楊修平
[摘 要]英語虛擬條件句是虛擬語氣的基本形式,它不僅是學習虛擬語氣的基礎(chǔ),而且是基礎(chǔ)階段英語教學的重點和英語考試的難點之一。虛擬條件句由基本形式和各種變體組成,前者形式固定,易于掌握,而后者結(jié)構(gòu)多變,較難掌控。因此,專題研究英語虛擬條件句及其變體是英語教學和考試的必修基本功,也是有效使用虛擬語氣的必要保障。
[關(guān)鍵詞]虛擬條件句;條件;變體
動詞是學習英語詞法的重點,語氣是學習動詞的難點,而虛擬又是學習語氣的要點。因此,英語詞法之重在動詞,動詞之難在“語氣”,語氣之要在“虛擬”。虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)是專門表達“假設(shè)意義”(hypothetical meaning)及其他“非事實意義”(non-factual meaning)的動詞形式。簡而言之,虛擬語氣是動詞的特殊形式,用來表達說話人難以實現(xiàn)或不可能使之成為事實的意愿、建議、請求、意圖、驚奇、設(shè)想等情境。虛擬語氣可分為條件式,即虛擬條件句(主要用于狀語從句)、命令式/建議式(主要用于名詞性從句)和其他類別。在各種類型的虛擬語氣中,虛擬條件句是學習的基礎(chǔ),它分為基本形式和幾種主要變體。前者結(jié)構(gòu)相對較固定,類似公式,易于學習,后者則結(jié)構(gòu)多變,形式多樣,不易掌握。因此,在基礎(chǔ)英語教學中,必須熟練掌握虛擬條件句的基本形式并有效識別各種“變體”。
一、虛擬條件句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)與類別
英語虛擬條件句的基本形式由if引導(dǎo)的非真實性條件從句加上主句構(gòu)成,為了表達虛擬功能,從句和主句謂語動詞都要作特定形式的變化。由于人類生活需要經(jīng)歷過去、現(xiàn)在和將來三個不同時間節(jié)點,虛擬條件句也隨之分為上述三種類型,各自結(jié)構(gòu)及動詞形式如下。
虛擬條件句上述三種基本形式對應(yīng)的典型例句如下:
1. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。(1) If I had the chance, I would have another try. 如果我有這個機會,我定會再試試。(事實是我沒這樣的機會,不可能去試)(2) If I were you, I would have a sleepless night. 如果我是你的話,我會失眠。(事實是我不是你,不可能會失眠)
2. 與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。(1) If he had told you the fact that day, you would have grasped the precious opportunity. 如果那天他把事實告訴你的話,你會抓住那個寶貴的的機會。(事實是他沒告訴你,機遇失之交臂)(2) If we had known the truth at that time, we would have made greater progress. 如果我們當時了解真相,就會取得更大進步。(事實是,我們當時不解真相)
3. 與將來情況相反的假設(shè)。
(1) If they got/should/were to get the specific information tomorrow, they would get you informed soon. 如果他們明天能得到相關(guān)消息,定會首先讓通知你。(事實是他們不能得到消息)(2) If you were/ should/were to be the president of USA tomorrow, what would you do first? 如果你明天當上美國總統(tǒng),首先將會做什么?(事實是,明天你不可能當上總統(tǒng))
二、虛擬條件句的各種常見變體
1. 省略if倒裝式。如果有should,were或had出現(xiàn)在虛擬條件句的從句部分,則常省略該從句引導(dǎo)詞if,并將should,were或had提到句首引起部分倒裝。如:(1) Should it snow (If it should snow), we could not go out for picnic. 如果明天下雪(事實是明天不會下雪),我們就不能外出野炊。(2) Were he in my position (If he were in my position), he might act differently. 如果他遇到我這種情況,他可能會做出相反的舉動。(3) Had I taken your words that day (If I had taken your words that day), I would have suffered a lot. 如果我那天聽了你的話,就會倒大霉。以上三例分別是對將來、現(xiàn)在和過去的虛擬,從句分別用到should, were和had。
2. 委婉替代式。有時虛擬條件不直接通過if引導(dǎo)詞引出,而是借助部分介詞或介詞短語、不定式或動名詞短語、特定抽象名詞或并列句型以及上下文等形式表示出來,這種情況也稱委婉或含蓄虛擬條件句。這類常見功能詞有without, with, but, but for/that(倘若),given more time, given, given that(如果被給),or, or else, otherwise(否則, 要不然),unless(除非,如果不),supposing, supposed that(如果),等等。如:(1) Without solar power (=if there were no solar power), our life would not be so green today. 如果沒有太陽能,我們就不能享受今天的綠色生活。(2) God would have helped you, but you was so lazy (=if you had not been so lazy). 如果你當初不是太懶,上天定會助你。(3) But for the heavy rain (=if it had not been for the heavy rain), we should have delivered the goods on time. 如果不是那場大雨,我們定會準時送貨。(4) Theyre really busy,otherwise (=if they were not busy) they would go traveling with me. 如果他們不忙,就會和我一同出去走走。(5) Meeting in China (=if they had met in China), they might have established a friendship. 如果他們當時能在中國相遇,說不定還能建立一段友情。(6) To keep their promise (=if he were to keep their promise to each other), they would love each other till death do them apart. 如果他們銘記彼此的承諾,就會享受忠貞不渝的愛情。(7) One more step forward (=if you had moved one more step forward) and you might have seen the God. 如果你當時再前進一步,就可能命喪黃泉。(8) Your late reputation would be ruined! 你會晚節(jié)不保?。ㄌ摂M條件隱藏在上下文中,很可能是if you should/were to accept his bribe。)
