鄢明果, 劉亮明△, 張吉翔
(1上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院松江分院,上海 201600;2南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院分子醫(yī)學(xué)中心,江西 南昌 330006)
·綜述·
PIAS3抑癌效應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展*
鄢明果1,2, 劉亮明1,2△, 張吉翔2
(1上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院松江分院,上海 201600;2南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院分子醫(yī)學(xué)中心,江西 南昌 330006)
PIAS3; 腫瘤; 類泛素化; 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子
腫瘤是一種基因病,涉及到癌基因的激活和/或抑癌基因的失活。在這些基因中,某個或某些基因可能起了關(guān)鍵作用,其通過對下游細(xì)胞信號分子或網(wǎng)絡(luò)的影響,進(jìn)一步影響細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡過程,造成失控性細(xì)胞增殖,最終形成腫瘤。近年來由于對PIAS3生物學(xué)功能的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識,其在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用也正日益受到了國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的重視。文章將就PIAS3在腫瘤方面的研究進(jìn)展作一簡要介紹。
STAT3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,轉(zhuǎn)錄信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和激活因子3)蛋白質(zhì)抑制分子PIAS3(protein inhibitor of activated STAT3)是1997年Chung等[1]通過對PIAS家族表達(dá)序列標(biāo)簽進(jìn)行克隆時鑒定并命名的,并認(rèn)為其是PIAS蛋白家族的新成員。已知編碼PIAS3蛋白的基因定位于人類染色體1q21[2c,有1個包含有583個氨基酸的開放閱讀框和1個鋅結(jié)合基序[C2-(X)21-C2][1]。作為PIAS家族的成員,PIAS3的結(jié)構(gòu)中也含有一套保守的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能區(qū)域。PIAS3的功能結(jié)構(gòu)域主要有:(1)C末端:保守的氨基酸末端區(qū)域,富含Ser/Thr序列;(2)AD區(qū):靠近C末端的一個高度酸性區(qū)域,是TIF2的結(jié)合區(qū)域[3];(3)RDL區(qū):類似于鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)的環(huán)指區(qū)域,是PIAS3具有SUMO-E3連接酶功能的重要區(qū)域[4-6],也是Smad3的連接區(qū)[7];(4)PINIT區(qū):該區(qū)的PIAS82-132區(qū)域與抑制MITF及STAT的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性密切相關(guān),該區(qū)域的過表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)肥大細(xì)胞及黑素細(xì)胞凋亡[8];(5)N末端:含有SAF-A/B、Acinus及SAP區(qū)[9]。SAP區(qū)可識別富含AT的DNA序列并能與之結(jié)合[10]。SAP區(qū)域還含有1個LXXLL基序,該基序與介導(dǎo)核受體及其調(diào)節(jié)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)如AR、PR等密切相關(guān),并可與NF-κB p65結(jié)合和抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[11]。這提示,PIAS3可調(diào)控許多與細(xì)胞生長增殖密切相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的活性,有可能對細(xì)胞的多條生存信號通路產(chǎn)生影響。
已證實(shí),人體許多正常組織或細(xì)胞內(nèi)特別是上皮組織和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中,PIAS3的表達(dá)明顯[12],而在腫瘤組織或細(xì)胞中,PIAS3的表達(dá)顯著降低甚至出現(xiàn)表達(dá)缺失現(xiàn)象[13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)PIAS3表達(dá)沉默后, STAT3活性出現(xiàn)持續(xù)增高,腫瘤的生長和增殖活性顯著提高[14]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),PIAS3表達(dá)上調(diào)后,可抑制癌細(xì)胞的生長并增加其對化療藥物的敏感性[15]。另外,PIAS3與表皮生長因子受體抑制劑合用時,能產(chǎn)生協(xié)同抗腫瘤的作用,并顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的分裂增殖能力[16]。提示PIAS3具有抑癌基因活性。
