The Homeland staff boasts a pool of experience unique to television: all six writers have previously run shows of their own, including former creative bosses of 24 and Cold Case. Folded into oversize 1)easy chairs, they each stare at the 2)rough draft of a script. On the wall, a grid of index cards 3)mapping out the shows second season hangs near a framed magazine article in which President Barack Obama declares himself a fan.
At the prime-time Emmy Awards in September, Homeland had nine nominations (and won four), the most of any freshman series. In the Showtime networks psychological thriller, Claire Danes(best lead actress in a drama) plays a 4)bipolar CIA agent who suspects a U.S. Marine (played by lead-actor winner Damian Lewis) of having been turned against his country.
Executive producers Alex Gansa and Howard Gordon 5)set out to make a different show than the last one they worked on together, 24, a series fueled by 6)blistering action and violence, putting added pressure on the writers. “One of the first things we said to ourselves was, 7)chances are were not going to see Claires character pull a gun this season,” Mr. Gansa recalls.
若說(shuō)《國(guó)土安全》的幕后成就了這一臺(tái)戲,那讓?xiě){借精湛演技獲獎(jiǎng)的克萊爾·丹尼斯情何以堪?但,此刻,你不得不說(shuō),幕后創(chuàng)作班底就是靈魂,就是核心。從劇情架構(gòu)到人物心理,每一個(gè)創(chuàng)作環(huán)節(jié)都堪稱編劇心血的結(jié)晶,2012年艾美獎(jiǎng)?lì)C獎(jiǎng)典禮上,《國(guó)土安全》和艾美一貫的寵兒《摩登家庭》并駕齊驅(qū),大放異彩。每個(gè)看過(guò)該劇的人都大呼過(guò)癮,劇情環(huán)環(huán)相扣,引人入勝,連美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬都說(shuō)自己愛(ài)上了《國(guó)土安全》——當(dāng)然,該劇投射的愛(ài)國(guó)情懷亦不免被認(rèn)為是美國(guó)精神的輸出。
2007年,好萊塢編劇舉行罷工,那是近20年來(lái)最大規(guī)模的一次:第一次,這幫電視電影的幕后英雄站在了鎂光燈下,為自己的權(quán)益呼喚平等。他們累死累活,他們想要高薪,他們也想要人們的尊重。你以為湯姆·克魯斯在《碟中諜4》中的是本色演出?殊不知他的一舉一動(dòng),一言一語(yǔ)其實(shí)都只是編劇精心設(shè)計(jì)的效果罷了。
——Mac
《國(guó)土安全》的幕后功臣擁有傲視同儕的電視制作經(jīng)驗(yàn):六位編劇先前都有自己專屬的節(jié)目,這些人中有的是《反恐24小時(shí)》和《鐵證懸案》的前創(chuàng)意總監(jiān)。他們坐在寬大的大班椅上,每個(gè)人都盯著同一份劇本的初稿。墻上,有不少索引卡片,描繪該劇第二季的走向,旁邊有一篇被裱起來(lái)的雜志文章,文章里面提及到總統(tǒng)巴拉克·奧巴馬宣稱自己是該劇的擁躉。
在九月黃金時(shí)段播出的艾美獎(jiǎng)?lì)C獎(jiǎng)禮上,《國(guó)土安全》坐擁九項(xiàng)提名,并贏得了其中四項(xiàng)大獎(jiǎng),在新劇中領(lǐng)跑。這部在Showtime電視臺(tái)播放的心理懸念劇,講述了克萊爾·丹尼斯(榮獲劇情類劇集最佳女主角獎(jiǎng))扮演的一名患有躁郁癥的中央情報(bào)局探員,懷疑一位美國(guó)海軍軍官(由劇情類劇集最佳男主角戴米恩·路易斯飾演)背叛了自己的國(guó)家。
執(zhí)行制片人亞歷克斯·甘薩和霍華德·高登當(dāng)初決定要打造與他們之前合作那部包含激烈沖突和動(dòng)作元素的《反恐24小時(shí)》不一樣的劇集,這目標(biāo)給編劇們帶來(lái)又一重壓力?!耙婚_(kāi)始我們就對(duì)自己說(shuō),新一季我們有可能不會(huì)看到克萊爾所扮演的角色拿槍了,” 甘薩回憶道。
In this world, experience is 8)at a premium, says Bert Salke, president of the Fox 21 television studio, a unit of News Corp., which publishes The Wall Street Journal. “Its a 9)sea change in television—were seeing[writing talent] age up,” he says, noting that among the creators of this years drama nominees, the youngest is 41-year-old D.B. Weiss of Game of Thrones (the shows 42-year-old cocreator David Benioff, who wrote movies including Troy as well as several novels, is no 10)raw recruit, either). “Its the day of experience. Thats awesome, and not just because Im old,” says Mr. Salke, age 50.
