于小燕
在復(fù)合句中作定語、修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫作定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫作先行詞;引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,包括關(guān)系代詞that, which, who (whom, whose)和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。弄清楚什么是先行詞以及關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,是解題的關(guān)鍵。
一、考查關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的
定語從句
關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,可以代替who,whom和which。that在定語從句中可作主語或謂語動詞的賓語,還可作表語。作賓語、表語時可省略。例如:
1. Do you like music _______ makes you relaxed?
A. it B. what C. who D. that
【解析】 先行詞music指物,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語,關(guān)系代詞要用that,選D。
2. —The village _______ I visited last year has changed a lot.
—Really? I hope to go there one day.
A. that B. who C. when
【解析】 先行詞the village指物,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作visited的賓語,所以關(guān)系代詞用that,選A。
3. My father is no longer the man that he was.
我的爸爸已經(jīng)不是過去的樣子了。
【解析】 關(guān)系詞that在從句中作表語。
二、考查關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞which指物,在定語從句中可作主語或謂語動詞的賓語,作賓語時??墒÷浴@纾?/p>
1. This is my beautiful school _______ is near the famous library.
A. where B. which C. who D. when
【解析】 先行詞school指物,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語,因此關(guān)系代詞用which,選B。
2. —Have you found the information about the famous people _______ you can use for the report?
—Not yet. Ill search some on the Internet.
A. who B. what C. whom D. which
【解析】 the information about the famous people意思是“關(guān)于著名人物的信息”,先行詞information指物,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 use的賓語,因此用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句,選D。
3. —What are you looking for?
—Im looking for the pen _______ I bought yesterday.
A. who B. which C. whose
【解析】 先行詞the pen指物,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語,因此該空要用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句,選B。
【溫馨提示】
先行詞指物且在定語從句中作主語或賓語時,通常情況下,關(guān)系詞既可用that,也可用which。但在下列情況下,先行詞指物時,只能用that引導(dǎo),不能用which引導(dǎo)。
(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞everything,anything,nothing等或被某些不定代詞修飾時;
(2) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時;
(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞的最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時;
(4) 當(dāng)主句以there be開頭時;
(5) 當(dāng)先行詞前面有the very,the only,the same等修飾語時。
1. There are lots of things _______ I need to prepare before the trip.
A. who B. that
C. whom D. whose
【解析】 先行詞things指物,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語,只能用that,選B。
2. Ive found some pictures of the most interesting places _______ you can visit during the winter holidays.
A. where B. which
C. what D. that
【解析】 先行詞places被形容詞最高級the most interesting 修飾,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語,因此該空只能選用關(guān)系代詞that,選D。
三、考查關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞who指人,在從句中作主語;whom指人,在從句中作賓語,可以省略;先行詞在從句中作賓語時,whom可用who代替,如果關(guān)系詞whom緊跟在介詞后,只能用whom;whose既可指人,也可指物,在從句中作定語。例如:
1. Do you know the girl _______ is singing in the classroom?
A. who B. which C. when
【解析】 句意為:你認(rèn)識正在教室里唱歌的那個女孩嗎?先行詞the girl指人,要填的引導(dǎo)詞充當(dāng)定語從句中的主語,因此該空應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who,答案為A。
2. Jim dislikes people _______ talk much but never do anything.
A. whom B. when
C. whose D. who
【解析】 先行詞people指人,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語,所以選用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句,答案為D。
3. Friends are those _______ make you smile, always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed.
A. which B. what C. whom D. who
【解析】 先行詞those在此指人,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語,因此該空選用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句,答案為D。
4. The girl _______ you talked with at the school gate is our new math teacher.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. what
【解析】 先行詞the girl指人,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作talked with的賓語,關(guān)系代詞要用whom,答案為C。
5. I like the teacher _______ classes are very interesting and creative.
A. which B. who C. what D. whose
【解析】 先行詞the teacher指人,要填的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)定語來修飾主語classes,所以關(guān)系代詞要用whose,答案為D。
6. He is one of the experienced engineers in this company _______ hard work was repaid with the development of the company.
A. where B. whose
C. in which D. that
【解析】 先行詞one of the experienced engineers指人,意思是“眾多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工程師之一”,關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句且作定語來修飾work,答案為B。
四、考查關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why起連接主句與從句的作用,同時又在從句中作時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和原因狀語。
(一)when指時間,在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語,且先行詞都是表示時間的名詞。如time, month, day, hour, date, week, year等。
1. I began to work in Shanghai in the year _______ Hong Kong was returned to China.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
【解析】 句意為:我是在香港回歸中國的那一年開始在上海工作的。先行詞the year指時間,關(guān)系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語,選D。
2. I cant forget the time _______ the earthquake happened in Yushu.
A. when B. which C. that D. where
【解析】 句意為:我不能忘記在玉樹地震發(fā)生的那一刻。先行詞the time是表示時間的名詞,關(guān)系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語,選A。
(二)where指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語從句,先行詞為表地點(diǎn)的名詞。如place, room, house, factory, school, city, town, spot等。
1. This is the school _______ I studied three years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
【解析】 先行詞the school為地點(diǎn)名詞,關(guān)系副詞where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,選A。
2. —What do you usually do in your leisure time?
—I enjoy reading in the library _______ I lose myself in a world of good books.
A. which B. that C. where
【解析】 先行詞in the library指地點(diǎn),關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,選C。
(三)why表原因,在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語,why的先行詞只有一個:reason。
1. I know the reason _______ she didnt come yesterday.
A. which B. that C. why D. where
【解析】 先行詞the reason表原因,關(guān)系副詞why在從句中作原因狀語,選C。