李丹,賈曼雪,梁華,彭虹,劉東華,趙陽,邵一鳴
中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心性病艾滋病預(yù)防控制中心,傳染病預(yù)防控制國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 102206
人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染的免疫機(jī)制復(fù)雜,CD4+T細(xì)胞逐漸減少、過度免疫活化及病毒持續(xù)存在是其三大重要特征。CD4+T細(xì)胞作為HIV感染的主要靶細(xì)胞,在HIV感染的發(fā)病機(jī)制、疾病進(jìn)展及治療中起關(guān)鍵作用。
根據(jù)細(xì)胞分化和功能特征不同,CD4+T細(xì)胞最初分為2個(gè)功能亞群:輔助性T細(xì)胞1(T helper cell type 1,Th1)和輔助性T細(xì)胞2(T helper cell type 2,Th2),分別執(zhí)行不同的生物學(xué)功能。Th1/Th2失衡在HIV感染及發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用,但最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Th1/Th2失衡理論并不能完全解釋HIV感染的發(fā)病機(jī)制[1]。輔助性T細(xì)胞17(T helper cell type 17,Th17)和CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)作為最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的2種新的CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群,亦是HIV感染的潛在靶標(biāo)。Th17以分泌白細(xì)胞介素17(interleukin 17,IL-17)而命名,與炎癥反應(yīng)和自身免疫性疾病密切相關(guān)[2]。CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+Treg是調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞家族中最重要的一群,在調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)、維持免疫平衡方面起重要作用[3,4]。兩者均來自共同的細(xì)胞分化前體,分化、發(fā)育調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制不同于Th1、Th2,且與自身免疫性疾病和感染性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展關(guān)系密切,故其在HIV感染發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用備受矚目。隨著對(duì)這2群細(xì)胞關(guān)系的深入研究,Th17/Treg平衡受到越來越多的認(rèn)可和關(guān)注[5,6]。本研究通過對(duì)HIV-1同性戀感染者外周血Th17與Treg比例的檢測(cè),探討Th17/Treg平衡是否發(fā)生變化及其與疾病進(jìn)展的關(guān)系。
根據(jù)知情、同意原則,在北京市招募未經(jīng)抗病毒治療的HIV感染者54例,平均年齡30.6歲(20~57歲)。均為男男性行為者,經(jīng)性傳播途徑感染。采集研究對(duì)象靜脈血45 ml,EDTA抗凝。所有樣本均用Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II plus O診斷試劑盒(Biomerix公司)進(jìn)行HIV抗體初篩,并用HIV Blot2.2確證試劑盒(GeneLab公司)進(jìn)行HIV感染的確認(rèn)。健康對(duì)照HIV-1抗體檢測(cè)均為陰性。HIV感染者及健康對(duì)照者的一般情況如表1所示。
表1HIV感染者及健康對(duì)照者一般情況
Tab.1CharacteristicsofHIV-infectedpatientsandhealthycontrolsofthestudy
CharacteristicsHIV-infected patientsHealthy controlsCase5432Gender (male/female)54/020/12Age (years)31±732±8Years of infection1.7±1.1-Route of transmissionSexual-CD4+T cell counts (cells/μl)376.2±156.3722.8±190.6CD8+T cell counts (cells/μl)1006.8±368.9539.7±184.8CD4+∶CD8+T cell ratio0.4±0.31.4±0.4Viral load (log10HIV RNA, copies/ml)3.8±0.8-
Values are expressed as mean±SD or number.
APC-anti-CD3、ECD-anti-CD3、PE-anti-CD4、PerCP-anti-CD8、APC Cy7-anti-CD8、APC-anti-CD25、CD3/CD4/CD45/CD8四色單克隆抗體、紅細(xì)胞裂解液購(gòu)自BD公司。FITC-anti-Foxp3單克隆抗體及同型對(duì)照、FITC-anti-IL-17A單克隆抗體及同型對(duì)照、固定破膜工作液(Foxp3 Staining Buffer Set)均購(gòu)自eBioscience公司。PB-anti-live/dead購(gòu)自Invitrogen公司。固定破膜工作液(Fix/Perm A/B液)購(gòu)自Caltag公司。佛波酯(phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate,PMA)、離子霉素(ionomycin)、藍(lán)菌素A(brefeldin A)購(gòu)自Sigma公司。磷酸緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)、RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基及胎牛血清購(gòu)自Hyclone公司。淋巴細(xì)胞分離液購(gòu)自Pharmacia公司。病毒載量檢測(cè)試劑盒由Roche公司提供。
應(yīng)用Ficoll密度梯度離心法分離獲得外周血單核細(xì)胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),加入完全RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液(含有10 g/L谷氨酰胺及100 ml/L胎牛血清)懸浮后,顯微鏡計(jì)數(shù)、備用。
取1×106個(gè)PBMC培養(yǎng)于1 ml完全RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液中,加入PMA(50 ng/ml)/離子霉素(200 ng/ml)/藍(lán)菌素A (5 μg/ml),陰性管加入等量藍(lán)菌素A,6 h后收集細(xì)胞,洗2遍;加入表面抗體后,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,洗2遍;離心棄上清液,加入100 μl固定液(A液),室溫放置15 min,洗1遍;加入100 μl破膜液(B液)及FITC-anti-IL-17A單克隆抗體,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,洗1遍;300 μl 2%甲醛重懸后用FACSAria進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。數(shù)據(jù)用FlowJo軟件分析。
