張 貝,鄭薇薇,張宏宇
(華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院 城市與園藝?yán)ハx(chóng)研究所,武漢 430070)
捕食螨屬于節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門、蛛形綱、寄螨總目、中氣門目,不但捕食葉螨、癭螨、細(xì)須螨和跗線螨等害螨,而且還捕食薊馬、介殼蟲(chóng)等小型昆蟲(chóng)及它們的卵和若蟲(chóng),是重要的生物防治因子?;瘜W(xué)農(nóng)藥的大量使用,不僅對(duì)產(chǎn)品和環(huán)境造成污染,而且引發(fā)害蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)生抗藥性,使得害蟲(chóng)再猖撅、再發(fā)生越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。葉螨所以猖獗成為植物一大害蟲(chóng),主要應(yīng)歸因于殺蟲(chóng)劑殺傷了它們的天敵,其中捕食螨占很大比重(王珂,2009)。20世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)才認(rèn)識(shí)到捕食螨的潛力,并逐漸引起人們的注意,捕食螨才被公認(rèn)為農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)中的一種高效的生物防治因子(Gersor and Smiley,1996)。
果園生草栽培是在果樹(shù)行間或全園種植草本植物作為土壤覆蓋的一種生態(tài)果園培育模式(Bowen and Freyman,1995;郝淑英等,2004;王齊瑞和譚曉風(fēng),2005)。生草栽培有著重要的生理生態(tài)作用,可以改善果園的生態(tài)環(huán)境,提高土壤的水土保持能力,增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量,改善土壤理化性狀,提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量等等(Merwin and Stiles,1994;王卿和于新智,1994;劉蝴蝶等,2003)。且生草栽培后,形成一個(gè)相對(duì)比較穩(wěn)定的復(fù)合系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的生物群落構(gòu)成發(fā)生了相應(yīng)的改變,增加植物害蟲(chóng)的天敵數(shù)量,減少植物病蟲(chóng)害(Norris,1986;Thomas et al.,1999;鄧豐產(chǎn),2003)。自從20世紀(jì)80年代初開(kāi)始研究地面覆蓋物對(duì)天敵的影響起,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者都普遍重視地面覆蓋物對(duì)保護(hù)捕食螨及保護(hù)作物本身的作用。本文主要對(duì)果園生草對(duì)捕食螨的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
在生物防治越來(lái)越受重視的今天,研究地面覆蓋物對(duì)捕食螨的影響也愈發(fā)重要。我國(guó)麥秀慧等從1984年開(kāi)始對(duì)桔園間種藿香薊Ageratum conyzoides 對(duì)捕食螨的影響進(jìn)行了研究(麥秀慧等,1984)。自從嚴(yán)毓驊和段建軍(1986)提出了利用植被多樣化協(xié)調(diào)治理果樹(shù)害螨以來(lái),采用間作措施來(lái)保護(hù)捕食螨并對(duì)害螨進(jìn)行綜合防治,已成為我國(guó)當(dāng)前研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。
國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)不同生草種類對(duì)捕食螨的影響也有一定研究,概括來(lái)講,對(duì)捕食螨生長(zhǎng)繁殖有積極影響的生草主要為豆科和禾本科一年生或多年生草本,如豆科生草有紫穗槐、光葉紫花苕子、紫云英、豌豆、蠶豆、印度豇豆、三葉草、白三葉草、白香草木樨、紫花苜蓿、毛葉苕子、圓葉決明等,禾本科生草有黑麥草、馬唐草、百喜草、伏生臂形草、信號(hào)草、狼尾草、剛果臂形草、糖蜜草,天竺草等(Collins et al.,2003;Antonio et al.,2009;Aguilar et al.,2011)。此外,菊科一年生草本藿香薊、唇形科白蘇和夏至草、十字花科肥田蘿卜以及某些野生雜草也有利于捕食螨的生長(zhǎng)繁殖(黃明度,1979;唐業(yè)昌,1989;Kong et al.,2004;王春梅和王紅,2008)。
一般來(lái)講無(wú)宿根性,對(duì)作物影響不大,易為化學(xué)除草劑殺死的雜草均可用作生草栽培。如艾蒿、三葉草、狗尾草、酢漿草、空心蓮子草和寬葉雀稗等(Liang and Huang,1994;Agrawal,2000;陳河龍等,2009)。而那些深根性惡性雜草,如蘆葦、和香附子等,必須鏟除,或用除草劑根除(李會(huì)科等,2004;蔣光毅等,2004)。
