黃小娥,李光來,郭家松,張敏,胡志國(guó),華仁民,韋星林
(1.江西有色地質(zhì)勘查局,江西南昌330001;2.南京大學(xué),江蘇南京210093; 3.東華理工大學(xué),江西撫州344000)
贛南樟東坑鎢礦成礦花崗巖及礦化特征
黃小娥1,李光來2,3,郭家松1,張敏1,胡志國(guó)1,華仁民2,韋星林1
(1.江西有色地質(zhì)勘查局,江西南昌330001;2.南京大學(xué),江蘇南京210093; 3.東華理工大學(xué),江西撫州344000)
樟東坑鎢礦為崇-余-猶地區(qū)典型的花崗巖外接觸帶石英脈型鎢鉬礦床之一,礦區(qū)隱伏花崗巖分主體與“火焰狀”脈體兩種巖相產(chǎn)出,都與鎢鉬礦化有關(guān),為成礦母巖。礦區(qū)花崗巖巖石化學(xué)總體特征:富硅、鋁,貧鐵、鎂,鈣中等,高堿、富鉀,分異指數(shù)DI較高,ACNK值以>1為主,為酸性-超酸性、分異程度較高的鈣堿性-堿性巖系,準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)-過鋁質(zhì)殼源巖石重熔改造型花崗巖;其地球化學(xué)特征:微量元素富Rb、Th、U、K、Ta、Y等低場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素,而貧Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti等高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素,稀土元素總量較低、略富輕稀土,Eu嚴(yán)重虧損,稀土配分曲線呈“海鷗型”,進(jìn)一步顯現(xiàn)殼型花崗巖特征,且?guī)r漿演化程度較高。礦區(qū)鎢鉬礦化分為石英脈型和巖體型兩類,受花崗巖侵入與分異演化控制,具有“上鎢下鉬”、“上脈下體”的礦化特征。樟東坑火焰狀蝕變細(xì)?;◢弾r脈型鎢鉬礦化為贛南崇-余-猶脈鎢礦區(qū)近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的新礦化類型,在贛南具有較大的找礦前景。
“上脈下體”“上鎢下鉬”花崗巖演化巖體型礦化樟東坑鎢礦贛南
Huang Xiao-e,Li Guang-lai,Guo Jia-song,Zhang Min,Hu Zhi-guo,Hua Ren-min,Wei Xing-lin.Characteristics of ore-forming granite and its mineralization in the Zhangdongkeng tungsten deposit of southern Jiangxi Province[J].Geology and Exploration,2012,48(4):0685-0692.
眾所周知,南嶺地區(qū)是我國(guó)乃至世界鎢礦的集中產(chǎn)區(qū),而位于南嶺東段的贛南地區(qū)又以鎢礦發(fā)祥地并盛產(chǎn)黑鎢礦而聞名于世,且被譽(yù)為“世界鎢都”。樟東坑鎢礦隸屬贛南大余縣蕩坪鎢礦礦區(qū)之一。
眾多研究認(rèn)為,華南地區(qū)由西北側(cè)的揚(yáng)子地塊和東南側(cè)的華夏地塊組成(Shui et al.,1986;楊森楠,1989;任紀(jì)舜,1990;馬振東等,2000;舒良樹,2006),南嶺地區(qū)主要位于華夏地塊,包括“華夏古陸”(盧華復(fù),2006)及其以西的華南褶皺系;贛南地區(qū)則位于南嶺緯向構(gòu)造帶東段與武夷山北東-北北東構(gòu)造帶南段的復(fù)合部位(朱焱齡等,1981)。南嶺地區(qū)中生代燕山期形成于后造山環(huán)境的花崗巖,造成了三期大規(guī)模的金屬成礦作用,其中燕山中期(170~140 Ma)大范圍陸殼重熔型花崗巖生成,并發(fā)生W、Sn等大規(guī)模的成礦作用,集中形成眾多鎢錫礦床;其中以鎢礦為主的贛南地區(qū)劃分了崇-余-猶、于都、三南三個(gè)重要的礦集區(qū)(徐克勤等,1981;毛景文等,1999;華仁民等,2005a;毛景文等,2007),樟東坑鎢礦則產(chǎn)在鎢礦密集度最大的崇-余-猶礦集區(qū)(康永孚等,1991),是其中重要鎢礦床之一。
樟東坑鎢礦區(qū)大地構(gòu)造位置處華南加里東褶皺帶(參見圖1)、南嶺東西向構(gòu)造巖漿帶、諸廣山隆起東側(cè),定位于洪水寨-圓洞花崗巖基外接觸帶寒武紀(jì)淺變質(zhì)巖系中;樟東坑礦床是一個(gè)典型的花崗巖外接觸帶石英脈型鎢鉬礦床(幸世軍等,2010;李光來等,2011;豐成友,2011;郭家松等,2011)。