取1×106個(gè)PBMC,洗2遍;加入表面抗體,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,洗2遍;離心棄上清液,用1 ml新鮮配制的固定破膜工作液(Foxp3 Fix/Perm)4 ℃避光孵育30 min;離心棄上清液,加入2 ml固定破膜洗液 (Foxp3 Perm buffer)洗1遍;加入FITC-anti-Foxp3單克隆抗體,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,固定破膜洗液洗2遍;300 μl 2%甲醛重懸。以相同方法進(jìn)行檢測(cè)和分析。
取50 μl抗凝全血,加入20 μl anti-FITC-CD3、anti-PE-CD4、anti-PerCP-CD45、anti-APC-CD8四色抗體至TruCount管中,室溫避光20 min。加入紅細(xì)胞裂解液450 μl,立即震蕩混勻,室溫避光10 min,用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。采用MultiSet軟件進(jìn)行分析。
用Roche公司的COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1定量檢測(cè)試劑盒(TaqMan法)在COBAS AMPLICOR全自動(dòng)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)檢測(cè)儀上定量測(cè)定患者血漿中HIV-1 RNA含量,檢測(cè)低限為40 copies /ml。
使用SigmaPlot 10.0和SigmaStat 3.5進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以mean±SD表示,用獨(dú)立樣本配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)或Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)比較組間差異,相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman 秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Th17及Treg的流式細(xì)胞檢測(cè)如圖1所示。HIV感染者Th17/CD4比例較正常對(duì)照顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(0.68±0.35vs1.42±0.86,P<0.001)(圖2A)。HIV感染者Treg/CD4比例較對(duì)照組顯著升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(6.15±2.12vs4.50±0.76,P<0.001)(圖2B)。HIV感染者中Th17/Treg比例較正常對(duì)照顯著降低(0.12±0.07vs0.31±0.17,P<0.001)(圖2C)。
將54例患者根據(jù)其CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)分成3組,其中26例<350/μl,15例350~450/μl,13例>450/μl。<350/μl組的Th17/CD4和Th17/Treg比例最低,Treg/CD4比例最高,與350~450/μl組比較,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)。此外,比較<350/μl組與>450/μl組中Treg/CD4和Th17/Treg比例,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)(圖3)。
Th17/CD4比例與CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)正相關(guān)(r=0.371,P<0.05),與病毒載量不相關(guān)(r=-0.183,P=0.184)。Treg/CD4比例與CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)負(fù)相關(guān),與病毒載量正相關(guān)(r=-0.402,P<0.05;r=0.447,P<0.001)。此外,Th17/Treg比例與CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)正相關(guān),與病毒載量負(fù)相關(guān)(r=0.525,P<0.001;r=-0.318,P<0.05)(圖4)。
A: Th17. CD3+CD4+T cell population produces IL-17 after PMA/ionomycin stimulation. Left panel: Anti-IL-17 isotype control; middle and right panels: IL-17 expression in HIV-negative and -positive subjects, respectively. B: Treg. Foxp3-expressing cells were selected from CD4+CD25higate, isotypes for CD25 and Foxp3. The representative flow cytometry images in HIV-negative and -positive subjects were also shown.
圖1Th17和Treg的流式細(xì)胞分析圖
Fig.1GatingofTh17andTreginrepresentativesubjects
Comparison of Th17 levels (A), Treg levels (B), and Th17/Treg (C) between HIV-infected patients (n=54) and healthy controls (n=32).**P<0.001.
圖2HIV感染者與正常對(duì)照外周血中Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg水平比較
Fig.2ComparisonofTh17,TregandTh17/TreglevelsinperipheralbloodbetweenHIV-infectedpatientsandhealthydonors
A: Th17 levels. B: Treg levels. C: Th17/Treg.*P<0.05.
圖3不同CD4+figure_note17、Treg和Th17/Treg水平比較
Fig.3ComparisonofTh17,TregandTh17/TreglevelsinperipheralbloodamongpatientswithdifferentCD4+Tcellcounts
A-C: Correlation between CD4+T cell count and levels of Treg, Th17 and Th17/Treg. D-F: Correlation between viral load and levels of Treg, Th17 and Th17/Treg.
