王群
肺癌是對(duì)健康和生命威脅最大的惡性腫瘤之一,發(fā)病率和死亡率都高居所有惡性腫瘤的第一位[1]。隨著患者年齡增大,肺癌發(fā)病率和死亡率也急劇升高。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計(jì),2008年世界范圍內(nèi)不同年齡段老年人群肺癌發(fā)病率分別為:60~64歲為96.5/10萬(wàn),65~69歲為140.2/10萬(wàn),70~74歲為187.9/10萬(wàn),≥75歲為222.8/10萬(wàn);而死亡率分別為:60~64歲為76.5/10萬(wàn),65~69歲為117.4/10萬(wàn),70~74歲為166.2/10萬(wàn),≥75歲為220.6/10萬(wàn)。在目前多數(shù)關(guān)于肺癌的臨床研究中,患者的中位年齡都>60歲[2-3]??梢灶A(yù)見(jiàn)的是,隨著我國(guó)社會(huì)老齡化的逐漸加劇,老年肺癌患者數(shù)量將日益增多,所占比例也將更大。
近年來(lái),盡管肺癌靶向藥物、立體定向放療等治療方法取得了極大的進(jìn)展,但手術(shù)依然是Ⅰ、Ⅱ期及部分Ⅲ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的首選治療方法。老年患者往往存在心肺及其他系統(tǒng)的功能下降,且常伴隨有多種慢性疾病,這讓部分老年肺癌患者難以耐受手術(shù),從而喪失了手術(shù)治療的機(jī)會(huì)。隨著年齡上升,肺癌患者手術(shù)死亡率和并發(fā)癥也都急劇上升[4]。與年輕肺癌患者相比,老年肺癌患者的治療不僅需要關(guān)注長(zhǎng)期生存,同時(shí)保持相應(yīng)的生活質(zhì)量、減輕治療對(duì)生活的影響也尤為重要。這些因素讓微創(chuàng)治療成為老年肺癌患者的第一選擇。
近10年來(lái),隨著胸腔鏡手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累以及腔鏡器械的發(fā)展,胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)被國(guó)內(nèi)外越來(lái)越多的學(xué)者所接受。胸腔鏡手術(shù)只需通過(guò)3個(gè)<2 cm的胸壁切口就可以完成整個(gè)手術(shù),與以往破壞胸廓的開(kāi)胸手術(shù)相比,創(chuàng)傷大大減小,患者術(shù)后早期疼痛減輕,降低了術(shù)后心肺并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,術(shù)后恢復(fù)得更快,并且對(duì)術(shù)后心肺功能的影響也大為減?。?,5-14]。2007年,前瞻性多中心Ⅱ期臨床研究(CALGB 39802)結(jié)果顯示127例接受全腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)的臨床早期肺癌患者中,僅7.4%的患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,圍手術(shù)期死亡率為2.7%,從而逐步奠定了胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)在肺癌治療中的地位。而且由于胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)對(duì)患者免疫功能能破壞較少,在理論上也保留了更多的自身抗腫瘤能力[15-16]。我科的生存數(shù)據(jù)顯示胸腔鏡下的肺癌根治術(shù)5年生存率為76.9%,不差于甚至優(yōu)于同一時(shí)期其他接受開(kāi)放手術(shù)的患者,眾多其他研究也得出了類(lèi)似的結(jié)論[9-11]。而一項(xiàng)專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)>80歲老年肺癌患者的回顧性研究結(jié)果顯示,胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者的5年生存率甚至優(yōu)于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)患者[17]。
“微創(chuàng)”是涵蓋于整個(gè)手術(shù)過(guò)程的理念,在全腔鏡下完成非小細(xì)胞肺癌的根治手術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,如何依據(jù)患者年齡及影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)實(shí)施個(gè)體化微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療,是近年來(lái)非小細(xì)胞肺癌手術(shù)治療的焦點(diǎn)。目前,隨著增齡、早期小肺癌患者的日益增多,在切口微創(chuàng)化的前提下,肺組織切除范圍微創(chuàng)化及淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍微創(chuàng)化的概念也被越來(lái)越多的學(xué)者所重視。
對(duì)于老年患者而言,肺組織切除范圍的微創(chuàng)化——肺段切除術(shù),可以在切除腫瘤的同時(shí),盡可能多地保留患者肺功能儲(chǔ)備,提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量。以往的回顧性研究顯示對(duì)于不能耐受肺葉切除的小肺癌(腫瘤直徑≤2 cm)患者,實(shí)施妥協(xié)性的肺段切除術(shù),在確保手術(shù)安全的前提下,可以獲得不亞于肺葉切除的手術(shù)療效[13,18-22]。因此,近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外多個(gè)非小細(xì)胞肺癌臨床實(shí)踐指南中均指出,對(duì)于腫瘤直徑≤2 cm外周型結(jié)節(jié)且符合以下至少一項(xiàng)(組織學(xué)類(lèi)型為原位腺癌、CT顯示毛玻璃樣變≥50%或影像學(xué)隨訪檢查證實(shí)腫瘤倍增時(shí)間≥400 d)的患者,可以實(shí)施意向性的亞肺葉切除術(shù)(優(yōu)先考慮肺段切除術(shù))。亞肺葉切除術(shù)與肺葉切除術(shù)相比,對(duì)患者心肺功能影響更?。?2-23]。Martin-Ucar等[23]的病例對(duì)照研究表示,肺段切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后1秒用力呼氣容積(FEV1)平均較術(shù)前提高12%,而肺葉切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后FEV1平均較術(shù)前降低12%。因此對(duì)于身體基礎(chǔ)條件較差的老年患者,亞肺葉切除術(shù)更為理想。