圖1 樟東坑鎢礦大地構(gòu)造位置略圖(據(jù)Yan et al.,2003,李光來2011,修改)Fig.1 Tectonic sketch map of the Zhangdongkeng tungsten deposit(modified from Yan et al.,2003,Li et al.,2011)
樟東坑鎢礦區(qū)主要出露具有復(fù)理石建造特征的寒武系中統(tǒng)高灘群(∈2gt)淺變質(zhì)巖系地層。高灘群分3個(gè)巖性層:上部由絹云母(綠泥石)千枚巖、板巖、砂質(zhì)板巖組成;中部由互層的砂質(zhì)板巖和淺變質(zhì)砂巖組成;下部由淺變質(zhì)的長(zhǎng)石石英(含礫)砂巖和粉砂巖組成。其中下部變質(zhì)砂巖是礦區(qū)外接觸帶石英單脈型礦床的主要賦礦圍巖。
礦區(qū)發(fā)育一軸向北東40°、軸面傾向NW、傾角78°的背斜構(gòu)造,并伴隨有NEE、NE向兩組斷裂破碎帶和NW-SE向斷裂-裂隙帶。其中NW-SE向斷裂-裂隙帶總體傾向NE、陡傾斜,長(zhǎng)約1440 m、寬約560 m,為礦區(qū)容礦構(gòu)造。
礦區(qū)未見巖漿巖出露,但在深部見隱伏花崗巖體。礦區(qū)往北約1.50 km處是園洞花崗巖基南界接觸帶,園洞花崗巖為燕山早、晚兩期多階段花崗巖組成的復(fù)式巖基。位居巖基中部的九龍腦巖株屬燕山早期第二階段第一次侵入產(chǎn)物,為中細(xì)粒似斑狀黑云母花崗巖,自變質(zhì)作用較強(qiáng),有鉀長(zhǎng)石化、云英巖化、硅化、白云母化、綠泥石化和葉臘石化等,接觸界線呈港灣狀,其南接觸面外傾。經(jīng)巖石成分、地質(zhì)條件等分析對(duì)比,樟東坑隱伏巖體為九龍腦花崗巖株的一個(gè)小巖突,同屬燕山早期第二階段第一次侵入產(chǎn)物,是成礦母巖。
樟東坑鎢礦區(qū)隱伏花崗巖至少可分兩種產(chǎn)出巖相,一是花崗巖主體,巖性為中細(xì)粒似斑狀黑云二長(zhǎng)花崗巖,巖體頂面海拔高度為126~276 m;二是見于礦區(qū)深部370 m標(biāo)高附近從巖體頂部向上延伸的火焰狀花崗巖脈,以及在鉆孔中見到的所謂細(xì)晶巖脈,后者經(jīng)鏡下鑒定為細(xì)粒黑云二長(zhǎng)花崗巖③,與主體巖性一致,但生成時(shí)間稍晚。樟東坑花崗巖由下往上出現(xiàn)分異,粒度由中粒漸變?yōu)榧?xì)粒,自蝕變?cè)鰪?qiáng),蝕變種類由硅化、鉀化至云英巖化、鈉化。
為研究礦區(qū)成礦花崗巖巖石化學(xué)和地球化學(xué)特征,分別采樣進(jìn)行了主、微量元素測(cè)試(楊學(xué)明等,2000)。樟東坑花崗巖主體的樣品分別采自樟東坑礦區(qū)坑道及鉆孔,4個(gè)樣品的巖性分別為:ZYW-5為微鈉長(zhǎng)石化弱云英巖化細(xì)粒似斑狀黑云二長(zhǎng)花崗巖,ZYW-7為細(xì)粒黑云石英二長(zhǎng)巖,ZYW-12為弱云英巖化細(xì)粒黑云二長(zhǎng)花崗巖,ZYW-14為硅化弱鉀長(zhǎng)石化壓碎中粒黑云二長(zhǎng)花崗巖③。樣品的常量、微量、稀土元素均在南京大學(xué)內(nèi)生金屬礦床成礦機(jī)制研究國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定,其中常量元素用等離子光譜ICP-AES測(cè)定,微量、稀土元素用高分辨率等離子質(zhì)譜ICP-MS測(cè)定。而另一個(gè)鉆孔中的“細(xì)晶巖脈”樣品ZK1101-B1為補(bǔ)采樣,經(jīng)鏡下鑒定為含鎢鉬細(xì)粒黑云二長(zhǎng)花崗巖③,其微量元素分析在桂林有色金屬礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)測(cè)試中心測(cè)試。所有分析測(cè)試結(jié)果見表1。
由分析表1并通過CIPW標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物計(jì)算知,樟東坑成礦花崗巖主要具有以下巖石化學(xué)特征:SiO2含量中等偏高(65.73%~74.31%);高堿、富鉀,K2O+Na2O含量較高(6.46%~11.2%),以>8%為主,且K2O>Na2O;鈣含量中等(0.54%~1.93%),鎂、鐵含量較低(0.03%~0.8%);分異指數(shù)DI為89.48~91.39,表明巖石分異程度較高,普遍含有剛玉;Al2O3含量較高(13.08%~18.84%),Al2O3>K2O+Na2O,ACNK值變化0.99~1.37,以>1為主,表明巖體為準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)-過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖(圖2),顯示殼源巖石重熔改造型花崗巖的成因特征,即為陸殼重熔型花崗巖(華仁民等,2007)。
