by Margaret Rock / Fiona Cai
不知從何時(shí)起,網(wǎng)絡(luò)上文字消息的傳送總少不了表情符號(hào)的陪伴。從最初標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的簡(jiǎn)單組合到后來(lái)千姿百態(tài)的動(dòng)態(tài)表情,表情符號(hào)在“看不見(jiàn)”的網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天中充當(dāng)了我們的情緒傳遞員。表情符號(hào)不斷發(fā)展,功能日趨強(qiáng)大,但我們不禁要問(wèn):習(xí)慣了用符號(hào)傳情達(dá)意的一代還能自如地面對(duì)面交流嗎?
You use them to take the edge off2) a joke. Lovebirds use them to playfully flirt. Sometimes you need more than just words, and nothing else but a wink will do. Theyre emoticons, and after 30 years, theyre still changing the way we communicate—even more than you think. When you want to share straightforward ideas, simple punctuations do the job. When you want to subtly ask a favor or send a coy3) quip4), you need emoticons, or emotional icons, to add nuance to your words. The smiley5) and its descendants are woven into the fabric of our culture—and changing the way we work and play.
The Emoticon Through History
Many consider Scott Elliott Fahlman, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, the inventor of the modern-day emoticon. On September 19, 1982, he sent an e-mail to students, asking them to use symbols to show their intended tone.
“I propose the following character sequence for joke markers: :-) Read it sideways,” he said, adding to use “:-(” to show more serious messages. But that symbol quickly evolved to mean displeasure, frustration or anger.
The impulse to show emotional intent with a simple symbol, however, dates back even further. In 1969, Vladimir Nabokov, author of Lolita, foreshadowed the modern symbol. When asked to rank himself among writers, he said, “I often think there should exist a special typographical6) sign for a smile—some sort of concave7) mark, a supine8) round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question.”
Abraham Lincoln may have even used it, back in one of his speeches from 1862. The New York Times reported on a sideways “winky face” after the word “l(fā)aughter” typed into his speech. This sparked a debate on whether the smiley was a grammatical notation from the time, an early emoticon attempt or simply a typo9). He probably tried to write “==|;o)>.”
In some ways, we all want to say more with fewer words. Ancient Greek playwrights used the chorus to show the audience the characters hidden emotional states. That evolved into the theatrical “aside”—a comment or speech made to viewers, who understands the often witty or sarcastic remarks arent heard by other characters in the play. The aside, like the emoticon, gives you emotional insight, so you can better relate to the person speaking.
The emotion-revealing aside took hold10), and luminaries11) from Shakespeare to ONeill12) embraced them, as do artists today. Look at The Office or Modern Family—characters step away from the action and give you a wry13) observation.
Yup, thats the same Shakespeare technique.
Spicing Up the Workplace
Emoticons, especially in work-related e-mails, can add a spark to romances. Nearly half of women and over half of men who date a co-worker say their romance started with an emoticon in an e-mail or text, according to a Whatsyourprice.com survey. Thats not surprising, since 70 percent of women and 90 percent of men say receiving a winky face indicates a chance for romance or a first date.
But more and more, people who grew up in the digital age are changing the workplace, and they bring habits like regular use of emoticons. So, if you light-heartedly punctuate e-mails with emoticons, you may want to think again.
The Next Generation of Emoticons
Emoticons arent without controversy, especially as theyve evolved. “This destroys the whimsical14) element of the original,” Professor Fahlman said, speaking to how complicated emoticons have become with color and animation. Likewise, artist and storyteller Rives, called the “first 2.0 poet,” uses emoticons to bring words to life, but he embraces the old-school, symbols-only emoticon, fusing bare-bones15) symbols with wit and creativity.
Purists value keyboard-only emoticons, while younger generations embrace an advanced set of icons—the emoji. Originating in Japan, the emoji is a moving animation of bright images and colors used to express ideas. In addition to the humble smiley, emoji represent things such as weather, vehicles, food and drink, and even animals and plants. Theyre emoticons on steroids16).
Thanks to emoji, the subtlety of first-generation emoticons could be lost on younger generations. Teens and tweens17) who use apps like Instagram, which rely more heavily on pictures than text, are often emoji fanatics. Many download apps containing hundreds of emoji to capture exactly what they want to express, but cant say.