天敵在非單一作物的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中可以更好起到其生物防治的作用(Landis et al.,2000;Aguilar et al.,2008),大多數(shù)學(xué)者是從地面覆蓋物對(duì)捕食螨在生物學(xué)、形態(tài)學(xué)和防治害蟲(chóng)效果等方面的影響進(jìn)行研究的(Andow,1991;Ponti et al.,2007;Fielder et al.,2008)。Aguilar 等(2011)在西班牙的四個(gè)不同地方的橘園研究地面覆蓋物對(duì)捕食螨的影響結(jié)果顯示,在沒(méi)有間種生草、當(dāng)?shù)匾吧s草和間種禾本科生草高羊茅三個(gè)處理中,間種高羊茅組果樹(shù)上的捕食螨種類和數(shù)量最多且害螨種群數(shù)量最少。麥秀慧等研究報(bào)道,在柑橘園或茄園種植藿香薊可明顯增加天敵紐氏鈍綏螨Neoseiulus newsami、江原鈍綏螨Amblyseius eharai、尼氏真綏螨Euseius nicholsi 等捕食螨的種群數(shù)量(麥秀慧等,1984;周程愛(ài)等,1994)。李國(guó)懷(1996)桔園套種霍香薊后,天敵數(shù)量比對(duì)照增加130.2%,蘋果和紫花苜蓿間作,節(jié)肢動(dòng)物豐富度、多樣性指數(shù)和均勻性指數(shù)明顯大于清耕對(duì)照,天敵數(shù)量提高了200%(王大平,2000;孔建等,2001;馮明祥等,2003)。在栗園種植黑麥草可保護(hù)栗鈍綏螨Amblyseius castaneae,其種群密度明顯高于清耕處理區(qū)(盧向陽(yáng)等,2008)。綜合現(xiàn)有的研究報(bào)道,合理的間種生草有利于捕食螨的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,提高捕食螨控制害蟲(chóng)的效能。除了陳李林等(2011)報(bào)道,與除雜草對(duì)照相比,留養(yǎng)雜草顯著降低了茶園茶冠層捕食螨的個(gè)體數(shù)外,其他研究報(bào)道均是地面覆蓋物有利于捕食螨的生長(zhǎng)繁殖。
地面覆蓋物不僅有利于增加捕食螨等天敵的種群數(shù)量,而且可以提高益害比例,增強(qiáng)天敵防治害蟲(chóng)的作用(馮明祥等,2002;Gurr et al.,2003;Hardman,2005)。周程愛(ài)等(1994)從1987年4月至1988年3月12次調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,桔園間種藿香薊的生草綜合防治區(qū)柑橘全爪螨每百葉為251.42頭,僅為常規(guī)化學(xué)防治區(qū)的23.2%,其益害比為1∶8.62,是常規(guī)化學(xué)防治區(qū)的3.1倍。這說(shuō)明,桔園間種霍香薊,能提高桔園益害比例,增加寄生性天敵從而有利于害蟲(chóng)防治的作用。盧向陽(yáng)等(2008)報(bào)道,栗園間種黑麥草與清耕對(duì)照的益害比例分別是1∶8.9和1∶144.9,明顯提高了益害比例,更利于害蟲(chóng)控制。
國(guó)外學(xué)者在生草果園天敵種類、數(shù)量方面的研究結(jié)果表明生草增加了果園的生物多樣性,增加了天敵數(shù)量(Corbett and Rosenheim,1996;Tsitsilas et al.,2006;Nash et al.,2008;Thomson and Hoffmann,2009)。Wyss(1996)研究報(bào)道,蘋果園內(nèi)行間生草帶蚜蟲(chóng)天敵數(shù)量明顯增加,而蚜蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量與無(wú)草帶和使用殺蟲(chóng)劑6~8次的對(duì)照區(qū)無(wú)明顯差異。陳李林、林勝等(2011)研究報(bào)道,茶園間作百喜草和圓葉決明顯著增加了茶園螨類群落多樣性和茶冠層和凋落層捕食螨的物種豐富度(S)、有效多樣性指數(shù)(eH)、個(gè)體數(shù)(N)和絕對(duì)豐度(n),而茶冠層植食螨和腐食螨及凋落層腐食螨的所有群落指標(biāo)在不同處理茶園間均無(wú)顯著差異。謝秀挺(2002)等在臍橙園生草栽培中測(cè)定,從1998~2000年的調(diào)查結(jié)果來(lái)看,生草栽培臍橙園內(nèi)各種寄生蜂、捕食螨、草蛉等天敵數(shù)量是清耕園的4~5倍,且天敵的種群也更豐富。生態(tài)環(huán)境相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,天敵種類及數(shù)量也越豐富,其病蟲(chóng)害的調(diào)控能力更強(qiáng),可將病蟲(chóng)害為害控制在經(jīng)濟(jì)閥值以下,合理的生草栽培可增加群落多樣性,提供穩(wěn)定地生態(tài)環(huán)境。故培植良好的生態(tài)園是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的防控病蟲(chóng)害措施。