表1 樟東坑花崗巖的主量元素(%)、微量元素(10-6)含量及相關(guān)參數(shù)Table1 Contents of main(%)and trace(10-6)elements and related parameters of the Zhangdongkeng granites
在堿度率A.R.-SiO2圖解中(圖3),樟東坑花崗巖樣品點(diǎn)落在堿性及鈣堿性區(qū)域,說明樟東坑花崗巖屬于鈣堿性-堿性巖系(劉家遠(yuǎn)等,1981)。
由表1和微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(圖4)可知,樟東坑花崗巖主體的微量元素以富Rb、Th、U、K、Ta、Y(低場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素)而貧Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti(高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素)為特征;Zr/Hf值為45.5~101.48,Nb/Ta值為0.63~ 3.15,Rb/Sr值為2.57~31.68(顧晟彥等,2006a),進(jìn)一步說明花崗巖殼型特征明顯,而且演化程度較高;成礦金屬元素鎢、鉬、鉛鋅、鉍、鈹、鎘等含量隨花崗巖演化而同步增長(zhǎng)。
由表1和稀土元素配分圖(圖5)可知,樟東坑花崗巖稀土元素總量較低,為(119.81~361.33)× 10-6,LREE/HREE=1.12~4.33,比值較小,輕稀土略多于重稀土,且Eu虧損較嚴(yán)重,δEu=0.03~0.29,δCe=0.83~1.11,多為1左右,配分曲線呈“海鷗型”,與南嶺地區(qū)含鎢錫花崗巖的稀土特征一致(莫柱孫等,1980;張文蘭等,2006;華仁民等,2007;陳駿等,2008),亦顯示為殼型花崗巖。
圖7 礦物鏡下照片F(xiàn)ig.7 Photos showing mineral composition of rocks in the ore district
樟東坑鎢礦在礦化類型上具有“上脈下體”的特征,在有用金屬空間分布上則具有“上鎢下鉬”的特征(幸世軍等,2010;郭家松等2011),如圖6成礦找礦模式圖所示。
“上脈下體”的“上脈”,是指礦床上部產(chǎn)于寒武系高灘群淺變質(zhì)巖之中的石英脈型鎢鉬礦體,礦石礦物主要為黑鎢礦、輝鉬礦、輝鉍礦等,脈石礦物主要為石英、云母、螢石等;而“下體”是指礦床下部發(fā)育于蝕變(云英巖化)細(xì)粒花崗巖或細(xì)晶巖中的巖體型礦化,礦石礦物主要為黑鎢礦、輝鉬礦、輝鉍礦、自然鉍和白鎢礦等,脈石礦物則主要為花崗巖的造巖礦物。
實(shí)際上,贛南類似樟東坑“上脈下體”礦化特征的鎢礦床比較多,如西華山、蕩坪、左拔、樟斗、木梓園等鎢礦?!吧厦}下體”這一特征與目前較為流行的“五層樓+地下室”礦化在實(shí)質(zhì)上是相同的。
“上鎢下鉬”表現(xiàn)在:
(1)在石英脈型鎢鉬礦體中,鎢鉬比例顯示出向下部鉬的品位有增加的趨勢(shì);作為外帶型鎢礦,該礦大多數(shù)石英脈在花崗巖頂部之上就已經(jīng)尖滅,但據(jù)江西有色二隊(duì)資料,在進(jìn)入花崗巖之后仍有少量石英脈發(fā)育,這些石英脈鎢的品位下降,而鉬的品位則有所上升。
(2)在花崗巖頂部,尤其是呈“火焰狀”沿構(gòu)造裂隙向上貫入的細(xì)晶巖、細(xì)粒花崗巖等小巖脈中的巖體型礦化,實(shí)際上都是鉬(鎢)礦化,部分構(gòu)成礦體;花崗巖邊緣相的部分細(xì)?;◢弾r中鉬的含量同樣達(dá)到了工業(yè)品位。
因此樟東坑鎢礦由上往下具有垂向礦化分帶特征,大致可以分為:鎢礦化帶、鎢鉬礦化帶和鉬鎢礦化帶。
樟東坑鎢礦的“上脈下體”、“上鎢下鉬”礦化特征與花崗巖的演化特征密切相關(guān)。
隨著巖體由下往上侵入、由早到晚演化,巖體粒度變細(xì),SiO2減少,Al2O3、CaO、K2O、Na2O及W、Mo、Bi、Be、Pb、Zn、Cd等含量卻逐漸增高。如前所述,所謂火焰狀“細(xì)晶巖”脈與隱伏花崗巖體經(jīng)顯微鏡下鑒定都是黑云母二長(zhǎng)花崗巖(圖7a),只是粒度變細(xì)。在細(xì)晶巖樣品ZK1101-B1中可見輝鉬礦和白鎢礦呈不均勻稀疏浸染狀產(chǎn)出,粒度較小,白鎢礦0.02~0.3 mm,輝鉬礦0.03~0.36 mm(圖7b和7c)。可知隨著構(gòu)造裂隙的形成,重熔S型花崗巖巖漿侵入并沿著裂隙充填,形成火焰狀蝕變脈巖,巖漿晚期的花崗巖自變質(zhì)作用階段就有鎢鉬礦物產(chǎn)出,形成巖體型礦化,且鎢鉬礦化伴隨著碳酸鹽蝕變產(chǎn)出(圖7d);巖漿期后熱液作用伴有含礦熱流體繼續(xù)運(yùn)移,進(jìn)而在圍巖裂隙中充填形成石英脈型鎢鉬礦(化)體。