But theres a drawback to all that convenience. While emoji can express complex ideas, researchers say they can also stifle18) the development of emotional intelligence. Teens and tweens need face-to-face interaction—good ole talking—to develop skills that are crucial to future success.
How Emoticons Betray Us
When you want a fun way to flesh out19) short chunks of writing in e-mails or texts, emoticons are effective. Adding a smiley saves you time. Its quick and easy—one symbol can replace 15 to 20 words of explanation. But they can also be used against us, and a Facebook project hints that convenience has a cost, at least on social media.
Facebook is testing a status box that lets you share with visuals. You see a drop-down menu of activity options, so if you say youre feeling sad or ecstatic20), a corresponding smiley pops up, and if you say youre reading or watching TV, a book or eyeglasses pop up. That feature lets you give a visual representation of your day—but it lets advertisers target you more easily.
Emotions are at the heart of advertising, and emoticons let them find you faster. Too many sad emoticons, for example, may one day bring up ads for prescription depression medication.
Beyond Emoji
Just as fast as the emoji arrived, the evolution is on the horizon—icons you can personalize. The app “Talking Emoji Friends,” for instance, lets you record funny messages in high-pitched voices, paired with, of course, animated emoticons. Fantastic. Now your friends can send you their own brand of annoying icons. ==|;o)>
你用它們來(lái)把握玩笑的尺度。戀人間用它們來(lái)嬉鬧調(diào)情。有時(shí)你需要的不僅僅是文字,一個(gè)眨眼比什么都能傳情達(dá)意。它們就是表情符號(hào)。30年過(guò)去了,表情符號(hào)依然在改變著我們的交流方式,這種改變甚至超乎你的想象。當(dāng)你想要分享一些簡(jiǎn)單直接的想法時(shí),幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的標(biāo)點(diǎn)就能幫你做到。如果你想巧妙地向?qū)Ψ角笾蚴呛π叩亟o對(duì)方發(fā)送俏皮話,你都需要借助表情符號(hào)來(lái)為文字增添幾分微妙的感情。笑臉?lè)?hào)及其衍生出的表情符號(hào)融進(jìn)了我們的文化,改變著我們工作與娛樂(lè)的方式。
表情符號(hào)發(fā)展史
很多人認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代表情符號(hào)的發(fā)明者是卡內(nèi)基·梅隆大學(xué)的斯科特·埃利奧特·法爾曼教授。1982年9月19日,他給學(xué)生們發(fā)送了一封電子郵件,要求他們用符號(hào)來(lái)表示他們想傳達(dá)的語(yǔ)氣。
他在郵件中寫(xiě)道:“我提議用‘:-)這一字符串表示開(kāi)玩笑的語(yǔ)氣。閱讀這串字符時(shí)把頭側(cè)過(guò)來(lái)。”他還提到用“:-(”來(lái)表示更為嚴(yán)肅的信息,但這個(gè)符號(hào)很快就演變成表示不高興、沮喪或生氣的意思。