He says Homeland, which Fox 21 produces, is “the 11)standard-bearer” of this trend, with a writing staff whose average age is more than 52. The producers say they hired Chip Johannessen, a former 24 writer and showrunner on Dexter, because of his skill with tense action-thriller plots. Alex Cary, who ran the detective drama Lie to Me, is a former British 12infantry officer who 13)reality-checks the 14)soldierly behavior of Brody, the Homeland marine who endured eight years of 15)captivity by an 16)al Qaeda-like terrorist group. Henry Bromells showrunner experience includes Homicide, but hes also a novelist with relevant personal history: his father was a CIA station chief in Cairo, Amman and Tehran. Meredith Stiehm created Cold Case, and as the only woman on the writing staff, she says its her responsibility to 17)calibrate the lead character, Carrie Mathison, “a female character in a maledominated world.”
The rarity of a writers room full of showrunners is understandable.“Its not done costwise or ego-wise,”says Mr. Salke. With all the writers going into season two with the top credit of executive producer, their salaries represent a big drain on the shows budget, the studio president says, joking, “theres a reason we make the show in North Carolina” instead of Washington, where its set.
當(dāng)下這個(gè)世界,經(jīng)驗(yàn)最吃香,伯特·沙爾克說(shuō),他是新聞集團(tuán)旗下的21世紀(jì)福克斯電視制作中心的首席執(zhí)行官,該集團(tuán)也是《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》的東家?!半娨曅袠I(yè)發(fā)生了巨變,我們正看著主創(chuàng)人員的年齡段不斷提升,”他說(shuō)道,并指出,在今年所有的劇情類劇集制作人提名中,年齡最小的是41歲的D·B·魏斯,他是熱門(mén)劇集《權(quán)利的游戲》的主創(chuàng),而與其搭檔的則是42歲的大衛(wèi)·比尼奧夫——也是名職業(yè)老手了,曾創(chuàng)作過(guò)的劇本包括電影《特洛伊》以及其他好幾部小說(shuō)?!叭缃裰v究經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這很棒,不是因?yàn)槲夷昙o(jì)大才這么說(shuō),”現(xiàn)年50歲的沙爾克說(shuō)道。
他說(shuō),由21世紀(jì)福克斯打造的《國(guó)土安全》是當(dāng)下的“弄潮兒”,主創(chuàng)作家平均年齡都在52歲以上。制作人說(shuō)他們邀請(qǐng)了奇普·約翰內(nèi)森加盟,因?yàn)樗麄兛粗仄涮幚砭o張動(dòng)作懸念劇的手法。約翰內(nèi)森曾參與《反恐24小時(shí)》的劇本創(chuàng)作,現(xiàn)在是《嗜血法醫(yī)》的負(fù)責(zé)人。亞歷克斯·卡里,是偵探劇《別對(duì)我說(shuō)謊》的制作人,曾經(jīng)是英國(guó)步兵團(tuán)的軍官,真實(shí)地還原了《國(guó)土安全》里的海軍軍官布羅迪的英勇行徑——被一個(gè)類似“基地”的恐怖組織囚禁八年仍堅(jiān)挺不屈。亨利·布拉莫爾的制作人經(jīng)驗(yàn)包括《情理法的春天》,同時(shí)他也是一名有相關(guān)生活背景的小說(shuō)作家:他的父親是中央情報(bào)局的地區(qū)指揮官,駐扎過(guò)開(kāi)羅、安曼以及德黑蘭。梅瑞迪斯·施蒂姆打造了《鐵證懸案》,也是《國(guó)土安全》劇作主創(chuàng)中的唯一女性,她說(shuō)她的責(zé)任就是給女主角卡莉·馬西森這位“男權(quán)當(dāng)?shù)赖氖澜缰械呐浴边M(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定位。