2.1蛋白質(zhì)的泛素化效應(yīng) PIAS3具有SUMO-E3(E3-type small ubiquitin-like modifier)連接酶活性,可介導(dǎo)多種蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生泛素化作用[17]。研究證實(shí)PIAS3的介導(dǎo)作用是特定的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子受體發(fā)生泛素化的一個重要機(jī)制[18]。泛素化是調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)水平的基本方式。泛素-蛋白酶體途徑是細(xì)胞內(nèi)重要的蛋白質(zhì)調(diào)控系統(tǒng),參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程、細(xì)胞增殖與分化,以及信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等多種細(xì)胞生理過程。研究證實(shí),原癌基因表達(dá)的蛋白質(zhì)主要是通過泛素化途徑降解的,原癌蛋白如得不到及時清除會誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化,甚至惡變,并引起腫瘤的形成[19]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PIAS3可介導(dǎo)M2型丙酮酸激酶泛素化,從而負(fù)向調(diào)控正常細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞的糖酵解途徑[20]。M2型丙酮酸激酶已被證實(shí)在惡性腫瘤組織中有高水平表達(dá),是腫瘤糖酵解代謝旺盛、腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖活躍和惡性程度高的標(biāo)志[21],目前已被用于腫瘤的臨床診斷、療效判斷、預(yù)測預(yù)后等[22]。因而,通過泛素化作用,PIAS3可對腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長、增殖和能量代謝等多方面產(chǎn)生抑制性影響。
2.2對轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控效應(yīng) 在正常生理狀態(tài)下,PIAS3可作為多種細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的負(fù)性調(diào)控機(jī)制,在維持細(xì)胞的正常分裂、增殖和凋亡過程中發(fā)揮著重要的調(diào)控作用。PIAS3的表達(dá)降低或缺失,可使與細(xì)胞生長密切相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子異常激活,從而引起細(xì)胞異常增殖和腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。目前鑒定出的受PIAS3調(diào)控的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子有許多,主要有STAT3、Akt、MITF、TIF2、Oct4、NF-κB 、AR和PR等。其中與細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子有STAT3、Akt、MITF和Oct4。
① 抑制STAT3的活性 STAT3可被多種細(xì)胞因子所激活。在活化后,STAT3能轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi),并與相應(yīng)的DNA結(jié)合,發(fā)揮信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控的雙重功能。JAK-STAT3途徑是STAT3信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活的經(jīng)典途徑[23-25],在細(xì)胞生長和發(fā)育中發(fā)揮著不可缺少的重要作用,亦是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要途徑。在正常情況下,STAT3的DNA結(jié)合活性主要受PIAS3的調(diào)控。研究表明,PIAS3是STAT3的特異性抑制分子[1],其羧基末端的酸性區(qū)域能特異地與STAT3的rPP-C8區(qū)域結(jié)合,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,促進(jìn)凋亡[26]。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),在T/null-cell淋巴瘤[14]、腦膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤內(nèi),PIAS3降低或缺失, STAT3活性則持續(xù)性增高。Roberts等[27]也發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)用PIAS3阻斷JAK-STAT信號通路后,腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長受到抑制,腫瘤細(xì)胞對化療藥物的敏感性明顯增強(qiáng)。
② 抑制Akt的活性 絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶Akt是PI3K的重要下游效應(yīng)分子,是許多生命活動的關(guān)鍵信號分子。其參與的PI3K /Akt信號通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的分裂、增殖、分化及凋亡。PI3K /Akt信號通路能促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長和增殖,與腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移行為也密切相關(guān),在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮促進(jìn)作用[28]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Akt磷酸化后可促進(jìn)耐藥相關(guān)蛋白(MRP)及STAT蛋白的表達(dá),從而增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖及耐藥性。PIAS3可抑制Akt的磷酸化,使PI3K /Akt失活,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長、提高腫瘤對化療藥物的敏感性[15]。