李國(guó)懷(1996)研究柑橘園生草栽培在高溫季節(jié)下的情況后發(fā)現(xiàn),生草栽培能在一定程度上調(diào)節(jié)樹(shù)冠層空氣溫濕度的作用,其中又以單栽百喜草效果最好。適宜鈍綏螨繁殖的最適溫度為23~26℃、相對(duì)濕度為80%~90%,而夏季高溫干旱十分不利于捕食螨的生長(zhǎng)繁殖(McMurtry and Croft,1997;Maeda and Hinomoto,2006)。麥秀慧等(1984)報(bào)道,柑橘園覆蓋藿香薊后,在夏季高溫季節(jié),可使柑橘樹(shù)冠外圍溫度從40~45℃降至35℃以下,相對(duì)濕度也增加,這種小生境的改善,有利于鈍綏螨種群的穩(wěn)定和增長(zhǎng)。盧向陽(yáng)等(2008)報(bào)道,在栗園覆蓋黑麥草,與對(duì)照區(qū)相比,黑麥草種植區(qū)夏季可降低樹(shù)間氣溫2.5~3.8℃,提高相對(duì)濕度2.0%~5.3%,可顯著改善田間小氣候,創(chuàng)造不利于針葉小爪螨Oligonychus ununguis種群增長(zhǎng),而有利于其天敵栗鈍綏螨種群增長(zhǎng)的田間小氣候。生草處理后所產(chǎn)生的這種小氣候使得鈍綏螨等天敵在盛夏能保持著較高的繁殖率,從而使鈍綏螨種群不斷增長(zhǎng)。總之,生草栽培具有提高土壤的水土保持能力,增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量,改善土壤理化性狀,改善果園的生態(tài)環(huán)境,縮小土壤溫濕度季節(jié)和晝夜變化幅度。干旱條件下,果園生草栽培可以降低土壤溫度和樹(shù)冠層空氣溫度,提高土壤含水率和樹(shù)冠層空氣相對(duì)濕度。
地面覆蓋物可為捕食螨提供交替食料和棲息、產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)所(Bird et al.,1992)。地面覆蓋物的蜜露和花粉有利于捕食螨種群的增加(Smith,1960;Liang and Huang,1994:Colley and Luna,2000;Landis et al.,2000;Berndt and Wratten,2005;)。Kostiainen 等(1996)通過(guò)對(duì)將近200種花粉作為捕食螨的替代食物,進(jìn)行了90 多次研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的花粉對(duì)捕食螨的影響也不同。周程愛(ài)等(1994)報(bào)道,柑橘園間種藿香薊后,于6月上旬開(kāi)始陸續(xù)開(kāi)花,其葉上7~10片均有鈍綏螨分布,其中10月份蟲(chóng)口密度最高,每葉達(dá)0.08~1.55頭。據(jù)室內(nèi)鑒定,霍香薊和桔樹(shù)上捕食螨種類相同,主要有江原鈍綏螨、尼氏鈍綏螨等。7~8月的高溫干旱季節(jié),不利于柑橘全爪螨的生存和繁殖,當(dāng)桔樹(shù)上柑橘全爪螨被捕食至密度很低時(shí),捕食螨可爬至藿香薊上取食花粉及其葉上的嚙蟲(chóng),完成其個(gè)體發(fā)育并大量繁;10月起,桔樹(shù)上柑橘全爪螨數(shù)量迅速增加,捕食螨從藿香薊葉上沿與之相接觸的桔葉爬至桔樹(shù)上取食柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri。陳李林等(2011)研究報(bào)道,茶園間種牧草后,為茶園捕食螨的繁衍和增殖提供了充足的蜜源植物、良好的替代食物、適宜的棲息環(huán)境,有利于發(fā)揮捕食螨對(duì)茶園有害生物的自然生態(tài)調(diào)控作用。Castagnoli 等(1991)的試驗(yàn)表明胡瓜鈍綏螨取食櫟屬植物花粉時(shí),死亡率為4.07%,雌成螨的產(chǎn)卵量為52.42 粒,而取食煙薊馬時(shí),死亡率為22.66%,雌成螨的產(chǎn)卵量為29.23 粒,表明取食櫟屬植物花粉時(shí)其產(chǎn)卵量和存活率都優(yōu)于煙薊馬Thrips tabaci。
嚴(yán)毓驊等(1988)在蘋果園種植覆蓋作物對(duì)于樹(shù)上捕食性天敵群落的影響的研究中提到,當(dāng)蘋果樹(shù)上噴灑農(nóng)藥時(shí),地面覆蓋物白花草木樨為捕食螨等天敵提供了暫時(shí)隱蔽的場(chǎng)所,盡管農(nóng)藥?kù)F滴不可避免地要落到地面覆蓋物上,但這種干擾畢竟是較小的。當(dāng)藥劑毒力消失后,在地面覆蓋物上棲息的捕食螨又大量擴(kuò)散到樹(shù)上。Antonio(2009)對(duì)巴西6種生草伏生臂形草,信號(hào)草,剛果臂形草,糖蜜草,天竺草,狼尾草對(duì)捕食螨的影響進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示糖蜜草上的捕食螨的數(shù)量和種類是最多的。其研究的結(jié)果表明,間種生草在農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和牧場(chǎng)起著重要作用,是捕食螨的避難場(chǎng)所。所以在害蟲(chóng)綜合防治中,當(dāng)必須使用化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑才能及時(shí)把害蟲(chóng)壓低到經(jīng)濟(jì)為害水平以下時(shí),地面覆蓋物對(duì)于保持和補(bǔ)充作物上的捕食螨等天敵種群有著重要作用。
