,其次為被動陸緣期;
(3)世界深水含油氣盆地的烴源巖發(fā)育海陸過渡相、海相、湖相三種沉積相類型,其中以湖相和海陸過渡相為主,其次為海相;墨西哥灣、巴西東部大陸邊緣和非洲西海岸的烴源巖以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根為主,澳大利亞西北大陸架、挪威中部陸架和南海的烴源巖以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根為主。
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Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in Major Deepwater Petroliferous Basins in the World
Fan Yuhai,Qu Hongjun,Zhang Gongcheng,F(xiàn)eng Yangwei,Guan Liqun,Lei Lu
Characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks of 22 major deepwater petroliferous basins in the world are researched and analyzed.The characteristics involve with formation geologic ages,tectonic settings,sedimentary environments and kerogen types as well as geochemical indexes.These basins distribute in the Gulf of Mexico,the eastern continental margin of Brazil,the passive continental margin of West African,the Northwest Shelf of Australia,the continental shelf of Mid-Norway and South China Sea.The comprehensively analysis indicates that the principal source rocks in these basins are mainly Cretaceous and subordinately are Tertiary and Jurassic in geological ages.They dominantly formed in rift stages and next in passive continental margin stage in tectonic settings,and mainly were lacustrine and transitional facies and following marine facies in Sedimentary environment.The kerogen commonly are TypeⅠand TypeⅡin Gulf of Mexico,the eastern continental margin of Brazil,the passive continental margin of West African but TypeⅡand TypeⅢ in the Northwest Shelf of Australia,the continental shelf of Mid-Norway and South China Sea.
Source rock characteristics;Deepwater basin;Oil and gas basin;Sedimentary facies;Maturity index
TE112.113
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-9854.2011.02.004
1672-9854(2011)-02-0027-07
2010-06-24;改回日期:2010-11-27
本文為國家科技重大專項“南海深水區(qū)油氣勘探關(guān)鍵技術(shù)”(編號2008ZX05025-06)基金項目
范玉海:1983年生,現(xiàn)為西北大學(xué)礦物學(xué)、巖石學(xué)、礦床學(xué)專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生。通訊地址:710069陜西省西安市太白北路229號西北大學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)系
金順愛
Fan Yuhai:male,Master student.Add:Geology Department of Northwest University,Xi'an,Shannxi,710069 China