③ 抑制MITF的活性 MITF是一種具有基本螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋-亮氨酸拉鏈(bHLHZip)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,MITF可與酪氨酸基因家族啟動子的M box結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合,參與黑素細(xì)胞黑素生成的調(diào)控[29],是色素細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑下游的一個信號分子,在色素細(xì)胞發(fā)育分化和功能調(diào)節(jié)中起到關(guān)鍵性作用。MITF的異常表達(dá)可導(dǎo)致腫瘤的產(chǎn)生。目前,MITF被用于惡性黑素瘤臨床診斷的特異性標(biāo)記物[30.31]。研究表明,PIAS3是抑制MITF轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的關(guān)鍵分子[32]。還研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在含有mMCP啟動子熒光素酶的NIH 3T3成纖維細(xì)胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)染MITF和PIAS3,高達(dá)94%的MITF轉(zhuǎn)錄激活被抑制。MITF的Zip結(jié)構(gòu)是與PIAS3結(jié)合的關(guān)鍵部位。與PIAS3結(jié)合后,MITF的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性受到顯著抑制[33]。MITF-PIAS3結(jié)合域編碼區(qū)的缺失會導(dǎo)致MITF活性持續(xù)增高,從而使腫瘤細(xì)胞的分裂和增殖能力明顯增強(qiáng)[34]。
④ 抑制Oct4的活性 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Oct4有助于維持干細(xì)胞正常發(fā)生過程中的多潛能活性,是細(xì)胞分化全能性的標(biāo)記[35]。有研究認(rèn)為,人類表達(dá)Oct4基因的成人干細(xì)胞可能是引起腫瘤發(fā)生的靶細(xì)胞。在細(xì)胞分化過程中,某些基因突變?nèi)缭斐蒓ct4持續(xù)表達(dá),可使細(xì)胞保留異常自我更新的能力,進(jìn)一步可形成腫瘤[36]。PIAS3可通過 N末端的SAP結(jié)合區(qū)與Oct4結(jié)合并抑制其活性,從而抑制了腫瘤的形成,但目前尚不清楚其抑制功能是否與SUMO E3連接酶有關(guān)。哺乳動物在進(jìn)化的過程中可能依賴于PIAS家族的抑制作用,以維持細(xì)胞的正常生長和發(fā)育[37]。
隨著近年研究的深入,對PIAS3成為抑癌基因家族一員的證據(jù)更加的充分。已有的證據(jù)表明,PIAS3的活性對于維持正常的細(xì)胞動力學(xué)或組織穩(wěn)態(tài)至關(guān)重要。PIAS3通過對包括STAT3在內(nèi)的多種癌基因或轉(zhuǎn)錄因子活性的抑制,包括抑制其活性作用程度和作用持續(xù)時間,從而有助于防止腫瘤的發(fā)生[38]。另外,由于其對腫瘤能量代謝的抑制性影響,使得其在腫瘤相關(guān)的研究中獲得了更加廣泛的重視。近年許多學(xué)者正致力于PIAS3治療腫瘤的研究,部分研究成果令人十分鼓舞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PIAS3的應(yīng)用不僅能顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長,也能顯著增加腫瘤細(xì)胞對化療藥物的敏感性。然而研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在某些腫瘤中,對PIAS3基因有異常的高表達(dá)[3]。這種抑癌基因在不同腫瘤中差異性表達(dá)現(xiàn)象,可能與基因的突變有關(guān)。抑癌基因的突變可能造成其表達(dá)產(chǎn)物失去對腫瘤的抑制效應(yīng)。這與p53在不同腫瘤中的差異性表達(dá)似乎有相似之處。最近,有文章指出,PIAS3作為信號分子的功能效應(yīng)可能還遠(yuǎn)未被研究清楚,我們的認(rèn)識可能只是其功能作用的冰山一角(tip of the iceberg)。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)PIAS3可調(diào)控免疫細(xì)胞內(nèi)的關(guān)鍵信號蛋白,影響免疫細(xì)胞內(nèi)分子信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),從而對免疫系統(tǒng)功能作用的發(fā)揮有十分重要的作用[39]。PIAS3在腫瘤免疫監(jiān)視或調(diào)控中的作用如何?調(diào)控的方式或途徑怎樣?在腫瘤治療中的意義如何?等等問題,都值得我們今后進(jìn)行深入的研究。
[1]Chung CD,Liao J,Liu B,et al.Specific inhibition of Stat3 signal transduction by PIAS3[J].Science,1997,278(5344):1803-1805.
[2]Ueki N,Seki N,Yano K,et al.Isolation and chromosomal assignment of a human gene encoding protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3)[J].J Hum Genet,1999,44(3):193-196.