然而,用簡(jiǎn)單的符號(hào)來(lái)表達(dá)感情意圖的念頭可以追溯到更早的時(shí)候。1969年,《洛麗塔》的作者弗拉基米爾·納博科夫就預(yù)示了現(xiàn)代表情符號(hào)的出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)被問(wèn)及自己在作家群體中處于何種地位時(shí),他說(shuō):“我常常覺(jué)得應(yīng)該有一種特殊的印刷體符號(hào)來(lái)表示微笑——某種凹陷的標(biāo)記,一個(gè)向上彎曲的圓括號(hào)。這樣,我此刻就可以畫(huà)一個(gè)這樣的符號(hào)來(lái)回答你的問(wèn)題了?!?/p>
亞伯拉罕·林肯甚至可能早在1862年的一次演講中就使用了表情符號(hào)?!都~約時(shí)報(bào)》曾報(bào)道說(shuō),在林肯的演講稿中,“笑聲”一詞之后打出了一個(gè)橫過(guò)來(lái)的“眨眼笑臉”。這引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論:那個(gè)笑臉究竟是當(dāng)時(shí)的一種語(yǔ)法符號(hào),還是表情符號(hào)的早期嘗試,抑或僅僅是一個(gè)印刷錯(cuò)誤呢?也許他當(dāng)時(shí)想寫(xiě)的是“==|;o)>”。
從某種程度上說(shuō),我們都想用更少的文字表達(dá)更多的內(nèi)容。古希臘劇作家利用合唱團(tuán)向觀眾展現(xiàn)角色內(nèi)心深處的感情狀態(tài)。這種方式后來(lái)演變成戲劇的“旁白”——對(duì)觀眾發(fā)表的評(píng)論或演說(shuō)。觀眾也明白這些通常充滿智慧或諷刺的評(píng)論是劇中的其他角色聽(tīng)不到的。旁白就如同表情符號(hào)一般,可以讓你對(duì)感情有更深入的了解,這樣你就能更好地理解說(shuō)話者。
通過(guò)旁白來(lái)展現(xiàn)情感的方式確立下來(lái),像莎士比亞和尤金·奧尼爾這樣的戲劇泰斗都喜歡采用這種方式,如今的藝術(shù)家也是如此??纯措娨晞 掇k公室》或《摩登家庭》——?jiǎng)≈腥宋飼?huì)從劇情中跳出來(lái),向觀眾發(fā)表一些諷刺的評(píng)論。
沒(méi)錯(cuò),這和莎士比亞使用的手法一模一樣。
工作中的調(diào)劑品
使用表情符號(hào),特別是在工作郵件中使用表情符號(hào),可以增加浪漫的火花。Whatsyourprice.com (譯注:一家婚戀網(wǎng)站)的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,在與同事約會(huì)過(guò)的受訪者中,有接近一半的女性和超過(guò)一半的男性稱兩人之間的浪漫情愫最初來(lái)源于電子郵件或短信中使用的表情符號(hào)。這并不令人驚訝,因?yàn)?0%的女性和90%的男性都認(rèn)為如果收到對(duì)方發(fā)送的眨眼笑臉,就表明有機(jī)會(huì)與之發(fā)展戀情或進(jìn)行初次約會(huì)。
但成長(zhǎng)于數(shù)字時(shí)代的人們正越來(lái)越多地改變著工作環(huán)境,他們把經(jīng)常使用表情符號(hào)等習(xí)慣帶入工作中。所以,當(dāng)你漫不經(jīng)心地在郵件中時(shí)不時(shí)使用表情符號(hào)時(shí),你可能要三思了。
新一代表情符號(hào)
人們對(duì)于表情符號(hào)并不是沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)議,尤其是在它們進(jìn)一步發(fā)展之后。在談到色彩和動(dòng)畫(huà)使表情符號(hào)變得復(fù)雜時(shí),法爾曼教授說(shuō):“這破壞了最初的表情符號(hào)中那種奇思妙想的意味。”被稱作“首位2.0版詩(shī)人”的藝術(shù)家、小說(shuō)家里夫斯就運(yùn)用表情符號(hào)來(lái)使文字充滿生機(jī),但他同樣傾向于使用僅由符號(hào)構(gòu)成的舊式表情符號(hào),在極簡(jiǎn)的符號(hào)中融入智慧和創(chuàng)造力。
純粹主義者崇尚只用鍵盤(pán)就能打出來(lái)的表情符號(hào),而年輕人卻喜歡更為高級(jí)的一套表情符號(hào)——emoji。這種表情符號(hào)起源于日本,是一種具有鮮明形象和色彩的動(dòng)畫(huà),用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的想法。除了質(zhì)樸的笑臉外,emoji還能表示天氣、汽車(chē)、食物、飲料甚至動(dòng)植物。它們是“打了激素”的表情符號(hào)。