當(dāng)?shù)孛娓采w物有害螨的寄主植物時(shí),害螨種群數(shù)量就會(huì)很多(Meagher and Meyer,1990;Flexner et al.,1991;Alston,1994;Kim and Lee,2003)。害螨對(duì)果園間種的不同種類生草適應(yīng)性不同(Aucejo et al.,2003)。所以務(wù)必選擇較為合適的生草種類,才能較利于捕食螨的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,達(dá)到較好的害蟲(chóng)防治效果。以下將總結(jié)歸納一般的生草選擇原則。
生草栽培要考慮到其對(duì)水分養(yǎng)分的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),選擇能盡量減少和作物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)養(yǎng)分。一般草種根系發(fā)達(dá),根密度高,與根密度相對(duì)低得多的作物相比,在水、養(yǎng)分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中總是處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位,因此,應(yīng)選擇淺根系草種,如矮生或匍匐性的豆科植物。果樹(shù)根系分布一般較深,以根系集中分布于地表10~15 cm 以內(nèi)的生草最為適宜(陳圣林等,2004)。
多年生禾本科生草不適合作為二斑葉螨的寄主(Flexner et al.,1991;Alston,1994)。國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)西班牙不同商業(yè)化橘園研究報(bào)道,與橘園間種其他生草相比,在橘園間種禾本科生草,捕食螨的獵物二斑葉螨Tetranychus urticae和柑橘全爪螨的種群數(shù)量是最低的(Aucejo et al.,2003;Abad-Moyano et al.,2008)。如果草種選擇不當(dāng),會(huì)滋生果園病蟲(chóng),加重果園病蟲(chóng)危害,如柑橘園種花生、甘薯等會(huì)加重線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生,而種禾本科草則發(fā)病較少;又如種藿香薊,因其花粉是柑橘全爪螨的天敵捕食螨的食料,所以有利于保護(hù)和促進(jìn)捕食螨的繁殖,從而降低柑橘全爪螨的發(fā)生與危害。因此,應(yīng)選擇與果樹(shù)無(wú)共同病蟲(chóng)害,最好是有利于保護(hù)果樹(shù)害蟲(chóng)天敵的草種。也有研究表明,果園即使自然生草,由于其提供了害蟲(chóng)天敵的食料和棲息場(chǎng)所,也可以減輕多種害蟲(chóng)的危害。
草種對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力是決定其栽培能否成功的關(guān)鍵。在眾多的環(huán)境因子中,草種的耐蔭性是需要特別注意的問(wèn)題,因草種主要是栽培在果園樹(shù)冠層下,遮蔭高度達(dá)60%~80%;另外,一個(gè)優(yōu)良的草種要在大范圍推廣應(yīng)用,還必須對(duì)土坡酸堿度和土坡質(zhì)地具有廣泛的適應(yīng)性(陳圣林等,2004)。
地面覆蓋植被可保護(hù)捕食螨等天敵,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外都很重視地面覆蓋物對(duì)保護(hù)捕食螨等天敵的作用。很多地方的果農(nóng)改變了原先完全鏟除地面雜草的習(xí)慣,間作淺根系良性雜草,既可調(diào)節(jié)農(nóng)田環(huán)境小氣候,又為捕食螨提供多種花粉食料、棲息場(chǎng)所和避難場(chǎng)所,使捕食螨等天敵在農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境內(nèi)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的繁衍、擴(kuò)散,更好的達(dá)到生物防治的效果。
綜上所述,國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于地面覆蓋物對(duì)捕食螨等天敵的影響研究,取得了一定成績(jī),為將來(lái)奠定了基礎(chǔ),有些方面研究不甚明確,如進(jìn)一步明確地面覆蓋物對(duì)捕食螨種群密度的影響原因;地面覆蓋物對(duì)捕食螨影響的研究機(jī)理等。未來(lái)可多在以上幾個(gè)方面加以研究,充分發(fā)揮捕食螨生物防治的作用。
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