圖4HIV感染者外周血中Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg水平與CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)和血漿病毒載量的關(guān)系
Fig.4Relationshipamongplasmaviralload,CD4+Tcellcounts,andlevelsofTh17,TregandTh17/TreginperipheralbloodinpatientswithHIVinfection
研究表明,Th17和Treg來源于共同的初始T細(xì)胞,在不同的細(xì)胞因子環(huán)境下分化而成,具有不同的生物學(xué)功能。Th17作為促炎細(xì)胞可誘導(dǎo)自身免疫性和過敏性疾病的發(fā)生;Treg可介導(dǎo)免疫耐受,發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用。Th17與Treg的平衡在維持免疫內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定中起著非常重要的作用。
Th17是一個(gè)新近發(fā)現(xiàn)、不同于Th1和Th2的輔助性T細(xì)胞亞群,因高分泌IL-17而被命名。除分泌IL-17A外,還可分泌IL-17F、IL-21、IL-22、IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)等細(xì)胞因子,在部分自身免疫性疾病及感染性疾病的發(fā)病中起至關(guān)重要的作用[7,8]。Th17的反應(yīng)很可能早于Th1或Th2型免疫反應(yīng),出現(xiàn)在感染的早期階段,誘發(fā)組織炎癥,并通過細(xì)胞因子的誘導(dǎo),橋接先天免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫,在炎癥后期吸引其他T細(xì)胞亞群向感染部位募集。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HIV感染者外周血Th17/CD4比例與正常人相比顯著降低,并隨著CD4+T細(xì)胞的降低Th17/CD4比例進(jìn)一步下降,表明Th17在機(jī)體防御中起重要作用。隨著HIV感染的進(jìn)展,Th17/CD4比例下降會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病惡化。HIV感染后Th17減少的原因尚不清楚。已有證據(jù)表明,SIVmac251病毒在體內(nèi)、外實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下均可直接感染Th17,可能是Th17減少的原因之一[9]。
Treg與Th17相反,在體內(nèi)主要發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用:上調(diào)穿孔素和顆粒酶的表達(dá),選擇性殺傷呈遞抗原的B細(xì)胞,抑制B細(xì)胞增殖[10];誘導(dǎo)抗原呈遞細(xì)胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)產(chǎn)生吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO),分解色氨酸,降低效應(yīng)性T 細(xì)胞活性;下調(diào)APC中CD80和CD86表達(dá),干擾其抗原呈遞功能[11]。本研究顯示,Treg/CD4比例在HIV感染者中顯著升高,并與CD4+T細(xì)胞負(fù)相關(guān),與病毒載量正相關(guān),對(duì)疾病進(jìn)展產(chǎn)生不利影響??赡茉?yàn)楦咚絋reg可抑制HIV特異性免疫應(yīng)答,使HIV感染者CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量下降,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)疾病進(jìn)展[12-14]。部分研究表明,HIV感染中Treg絕對(duì)數(shù)的變化可能與免疫激活和疾病進(jìn)展相關(guān)[15],但大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為Treg作為一群絕對(duì)數(shù)量較小的CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群,可對(duì)比例較大的非Treg亞群進(jìn)行抑制[16]。因此,相比CD4+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)量的下降,Th17和Treg在CD4+T細(xì)胞中所占比例變化可更大程度反映它們功能的強(qiáng)弱及對(duì)HIV感染進(jìn)程的影響[5]。
Th17與Treg之間存在復(fù)雜的相關(guān)性,兩者在分化上密切關(guān)聯(lián),功能上相互拮抗。正常情況下Th17和Treg的功能處于一種精細(xì)而復(fù)雜的平衡狀態(tài),有利于維持機(jī)體的免疫穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。因此,較單獨(dú)研究Th17和Treg而言,Th17/Treg平衡可能在HIV感染中扮演更為重要的角色。我們的研究表明,Th17/CD4與Treg/CD4相反的變化規(guī)律導(dǎo)致Th17/Treg比例顯著降低,平衡被打破,提示疾病的進(jìn)展可能與Th17/Treg比例失衡導(dǎo)致的免疫紊亂有關(guān)。目前已有學(xué)者指出,在致病性猴免疫缺陷病毒(simian immunodeficiency virus,SIV)感染動(dòng)物模型和HIV感染者中,無論在外周血還是在腸道黏膜均存在明顯的Th17/Treg比例失衡現(xiàn)象,疾病進(jìn)展與Th17的選擇性減少和Treg的相對(duì)水平上升有關(guān)[17,18]。Th17/Treg比例失衡可能是導(dǎo)致腸道黏膜屏障破壞、微生物轉(zhuǎn)移和系統(tǒng)免疫激活的重要誘發(fā)因素。Favre等更進(jìn)一步指出,Th17/Treg比例失衡可能與IDO1介導(dǎo)的色氨酸代謝紊亂有關(guān)[18],可促進(jìn)Foxp3的表達(dá)和Treg的產(chǎn)生,并進(jìn)一步阻礙Th17的產(chǎn)生和分化[19,20]。
Th17和Treg在HIV感染中所起的作用仍存在許多未解之謎。雖然對(duì)Th17/Treg比例失衡與HIV感染的免疫病理關(guān)系仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí),但我們相信研究Th17/Treg比例在HIV感染中的進(jìn)展及其平衡機(jī)制將加深對(duì)HIV免疫機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí),為今后HIV治療策略和HIV疫苗的研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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