胡海蘭,江錦花
(臺州學院 生命科學學院,浙江 臨海 317000)
海產(chǎn)貝類體內(nèi)多溴聯(lián)苯醚污染狀況及風險
胡海蘭,江錦花*
(臺州學院 生命科學學院,浙江 臨海 317000)
多溴聯(lián)苯醚(PBDEs)是一類具有生態(tài)風險性的新型持久性有機污染物,各種生物體和非生物體都檢測到不同濃度的PBDEs,已經(jīng)引起廣泛關(guān)注。概述了PBDEs在海產(chǎn)貝類體內(nèi)的的污染情況,分析了其時空分布變化趨勢,詳細闡述人體通過飲食攝入PBDEs的情況及其對人體健康的影響。
貝類;多溴聯(lián)苯醚;時空變化;風險評價
多溴聯(lián)苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)作為溴化阻燃劑,自20世紀70年代以來就廣泛應(yīng)用于合成纖維紡織品、聚氨酯泡沫、熱塑性塑料和電子產(chǎn)品等消費品中[1]。統(tǒng)計資料顯示,20世紀90年代初全球PBDEs的產(chǎn)量約為4萬t,到1999年全球的產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)增加到約7萬t[2]。按照PBDEs中溴含量的不同,主要有3種類型的商業(yè)品種:五溴二苯醚(penta-BDEs)、八溴二苯醚(octa-BDEs)和十溴二苯醚(deca-BDEs)[3]。
PBDEs化合物結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定,具有脂溶性、難降解性、生物富集性和遠距離遷移性,易于通過各種途徑進入環(huán)境。目前已經(jīng)在各種環(huán)境介質(zhì)(如大氣、沉積物、土壤、室內(nèi)空氣和各種生物體等)和人體中檢測出PDBEs的存在[4],并且呈指數(shù)形式逐年增長[5]。此外,PBDEs易富集在生物肌肉和脂肪組織中,可對大腦、肝臟和腎臟等器官以及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)、生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生急性或慢性毒性作用[6]。鑒于其在環(huán)境介質(zhì)中的持久性、生物富集性、以及生物毒害性,近些年來PDBEs已成為國際環(huán)境科學工作者研究的熱點污染物。
近幾年,我國對于溴代阻燃劑的需求量正在增大,2005年deca-BDEs的消耗量達到3萬t[7]。因為PBDEs易于在動物體內(nèi)富集,特別是水生動物,而人類通過攝入食物接觸到PBDEs[8],這些污染物濃度達到一定水平時將對野生動物及人體健康造成嚴重危害。本文綜述了不同地區(qū)海產(chǎn)貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染狀況和空間分布趨勢及其對人體健康的影響。
目前在不同種類的貝類體內(nèi)都檢測到PBDEs的存在,如Christensen等人對格陵蘭島的貽貝進行測定,ΣPBDEs(BDE-47,99,100,153)濃度為 0.11ng/g,其中 BDE 一 47 占總量的 90%[9];香港海洋水體中貽貝組織內(nèi)∑PBDE15含量為27.0—83.7ng/g(干重),是目前國際上報道含量最高的地區(qū)[10]。表1列出了世界各地貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的含量。
因為貝類的生活方式固定,移動能力差,因此能較好的準確反映水體中各種污染物質(zhì)的含量[26]。PBDE-28、47、66、99、100、153、154和183是海洋生物中檢出頻率和含量較高的同系物,因此以其為代表比較貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染情況,結(jié)果比較可靠。從空間趨勢分析貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染情況下列生物體濃度均以干重計:美國舊金山河口的蛤蜊中PBDEs總含量為85ng/g,悉尼港口蛤蜊中∑PBDEs達到8.00ng/g,二者都遠遠高于加泰羅尼亞(∑PBDEs:0.19ng/g);而我國蘭州海灣蛤蜊中∑PBDEs高達76.67ng/g,遠遠高于國外一些地區(qū),可能是由于蘭州地區(qū)對溴代阻燃劑的需求量在不斷增大。廈門菲蛤中PBDEs的總含量與渤海灣菲蛤中∑PBDEs相對較低,分別為0.96ng/g和0.087ng/g。東京海灣綠貽貝中∑PBDEs是14.77ng/g,這與日本人口密集,工業(yè)發(fā)達相關(guān);韓國紫貽貝中∑PBDEs是24.30ng/g,而法國沿海紫貽貝中∑PBDEs僅為0.039ng/g,處于較低水平,我國渤海紫貽貝中∑PBDEs也比較低(0.68ng/g),白洋淀的天鵝貽貝中∑PBDEs只有0.15ng/g,說明PBDEs對我國貽貝類的污染水平較小。珠江口泥蚶中∑PBDEs為0.74ng/g,大連海域毛蚶中∑PBDEs為0.63ng/g,中國南方蟶子中∑PBDEs是1.31ng/g。以上數(shù)據(jù)表明PBDEs在貝類體中的濃度介于0.01~100.00ng/g,隨著不同的貝類種類及不同的采樣地點,PBDEs濃度有著很大的差異。
從時間變化總結(jié)貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染情況:從2002年到2006年,雖然采樣點不同,但蛤蜊體內(nèi)PBDEs總量依然呈現(xiàn)不斷增長的趨勢,其中蘭州海灣蛤蜊體內(nèi)∑PBDEs高達76.67ng/g,這說明蛤蜊體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染已經(jīng)相當嚴重。近幾年廈門菲蛤體內(nèi)∑PBDEs變化不大,但含量還是有所上升:2005年∑PBDEs為 0.96ng/g,2008 年為 1.18-1.46ng/g[16]。2005 年和 2007 年采集珠江口的泥蚶,檢測∑PBDEs基本沒有發(fā)生變化,但含量還是呈現(xiàn)增長趨勢,達到0.74ng/g。