多名劇集制片人擔(dān)任編劇這種罕有的情況可以理解?!翱s手縮腳或是意氣用事都不能成事,”沙爾克說(shuō)道。第二季,由于沿用這些一流作家和頂尖制作人——他們的薪酬可占了這部劇預(yù)算的大部分,這位制作中心的負(fù)責(zé)人戲稱:“我們選擇北卡羅來(lái)納州(而不是華盛頓)作為拍攝地還是有原因的”。
As the showrunner of Homeland, its Mr. Gansa who makes the final calls. In a session this summer in the writers room, where a bookcase was 18)lined with titles like American Sniper, the staff ignored a bowl of baby carrots and sucked 19)lollipops—they 20)pilfer candy from the betterstocked Fox sitcom New Girl, whose writers work next door. With his black Nike sneakers 21)propped on the coffee table, Mr. Gansa took a 22)Socratic approach to a script drafted by Mr. Johannessen, asking questions aimed more at character analysis than plot mechanics, such as,“Is Carrie behaving recklessly?” and “Why is he trying to protect something that has fallen through his hands like sand?” Across the room, Mr. Gordon, who set out for Los Angeles with Mr. Gansa after they graduated from Princeton University, sometimes completed his partners sentences—or interrupted with a 23)contradictory thought.
Colleagues say one of Mr. Gansas pet terms is “l(fā)eak testing”—a lengthy phase of discussion that ensures that scripts not only surprise, but make sense. “Theres a real rigor in the storytelling, and thats figured out 24)collectively. It doesnt go through one persons typewriter,” says David Nevins, Showtimes president of entertainment, who has known 25)Messrs. Gansa and Gordon for 20 years, and made Homeland the first series he 26)greenlighted after joining Showtime in 2010.
Mr. Gansas quest for consensus can be time-consuming. He says it took “months of discussion” to decide that Brody should don a 27)suicide vest in a plan to kill top U.S. officials in the season finale (Mr. Cary, the former soldier, argued that a U.S. Marine, even one with seditious intent, would never choose that method). The writers began mapping out season two in February; it wasnt until a couple of weeks ago that they agreed on how to end season two. Mr. Gansa said in early August: “Were dealing with the same thing we dealt with last year. Either we kill Brody or we dont.”
The future of the Homeland writers room is also unclear. Given the success of the series, its possible that one or more writers will be hired away to develop their own shows, Mr. Salke says.
“Trust me, theyll be offered enough that they will leave. So then, what does the show 28)morph into next?”