樟東坑鎢礦的“上脈下體”和“上鎢下鉬”型鎢鉬礦化在贛南崇-猶-余礦集區(qū)為普遍現(xiàn)象。礦區(qū)火焰狀蝕變細(xì)?;◢弾r脈型鎢鉬礦化作為一種新類型的礦化,在贛南尤崇-余-猶地區(qū)老鎢礦山也早已見之(郭家松等,2011),但一直未引起重視,且以往對(duì)礦山深部花崗巖脈取樣所做的化驗(yàn)測(cè)試也只局限于鎢,很少有分析鉬等其它元素。
近年通過危機(jī)礦山接替資源找礦項(xiàng)目勘查實(shí)踐,在西華山西南區(qū)變質(zhì)巖覆蓋區(qū)鉆孔深部發(fā)現(xiàn)(在116線的ZK1167新發(fā)現(xiàn))三條鉬礦體,其中較大的一條V21水平厚2.82 m,Mo 0.162%,賦存在與其相鄰、平行的鎢礦脈間,輝鉬礦以自形鱗片狀嵌布于強(qiáng)硅化花崗質(zhì)碎斑巖中形成獨(dú)特的花崗質(zhì)碎斑巖-輝鉬礦礦脈,這是礦區(qū)以往不曾有過的,獲得了一定的資源量,為礦區(qū)新增了鉬儲(chǔ)量④,⑤。
可以預(yù)期,新類型的花崗巖脈型鎢鉬礦化為今后老礦山深部找礦勘查提供了重要的遠(yuǎn)景方向,值得進(jìn)一步勘查探索和研究。加強(qiáng)新類型鎢鉬礦化的勘查研究既具有理論指導(dǎo)意義,更具有可能為資源危機(jī)礦山提供新的資源保障的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
由上可知,樟東坑鎢鉬礦床成礦花崗巖總體特征是:酸性-超酸性,高堿富鉀,富鋁,鈣含量中等,鎂、鐵含量較低,K2O>Na2O,Al2O3>K2O+Na2O;巖體分異程度較高,屬于鈣堿性-堿性富鉀巖系,準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)-過鋁質(zhì)殼型花崗巖;微量元素以富Rb、Th、U、K、Ta、Y而貧Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti為特征;稀土元素總量較低,LREE/HREE比值較小,Eu出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重虧損;花崗巖殼型特征明顯,且演化較完善。
成礦花崗巖在礦區(qū)為隱伏狀,分主體和火焰狀脈體兩種巖相;隨著巖體由早到晚形成、由下往上演化,巖體粒度變細(xì),SiO2減少,Al203、CaO、K20、Na20及W、Mo、Bi、Be、Pb、Zn、Cd等含量大幅增高;巖體礦化發(fā)育處,出現(xiàn)不同程度的硅化、鉀化、鈉化、云英巖化,尤以云英巖化與鎢鉬礦化關(guān)系密切;且晚期呈火焰狀沿構(gòu)造裂隙灌入的細(xì)晶巖、細(xì)?;◢弾r、石英二長(zhǎng)巖等小巖脈發(fā)生不同程度的云英巖化、鉀長(zhǎng)石化、鈉長(zhǎng)石化,伴有鉬(鎢)礦化,部分構(gòu)成礦體在崇-余-猶礦集區(qū)新的鎢鉬礦化類型。
樟東坑鎢鉬礦床“上脈下體”、“上鎢下鉬”的礦化特征,在崇-余-猶地區(qū)具有普遍意義;其中巖體型鎢鉬礦化,尤火焰狀蝕變細(xì)?;◢弾r脈型鎢鉬礦化在崇-余-猶礦集區(qū)較普遍,作為一種新礦化類型,逐步引起地質(zhì)界重視,將成為老礦山尋找新資源的重要遠(yuǎn)景方向之一,也是贛南老鎢礦區(qū)取得找礦新突破的希望所在。
[注釋]
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Characteristics of Ore-forming Granite and Its Mineralization in the Zhangdongkeng Tungsten Deposit of Southern Jiangxi Province
HUANG Xiao-e1,LI Guang-lai2,3,GUO Jia-song1,ZHANG Min1,HU Zhi-guo1,HUA Ren-min2,WEI Xing-lin1
(1.Jiangxi Nonferrous Metals Geological Exploration Bureau,Nanchang,Jiangxi330001; 2.Nanjing University,Nanjing,Jiangsu210093;3.Donghua University of Technology,F(xiàn)uzhou,Jiangxi344000)