3. 錯綜時間式。有時虛擬條件句的從句和主句虛擬的時間不一致,這時從句和主句謂語動詞的變化形式需要根據(jù)各自動作發(fā)生的時間來確定,這種不一致情況也稱錯綜時間條件句。在這種虛擬條件句中,要避免前文所列三種基本形式中主句和從句動詞“公式型”思維定勢的干擾。如:(1) If I had studied harder in my school days, I might be sitting in a comfortable office now. 如果我當初上學時用功點兒,如今也許能舒服地坐辦公室了。(2) If you had turned to your advisor for help last night, you could cope with the situation now. 如果你昨晚能及時向?qū)熐蠼?,現(xiàn)在就能胸有成竹了。(3) If they had followed my suggestion, they would not be in a dilemma now. 如果他們當時聽我一句忠言,現(xiàn)在就不會進退維谷了。
4. If only強化式。虛擬條件句的這種強化式一般用if only引導(dǎo)詞代替if, 表示在說話人看來與過去事實、現(xiàn)在事實或?qū)淼氖聦嵪喾吹膹娏以竿蜻z憾,相應(yīng)的謂語動詞分別用過去完成時表對過去、動詞過去時表對現(xiàn)在以及“could/would+動詞原形”表對將來的強化虛擬,一般譯作“要是”或“只要”。如:(1) If only you were a little braver, it would be more much better. 如果再勇敢一點就好了。(對現(xiàn)在的虛擬)(2) If only we had been told the truth, we would have taken the chance. 如果我們當時了解真相,定能抓住機遇。(對過去的虛擬)(3) If only I could do the experiment one day, I would do it oppositely. 如果我將來能做這個實驗,我會反其道而行。(對將來的假設(shè))
值得注意的是,在強化式變體中往往習慣將if only虛擬條件句單獨使用,表示一種特定背景下的強烈的假設(shè)性祈愿或期盼,動詞形式與虛擬條件句基本形式中所列三種情況相同,常譯作“要是……就好了”或“要是……該多好”。如:(1) If only I were in my hometown! (對現(xiàn)在的祈愿,事實是此時身處異域他鄉(xiāng))(2) If only they had seen each other ten years ago! (對過去的祈愿,抒相見太晚的遺憾)(3) If only I could fly in the space some day! (對未來的美好憧憬:遨游宇宙)
三、虛擬條件句及其變體在考試中的應(yīng)用
下文從近五年高考、公共英語等級考試(PETS)、高校英語應(yīng)用能力考試(PRETCO)和大學英語等級考試(CET)試題中精選部分實例予以證實(標記部分用斜體,下同):
1. 基本形式的應(yīng)用。在虛擬條件句的基本式中,主句和從句標記明顯,謂語動詞形式相對固定,因而難度較小,學術(shù)級別稍低的考試常用,但級別偏高的考題中出現(xiàn)的頻率較低。(1) If I had nothing but money, I would start to travel around the world right now. 如果我不是富到只缺錢,現(xiàn)在立馬就去環(huán)游世界。(2) If he had taken my advice at that time, he might have got the job he applied for. 如果他當時聽了我的建議,說不定就已得到那份工作。(3) Jenny Walker considers if she were to go abroad she would probably be able to use English as frequently as she wants. 詹尼·沃克認為如果出國(事實是她鮮有可能),就能隨時隨地用英語。以上三例分別是對現(xiàn)在、過去和將來的虛擬,主句和從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整,標記明顯。
2. 各種變體的應(yīng)用。虛擬條件式的各種變體結(jié)構(gòu)多樣、形式多變,深受各種英語考試的青睞,但萬變不離其宗,下文是國內(nèi)常見英語考試中關(guān)于四類變體的部分實例:(1) Should pure water perish from the earth one day, there would hardly be any life on this planet. (2) Were we to meet on another planet 30 years later, what situation would you imagine?(3) The billions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished. 以上三例為省略if的倒裝式變體,分別將should, were和had提到句首省略if 引起倒裝。(4) Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might have been postponed for a century.(5) He was very upset yesterday,otherwise he would have come to the party. (6) We didnt know her address,or we would have paid a visit to her. 以上三例為含蓄替代式變體,分別用without, otherwise和or引出。(7) Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(8) If we hadnt met Henry until recently, youd think the photo was strange. (9) If you hadnt hurried to help me when I was in trouble, I wouldnt be in such comfort now. 以上三例為錯綜時間混合式變體,都跨越過去和現(xiàn)在兩個不同時間。(10) If only I had gone with you ten years ago! (11) If only we had a car! Im tired of walking in such hot weather.(12) If only the organization would approve the applications and put them into practisoon! 以上三例為if only強化式變體,表達了對過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的祈愿。
限于篇幅,上文僅從國內(nèi)主要英語考試歷年真題中選取了部分題目來證實虛擬條件句及其變體的結(jié)構(gòu)和應(yīng)用。其實,英語虛擬條件句及其變體不僅是各級各類英語考試中的要點和難點,而且是人們現(xiàn)實生活中抒發(fā)遺憾和緩解壓力的必需品。因此,了解并掌握它必將受益。
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責任編輯 余 華