[3]Jiménez-Lara AM,Heine MJ,Gronemeyer H.PIAS3 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT-3) modulates the transcriptional activation mediated by the nuclear receptor coactivator TIF2[J].FEBS Lett,2002,526(1-3):142-146.
[4]Nakagawa K,Yokosawa H.PIAS3 induces SUMO-1 modification and transcriptional repression of IRF-1[J].FEBS Lett,2002,530(1-3): 204-208.
[5]Nishida T,Yasuda H.PIAS1 and PIASxα function as SUMO-E3 ligases toward androgen receptor and repress androgen receptor-dependent transcription[J].J Biol Chem,2002,277(44): 41311-41317.
[6]Sentis S,Le Romancer M,Bianchin C,et al.Sumoylation of the estrogen receptor α hinge region by SUMO-E3 ligases PIAS1 and PIAS3 regulates its transcriptional activity[J].Mol Endocrinol,2005,19 (11):2671-2684.
[7]Long J,Wang G,Matsuura I,et al.Activation of Smad transcriptional activity by protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3)[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(1):99-104.
[8]Duval D,Duval G,Kedinger C,et al.The ‘PINIT’ motif,of a newly identified conserved domain of the PIAS protein family,is essential for nuclear retention of PIAS3L[J].FEBS Lett,2003,554(1-2):111-118.
[9]Shuai K.Regulation of cytokine signaling pathways by PIAS proteins[J].Cell Res,2006,16(2): 196-202.
[10]Kipp M,G?hring F,Ostendorp T,et al.SAF-Box,a conserved protein domain that specifically recognizes scaffold attachment region DNA[J].Mol Cell Biol,2000,20(20):7480-7489.
[11]Jang HD,Yoon K,Shin YJ,et al.PIAS3 suppresses NF-κB-mediated transcription by interacting with the p65/RelA subunit[J].J Biol Chem,2004,279(23): 24873-24880.
[12]Wang L,Banerjee S.Differential PIAS3 expression in human malignancy[J].Oncol Rep,2004,11(6):1319-1324.
[13]Brantley EC,Nabors LB,Gillespie GY,et al.Loss of protein inhibitors of activated STAT-3 expression in glioblastoma multiforme tumors: implications for STAT-3 activation and gene expression[J].Clin Cancer Res,2008,14(15): 4694-4704.
[14]Zhang Q,Raghunath PN,Xue L,et al.Multilevel dysregulation of STAT3 activation in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive T/null-cell lymphoma[J].J Immunol,2002,168(1):466-674.
[15]Ogata Y,Osaki T,Naka T,et al.Overexpression of PIAS3 suppresses cell growth and restores thfe drug sensitivity of human lung cancer cells in association with PI3-K/Akt inactivation[J].Neoplasia,2006,8(10):817-825.
[16]Kluge A,Dabir S,Kern J,et al.Cooperative interaction between protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 with epidermal growth factor receptor blockade in lung cancer[J].Int J Cancer,2009,125(7):1728-1734.
[17]Schmidt D,Müller S.PIAS/SUMO: new partners in transcriptional regulation[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2003,60(12):2561-2574.
[18]Onishi A,Peng GH,Hsu C,et al.Pias3-dependent SUMOylation directs rod photoreceptor development[J].Neuron,2009,61(2):234-246.
[19]Fuchs SY.The role of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in oncogenic signaling[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2002,1(4):337-341.
[20]Spoden GA,Morandell D,Ehehalt D,et al.The SUMO-E3 ligase PIAS3 targets pyruvate kinase M2[J].J Cell Biochem,2009,107(2):293-302.
[21]Gatenby RA,Gillies RJ.Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis?[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2004,4(11):891-899.
[22]Staib P,Hoffmann M,Schinkothe T.Plasma levels of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase should not be used as a tumor marker for hematologicat malignancies and solid tumors[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2006,44(1):28-31.
[23]Kijima T,Niwa H,Steinman RA,et al.STAT3 activation abrogates growth fator dependence and contributes to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor growthinvivo[J].Cell Growth Differ,2002,13(8):355-362.
[24]Sinibaldi D,Wharton W,Turkson J,et al.Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1and cyclin D1 expression by the Src oncoprotein in mouse fibroblasts: role of activated STAT3 signaling[J].Oncogene,2002,19(48):5419-5427.