由于emoji的使用,年輕一代可能無(wú)法再領(lǐng)會(huì)第一代表情符號(hào)中所蘊(yùn)含的微妙情感了。青少年以及“吞世代”通常是emoji的狂熱追隨者,他們使用Instagram (譯注:一款圖片分享應(yīng)用程序)這類(lèi)應(yīng)用程序,這些程序很大程度上依賴于圖片而非文字。很多人會(huì)下載帶有成百上千個(gè)emoji的應(yīng)用程序,以此來(lái)準(zhǔn)確捕捉他們想要表達(dá)卻不可名狀的感情。
然而,所有這些便利也帶來(lái)了一個(gè)問(wèn)題:盡管emoji能夠表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想,但研究者稱它們也會(huì)壓制人們情商的發(fā)展。青少年及“吞世代”需要通過(guò)面對(duì)面的互動(dòng)——美好的舊式談話——來(lái)培養(yǎng)相關(guān)技能,這些技能對(duì)他們?nèi)蘸蟮某晒χ陵P(guān)重要。
表情符號(hào)如何出賣(mài)我們
如果你想用一種有趣的方式使郵件或短信中的一小段文字變得充實(shí),使用表情符號(hào)是一種有效手段。添加一個(gè)笑臉可以為你節(jié)省時(shí)間,快捷又簡(jiǎn)便——一個(gè)符號(hào)可以代替15~20個(gè)詞的解釋。但是,表情符號(hào)也可以被用來(lái)對(duì)付我們。Facebook的一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目表明,便利是需要付出代價(jià)的,至少在社交媒體中是這樣。
Facebook正在測(cè)試一個(gè)狀態(tài)欄功能,它能讓你用圖像分享狀態(tài)。你會(huì)看到一個(gè)下拉菜單,其中列出了一些狀態(tài)選項(xiàng)。如果你說(shuō)你感到悲傷或狂喜,一個(gè)相應(yīng)的表情符號(hào)便會(huì)彈出來(lái);如果你說(shuō)你在讀書(shū)或看電視,一本書(shū)或一副眼鏡的圖標(biāo)便會(huì)彈出來(lái)。這一特色功能使你對(duì)自己的一天有一個(gè)視覺(jué)上的展示。但是,它也會(huì)使廣告商更容易找到你。
感情是廣告關(guān)注的核心,而表情符號(hào)可以使廣告商更迅速地找到你。例如,如果你大量使用悲傷的表情,某天你可能會(huì)收到治療抑郁癥的處方藥廣告。
Emoji的下一代
Emoji問(wèn)世之后,表情符號(hào)的新發(fā)展很快又初露端倪——自定義表情符號(hào)出現(xiàn)。例如,運(yùn)用一款名為“Talking Emoji Friends”的應(yīng)用程序,你可以用尖細(xì)的聲音來(lái)錄制有趣的信息,當(dāng)然要配上動(dòng)態(tài)表情符號(hào)。好極了,現(xiàn)在你的朋友可以把他們自制的討厭表情符號(hào)發(fā)送給你了。==|;o)>
1. emoticon [??m??t?k?n] n. [計(jì)]表情符號(hào)
2. take the edge off:使鈍;減弱
3. coy [k??] adj. 靦腆的,羞怯的
4. quip [kw?p] n. 俏皮話,妙語(yǔ)
5. smiley [?sma?li] n. [計(jì)]笑臉?lè)?/p>
6. typographical [?ta?p??ɡr?f?k(?)l] adj. 排字上的,印刷上的
7. concave [?k?nke?v; k?n?ke?v] adj. 凹的,凹面的
8. supine [?su?pa?n] adj. 仰臥的,面朝上的
9. typo [?ta?p??] n. 排印錯(cuò)誤,打字錯(cuò)誤
10. take hold:確立;固定下來(lái)
11. luminary [?lu?m?n?ri] n. 杰出人物,泰斗
12. ONeill:即尤金·奧尼爾(Eugene ONeill, 1888~1953),美國(guó)著名劇作家,美國(guó)民族戲劇的奠基人,主要作品有《天邊外》(Beyond the Horizon)、《啊,荒野》(Ah, Wilderness)、《賣(mài)冰的人來(lái)了》(The Iceman Cometh)等。奧尼爾一生獲得過(guò)四次普利策獎(jiǎng),并于1936年獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
13. wry [ra?] adj. 富于幽默感的;諷刺的
14. whimsical [?w?mz?k(?)l] adj. 異想天開(kāi)的;心血來(lái)潮的
15. bare-bones [?be?(r)?b??nz] adj. 少得不能再少的
16. steroid [?st??r??d] n. [生化]類(lèi)固醇(激素)
17. tween [twi?n] n. 通常指10~12歲的人,即介于兒童和青少年之間的人,可稱為“吞世代”。
18. stifle [?sta?f(?)l] vt. 壓制
19. flesh out:充實(shí)……的內(nèi)容;賦予……以真實(shí)感
20. ecstatic [?k?st?t?k] adj. 狂喜的