The Zhangdongkeng tungsten deposit is a typical quartz vein type tungsten-molybdenum deposit hosted outside the granitic contact zone in the Chongyi-Dayu-Shangyou area.The concealed granites in the mine are dominated by two lithofacies,the main granitic body and the flamboyance vein body.Both of them are ore-forming mother rocks with osculation related to the tungsten-molybdenum mineralization.The granites in the mine district are rich in silicon and aluminum,but poor in iron and magnesium,middling in calcium;more alkali and rich in kalium.The DI index is relatively high,and the ACNK value is more than one.They belong to acidic to utra-acidic and alkalescence to calcium alkalescence rock series,with a high degree of differentiation,near to exceed aluminous,i.e.a(chǎn) kind of remelting-reforming granite type from crust rock.And their geochemical characteristics are rich in Rb,Th,U,K,Ta,and Y trace elements but poor in Ba,Nb,Sr,P,and Ti.The total amount of rare-earth elements is low but relatively rich in light rare-earth ones,and severely depleted in Eu with a“seagull type”of rare-earth element distribution curve.All these indicate further that they are crust type of granites with a high degree of magma evolution.The tungsten-molybdenum mineralization in the mine district is divided into two kinds of type:one is quartz-vine and the other is rock-body,both of them being of mineralizing characters of“upper tungsten-lower molybdenum”and“upper vein-lower body”,controlled by intrusion and differential evolution of the granite.The flamboyance granule granitic vein type of tungsten-molybdenum mineralization in Zhangdongkeng is a newly discovered type of mineralization in the vein tungsten mine districts of Chong-Yu-You,southern Jiangxi in recent years,with a good ore-search prospect.
upper vein-lower body,upper tungsten-lower molybdenum,granite evolution,rock body type of mineralization,Zhangdongkeng tungsten deposit,southern Jiangxi
book=7,ebook=259
P628.1
A
0495-5331(2012)04-0685-8
2011-10-18;
2012-02-24;[責(zé)任編輯]郝情情。
本文為國(guó)家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(2007CB411404)和國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41073035)資助的成果。
黃小娥(1965年-),女,1987年畢業(yè)于南京大學(xué),獲理學(xué)士學(xué)位,高級(jí)工程師,現(xiàn)從事地質(zhì)勘查、巖礦鑒定與測(cè)試管理。E-mail:hxe@jxysdzkcj.gov.cn。