[25]O’Shea JJ,Gadina M,Schreiber RD.Cytokine signaling in 2002: new surprises in the Jak/Stat pathway[J].Cell,2002,109 (2 Suppl 1):S121-S131.
[26]Borghouts C,Tittmann H,Delis N,et al.The intracellular delivery of a recombinant peptide derived from the acidic domain of PIAS3 inhibits STAT3 transactivation and induces tumor cell death[J].Mol Cancer Res,2010,8(4): 539-553.
[27]Roberts D,Schick J,Conway S,et al.Identification of genes associated with platinum drug sensitivity and resistance in human ovarian cancer cells[J].Br J Cancer,2005,92(6):1149-1158.
[28]Stembolic V,Suzuki A,de la Pompa JL,et al.Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN[J].Cell,1998,95(1): 29-39.
[29]Yasumoto K,Amae S,Udono T,et al.A big gene linked to small eyes encodes multiple Mitf isoforms: many promoters make light work[J].Pigment Cell Res,1998,11(6):329-336.
[30]Selzer E,Wacheck V,Lucas T,et al.The melanocyte-specific isoform of the microphthalmia transcription factor affects the phenotype of human melanoma[J].Cancer Res,2002,62(7):2098-2103.
[31]Granter SR,Weilbaecher KN,Quigley C,et al.Role for microphthalmia transcription factor in the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma[J].Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol,2002,10(1):47-51.
[32]Levy C,Nechushtan H,Razin E.A new role for the STAT3 inhibitor,PIAS3: a repressor of microphthalmia transcription factor[J].J Biol Chem,2002,277(3):1962-1966.
[33]Levy C,Sonnenblick A,Razin E.Role played by microphthalmia transcription factor phosphorylation and its Zip domain in its transcriptional inhibition by PIAS3[J].Mol Cell Biol,2003,23(24):9073-9080.
[34]Sonnenblick A,Levy C,Razin E.Interplay between MITF,PIAS3,and STAT3 in mast cells and melanocytes[J].Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(24):10584-10592.
[35]Deev IE,Polianovskǐ OL.Oct-genes and oct-proteins[J].Mol Biol (Mosk),2004,38(1):48-55.
[36]Tai MH,Chang CC,Kiupel M,et al.Oct4 expression in adult human stem cells: evidence in support of the stem cell theory of carcinogenesis[J].Carcinogenesis,2005,26(2):495-502.
[37]Tolkunova E,Malashicheva A,Parfenov VN,et al.PIAS proteins as repressors of Oct4 function[J].J Mol Biol,2007,374(5): 1200-1212.
[38]Borghouts C,Tittmann H,Delis N,et al.The intracellular delivery of a recombinant peptide derived from the acidic domain of PIAS3 inhibits STAT3 transactivation and induces tumor cell death[J].Mol Cancer Res,2010,8(4): 539-553.
[39]Yagil Z,Nechushtan H,Kay G,et al.The enigma of the role of protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3) in the immune response[J].Trends Immunol,2010,31(5): 199-204.
InhibitoryeffectsofPIAS3ontumors
YAN Ming-guo1,2,LIU Liang-ming1,2,ZHANG Ji-xiang2
(1SongjiangHospitalAffiliatedtoTheFirstPeople’sHospitalofShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai201600,China;2MolecularMedicineCenter,SecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330006,China.E-mail:liuliangming@hotmail.com)
PIAS3 possesses special functional and structural domains,which have key effects on a variety of important intracellular molecules.PIAS3 inhibits the growth and proliferation of tumors.The roles of PIAS3 in anti-tumor functions are involved in the effects of sumoylation enhancement,resulting in degradation of oncoproteins,inhibition of tumor metabolism,and reducing the activity of transcription factors such as STAT3,Akt,MITF,Oct4 and so on.
PIAS3; Neoplasms; Sumoylation; Transcriptional factors
1000-4718(2011)05-1016-04
R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2011.05.036
2010-10-07
2011-01-04
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.30660066;No.81070357)
△通訊作者Tel:021-67720053; E-mail: liuliangming@hotmail.com