作為《國(guó)土安全》的制作人,甘薩是這部劇的拍板人。在這個(gè)夏天的一次編劇會(huì)議上,創(chuàng)作室里的書(shū)架上排滿了像《美國(guó)狙擊兵》那樣的書(shū),一碗小胡蘿卜擺在創(chuàng)作人員面前,他們卻吃起了棒棒糖——那是他們從隔壁《杰西駕到》(福克斯的情景喜?。┑膭?chuàng)作組那里偷來(lái)的,因?yàn)閯e人的存貨更足。甘薩把自己的黑色耐克運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋立在咖啡桌上,用蘇格拉底式的方法來(lái)延伸創(chuàng)作約翰內(nèi)森定下的初稿,問(wèn)的更多是有關(guān)人物分析,而非劇情架構(gòu)的問(wèn)題,例如,“卡莉是不是表現(xiàn)得不顧一切?”以及“為什么他要保護(hù)一些已經(jīng)像沙子那樣從他手中流走的東西?”創(chuàng)作室的另一邊,是高登——他是甘薩在普林斯頓大學(xué)讀書(shū)時(shí)的校友,畢業(yè)后一同前往洛杉磯打天下——他有時(shí)會(huì)回答搭檔的問(wèn)題,或是用一個(gè)對(duì)立的想法將對(duì)方思路打斷。
同事們說(shuō)甘薩的口頭禪之一為“檢漏測(cè)試”——一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的討論過(guò)程,保證劇本創(chuàng)作不單單給予人驚喜,還要合情理?!皠∏閯?chuàng)作的過(guò)程中非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),那是共識(shí)了。劇本不僅要經(jīng)過(guò)一人之手,”大衛(wèi)·內(nèi)文斯說(shuō),他是Showtime的娛樂(lè)總監(jiān),他認(rèn)識(shí)甘薩和高登有20年了,自2010年加盟Showtime以來(lái),《國(guó)土安全》是第一部獲得他批準(zhǔn)而投資的電視劇。
甘薩要求團(tuán)隊(duì)取得共識(shí)是比較耗時(shí)的。他說(shuō),第一季收官之時(shí),就布羅迪是否應(yīng)該穿上裝滿炸藥的背心去殺美國(guó)高官就花了“長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)月來(lái)討論”,曾當(dāng)過(guò)兵的卡里爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)一個(gè)美國(guó)海軍軍官,哪怕是一個(gè)很激進(jìn)的人,也不會(huì)選擇這種方式。二月起,創(chuàng)作組就開(kāi)始籌劃第二季了;但在幾周前他們才談?wù)摮鋈绾伟才诺诙镜慕Y(jié)局。甘薩在八月初的時(shí)候說(shuō):“我們現(xiàn)在正在處理的事情正是去年我們所面對(duì)的。要不我們就殺了布羅迪,要不他還活著?!?/p>
《國(guó)土安全》創(chuàng)作組的未來(lái)仍不明朗。鑒于現(xiàn)在該劇的火熱程度,一個(gè)或者更多的編劇會(huì)有可能被高薪挖走,推出自己的劇集,沙爾克說(shuō)道。
“相信我,如果薪酬夠誘人,他們會(huì)離開(kāi)的。那么,接下來(lái)這部劇的走向會(huì)是怎樣呢?”
小資料
24 反恐2 4小時(shí)
一部艾美獎(jiǎng)以及金球獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)電視劇,2001年首播。故事講述主角杰克·鮑爾與虛構(gòu)的反恐局對(duì)抗在美國(guó)本土發(fā)動(dòng)襲擊的恐怖分子?!?4》是“實(shí)時(shí)”進(jìn)行的電視劇集,每一季講述了某一天的故事,而每一集描述每個(gè)小時(shí)發(fā)生的事件,而一季的24集就涵蓋了一天的時(shí)間。
Cold Case 鐵證懸案
一部2003年推出的刑偵題材電視劇,講述費(fèi)城女警莉莉·拉什和她的小組偵破陳年舊案的斷案經(jīng)歷。該劇不僅僅有漂亮的推理過(guò)程,女性的溫柔和人性的膠著也顯現(xiàn)得尤為明顯,故受到了很多人的喜愛(ài)。
Game of Thrones 權(quán)力的游戲
一部中世紀(jì)史詩(shī)奇幻題材的電視連續(xù)劇,2011年首播。該劇以美國(guó)作家喬治·R·R·馬丁的奇幻巨作《冰與火之歌》七部曲為基礎(chǔ)改編創(chuàng)作。故事設(shè)置在維斯特洛的七個(gè)王國(guó),主要講述王國(guó)的七個(gè)貴族家族爭(zhēng)奪鐵王座的權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)。
Dexter 嗜血法醫(yī)
本劇改編自杰夫·林賽的小說(shuō)《德克斯特》小說(shuō)系列,2006年推出。劇中主角戴克斯特·摩根白天是邁阿密警局的法醫(yī),夜晚則成為連環(huán)殺手,去追捕那些自以為可以逍遙法外的罪犯。
Lie to Me 別對(duì)我撒謊
一部描述心理學(xué)的電視劇,2009年推出。該劇的靈感來(lái)源于美國(guó)心理學(xué)專家保羅·艾克曼博士的真實(shí)研究以及暢銷書(shū)《Telling Lies》。在片中,主角利用“臉部動(dòng)作編碼系統(tǒng)”分析被觀察者的肢體語(yǔ)言和微表情,進(jìn)而向他們的客戶(包括FBI等美國(guó)執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)或聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu))提供被觀測(cè)者是否撒謊等分析報(bào)告。