PBDEs具有持久性、生物累積性以及長距離遷移等特征,對無脊椎動物、魚類、海洋橈足類甲殼動物和噬齒類動物等具有生殖毒性、神經(jīng)發(fā)育毒性等多種毒性效應(yīng)[27],而且人體組織中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)含有PBDEs,因此有必要對人體健康進行風險評價。下面詳細敘述這種評價方法。
(1)Hites等人研究人體內(nèi)PBDEs的含量情況,結(jié)果表明在過去的30y時間里,人體內(nèi)PBDEs的含量增加了近20倍[5]。不同國際組織建立的一些準則用于評估有機污染物對人類的健康風險,這些準則包括國際健康組織(WHO)(Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization,2001))推薦的每日容許攝入量(EDI)和以基準濃度為基礎(chǔ)的潛在風險評價方法[28]。多溴聯(lián)苯醚影響人類健康的途徑有多種如飲食攝入、呼吸攝入、嬰兒通過母乳攝入,其中通過飲食進入人體是最主要的途徑。
通過食用各類食物,研究人體飲食攝入PBDEs的量已經(jīng)在全球展開進行,基于市場調(diào)查,在瑞典通過食用魚類,PBDEs的攝入量為23.1ng/d[29],在西班牙的加泰羅尼亞,通過食用14種可食海洋生物(魚和貝類),PBDEs 的攝入量大約是 20.8ng/d[30]。在比利時,通過食用海鮮食品,PBDEs 的攝入量是 14ng/d[31]。表2總結(jié)了不同研究中PBDEs的攝入量的值。
表2 不同國家PBDEs的估測膳食攝入量 (ng/d)Table 2 Estimated dietary intake of PBDEs (ng/day) in different countries
從攝入量的角度分析,即由動物的無副作用計量推算得到人的可攝入計量,計算公式如下[28]:
EDI(ng/g bw/d)=海產(chǎn)品消費量(g/kg bw/d)×污染物濃度(ng/g)(bw 表示一個人的體重)美國WHO規(guī)定 EDI的標準值為20 mg/kg bw/d(Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization,2001)。EPA規(guī)定[35]十溴聯(lián)苯醚每天可攝入計量為0.01 mg/kg,八溴聯(lián)苯醚為0.003 mg/kg,五溴聯(lián)苯醚為0.002 mg/kg。
(2)為了評估人類潛在的健康風險,美國的有毒物質(zhì)和疾病登記署(ATSDR)推斷出PBDEs接觸濃度與最低風險水平(MRL),ATSDR規(guī)定低溴化苯醚和十溴聯(lián)苯醚的每天MRL分別是0.007mg/kg和10 mg/kg[36]。所以用危險比可以估測人類攝入海鮮造成的健康風險。
計算公式如下[37]:
盡管目前已經(jīng)有大量文獻報道了PBDEs在不同環(huán)境介質(zhì)中的存在數(shù)據(jù),但綜合來看,這些數(shù)據(jù)主要集中在北美和歐洲地區(qū),而且主要研究大氣和沉積物中PBDEs的污染,對貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染研究非常有限,因此今后加強對海產(chǎn)貝類體內(nèi)PBDEs的污染狀況的研究。中國是一個溴系阻燃劑生產(chǎn)和消費大國,還是承接發(fā)達國家電子垃圾的主要國家之一,可以預(yù)測,在將來相當長的一個時期內(nèi),我國環(huán)境中的PBDEs污染將呈現(xiàn)出持續(xù)增加的趨勢。因此,應(yīng)加強PBDEs阻燃劑的替代品的研究開發(fā),逐漸減少PBDEs的使用,并及時監(jiān)測PBDEs的污染水平,從而減輕PBDEs帶來的環(huán)境污染和毒害效應(yīng)。
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Pollution Characterization and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers(PBDEs)in Marine Shellfish
HU Hai-lan,JIANG Jin-hua
(School of Life Science,Taizhou University,Linhai 317000,China)
As new persistent organic pollutants,polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)have been attracted much attention in the world in recent years.PBDEs were determined in different organism and inorganism.This paper summarizes the cocentrations of PBDEs in marine shellfish, analyzes its spatial trends, and expounds human health risk assessment based on the dietary intakes of PBDEs via shellfish consumption.
shellfish; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; spatial distribution; risk assessment
周小莉)
O33
A
1672-3708(2012)03-0011-05
2012-03-13;
2012-04-24
浙江省自然科學基金資助(Y3100149);臺州市科技局項目資助(092KY07)
江錦花(1965- )女,浙江溫嶺人,教授,主要從事環(huán)境污染化學研究。