系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃是當(dāng)今非小細(xì)胞肺癌根治性手術(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)淋巴結(jié)清掃方式。但對(duì)于腫瘤直徑<2 cm的小肺癌來(lái)講,真正發(fā)生縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的概率<10%[24]。對(duì)于CT表現(xiàn)為毛玻璃樣變的非小細(xì)胞肺癌而言,其縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的概率更低。因此對(duì)于這些患者,僅需清掃病變所在肺葉相關(guān)淋巴回流區(qū)域的淋巴結(jié),即選擇性淋巴結(jié)清掃。選擇性淋巴結(jié)清掃縮小了淋巴結(jié)的清掃范圍,因此也大大減少了淋巴結(jié)清掃所致的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[25-27]。我科的數(shù)據(jù)顯示對(duì)于老年患者及心肺功能較差的患者而言,接受系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃的患者其5年生存率為65.9%,而接受選擇性淋巴結(jié)清掃的患者其5年生存率為61.9%,兩者并無(wú)明顯差異[28]。
對(duì)于因明顯心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、肺功能很差或患有其他嚴(yán)重合并癥而難以耐受亞肺葉切除術(shù)的患者,射頻消融術(shù)及立體定向放療也可以作為治療選擇之一。Hiraki等[29]研究顯示,Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌射頻消融后3年的腫瘤局部控制率為63%,3年的總生存率和癌特異性生存率分別為84%和83%。Simon等[30]的研究顯示,1、2、3、4、5年的生存率分別為78%、57%、36%、27%、27%,1、2、3、4、5年的局部腫瘤無(wú)進(jìn)展率分別為83%、64%、57%、47%、47%,而對(duì)于<3 cm的腫瘤治療效果明顯好于腫瘤>3 cm的病人。但其總的30 d死亡率也達(dá)到3.9%,其中2.6%和治療相關(guān)。Zhu等[31]在一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性回顧研究中指出,射頻消融治療Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的局部復(fù)發(fā)率為3%~38.1%,平均疾病無(wú)進(jìn)展時(shí)間為15.0~26.7月,3年生存率為15%~46%。常規(guī)射頻消融術(shù)在CT引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,而近年來(lái)胸腔鏡射頻消融術(shù)也越來(lái)越多地被應(yīng)用。胸腔鏡射頻消融術(shù)較CT引導(dǎo)下射頻消融術(shù)存在許多優(yōu)點(diǎn):對(duì)于術(shù)前未確診的患者,可經(jīng)胸腔鏡下獲取病理診斷,探查的同時(shí)進(jìn)行射頻消融治療;胸腔鏡下治療過(guò)程直觀,定位確切,避免了CT引導(dǎo)時(shí)經(jīng)常存在的呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)和偽影等的影響;當(dāng)射頻消融時(shí)出現(xiàn)出血或漏氣等情況時(shí),可在胸腔鏡下及時(shí)處理,極大地減少了血胸、氣胸等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。研究表明,胸腔鏡射頻消融術(shù)圍手術(shù)期各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)與胸腔鏡肺楔形切除術(shù)無(wú)顯著差異,生存率與CT引導(dǎo)下射頻消融術(shù)相仿[32-35]。總的說(shuō)來(lái),胸腔鏡射頻消融術(shù)安全性高,病人耐受性好,可操作性強(qiáng),短期療效顯著,對(duì)于無(wú)法接受手術(shù)的老年Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者是個(gè)合適的選擇。
對(duì)于不可手術(shù)的Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌,體部立體定向放療(stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT)正越來(lái)越受到重視。這一技術(shù)通過(guò)一套立體定向坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)精確定位腫瘤區(qū)域,通過(guò)多個(gè)共面或非共面野分?jǐn)?shù)次給出較高放射劑量。SBRT有局部控制率高、急性毒性小和提高整體生存率等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Onishi等[36]對(duì)全日本的13個(gè)中心的SBRT治療結(jié)果進(jìn)行了回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于Ⅰ期的非小細(xì)胞肺癌,當(dāng)患者接受≥100 Gy的生物等效劑量時(shí),5年精確局部控制率高達(dá)84%,然而當(dāng)患者接受<100 Gy的等效生物劑量時(shí),其局部控制率僅為37%??墒中g(shù)治療的患者在予以高劑量SBRT治療后,總生存率達(dá)73%,甚至可以與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的結(jié)果相比較。多個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肺部SBRT在治療Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中的局部控制率可高達(dá)84.3%~99.7%[36-38]。其中 Timmerman等[37]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),SBRT對(duì)原發(fā)非小細(xì)胞肺癌的3年控制率和局部控制率分別為97%和91%。Baumann等[38]應(yīng)用 SBRT 治療無(wú)法手術(shù)治療的Ⅱ期肺癌患者,其3年局部控制率達(dá)92%,而在腫瘤<3 cm的患者也取得很好的臨床療效。不過(guò),多個(gè)研究表明,SBRT治療后的Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的患者遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率仍較高[36-38],因而,目前SBRT更適合于無(wú)法接受手術(shù)的Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者。目前正在進(jìn)行的前瞻性研究主要目的是確定不能手術(shù)切除患者的最佳SBRT治療方案以及在可以手術(shù)切除患者中SBRT所扮演的角色。
隨著老齡化社會(huì)的加劇,我國(guó)的老年肺癌患者數(shù)量也將日益增多。微創(chuàng)治療包含胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)、胸腔鏡亞肺葉切除術(shù)、射頻消融術(shù)和SBRT等,以其種種優(yōu)點(diǎn),將在老年肺癌的治療中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用。
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