徐儉
華茲華斯(1770—1850年),英國浪漫主義詩人,“湖畔派”的領(lǐng)袖人物,其代表作《水仙》廣為傳頌,英文原作如下:
I wandered lonely as a cloud /That floats on high oer vales and hills,/When all at once I saw a crowd,/A host,of golden daffodils;/Beside the lake,beneath the trees,/Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.//Continuous as the stars that shine /And twinkle on the Milky Way,/They stretched in never-ending line/Along the margin of a bay:/Ten thousand saw I at a glance,/Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.//The waves beside them danced;but they/Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:/A poet could not but be gay,/In such a jocund company:/I gazed—and gazed—but little thought/What wealth the show to me had brought://For oft,when on my couch I lie /In vacant or in pensive mood,/They flash upon that inward eye/Which is the bliss of solitude;/And then my heart with pleasure fills,/And dances with the daffodils.
這首詩由兩部分組成:一次邂逅,前三節(jié)記敘與水仙的邂逅;一段念想,第四節(jié)回味這次邂逅給詩人帶來的財富——獨處時的愉悅心靈。兩部分之間的轉(zhuǎn)換可以從時態(tài)看出,邂逅部分主要用過去時,念想部分用現(xiàn)在時。
把詩的基調(diào)定為傷感落寞的讀者是因為片面理解了以下幾個詞:wandered、lonely、vacant or pensive mood、solitude,并且沒有細讀整個文本,以便理解這幾個詞的意義。
準確地理解和欣賞,需要斟酌每個詞的意義,尤其對熟悉的詞匯,要勤查資料,對文字保持敏感,還要細讀文本,放大語境??催@幾個詞的英文釋義:wander:move about with no destination or purpose,which stresses the absence of a fixed course or goal(The American Heritage Dictionary,Second College Edition)。lonely:without companions。solitude:the state of completely alone,especially when it is pleasant or relaxing。細讀文本,讀者不能尋章摘句,斷章取義,這里只是講詩人信步走來,獨自漫游。lonely常見的漢語翻譯是:孤寂的,寂寞的。有的讀者受此影響,再加上wandered,詩人大抵是落寞傷感的(而且詩人本來就是不合群的,寂寞的)。再來探討vacant or pensive mood究竟是什么樣的情緒、心情。vacant:void of thought;pensive:silently thinking in a serious way about something,frequently despite oneself.神游太虛或心懷天下。筆者認為以下兩家譯文均不妥:或情懷抑郁,或心境茫然(楊德豫譯);感到百無聊賴心靈空漠(顧子欣譯)。這兩家譯文都把詩人的心情定為消極低沉。可以對照朱自清先生《荷塘月色》中的一段:
路上只我一個人,背著手踱著。這一片天地好像是我的,我也像超出了平常的自己,到了另一世界里。我愛熱鬧,也愛冷靜;愛群居,也愛獨處。像今晚上,一個人在這蒼茫的月下,什么都可以想,什么都可以不想,便覺是個自由的人。白天里一定要做的事,一定要說的話,現(xiàn)在都可不理。這是獨處的妙處,我且受用這無邊的荷香月色好了。
路上只我一個人,(如華茲華斯一樣,獨自漫游,信步走來,I wandered lonely)什么都可以想,(in pensive mood)什么都可以不想,(in vacant mood)這是獨處的妙處,(which is the bliss of solitude)我且受用這無邊的荷香月色好了(They flash upon that inward eye/And then my heart with pleasure fills,/And dances with the daffodils.)
回顧詩人的情感歷程:起初是平靜的(wandered lonely,獨自漫游),轉(zhuǎn)向歡欣以致陶醉(gay,gazed—and gazed—but little thought,受到快樂的水仙的感染),又轉(zhuǎn)入寧靜,心思空明澄澈,寧靜的思索中水仙重回詩人眼前(They flash upon that inward eye,詩人不是情懷抑郁、心境茫然,亦非百無聊賴心靈空漠),因為曾經(jīng)邂逅的美景又回到“眼”前,詩人轉(zhuǎn)而滿心歡喜。這種歡喜不同于初見水仙的歡欣,它經(jīng)過思維的過濾,更純正醇厚。
華茲華斯在《抒情歌謠集》的序言中宣稱:詩歌是強烈感情的自溢,寧靜中追憶的情思引發(fā)了這種自溢。(Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.)以詩言志,但并非毫無節(jié)制地宣泄感情,也不是自哀自憐,詩中表達的感情是經(jīng)過加工、控制、提煉、過濾的感情?!皬娏腋星椤眮碜杂谒傻腻忮耍簹g欣以致陶醉(A poet could not but be gay/I gazed—and gazed—but little thought)。第四節(jié)是在寧靜中追憶,從而有了這首不朽的詩歌。這種強烈感情經(jīng)過淬煉,升華為一種持久的純凈的精神愉悅。無論是“情懷抑郁、心境茫然”還是“百無聊賴心靈空漠”,是消極頹廢的,都不是寧靜追憶的精神狀態(tài),是對詩人感情基調(diào)的錯誤解讀。這首詩印證了華茲華斯詩歌的創(chuàng)作主張。
另外,顧子欣的譯文還有兩處瑕疵:突然我看見一大片鮮花(When all at once I saw a crowd)。把crowd直白化,盡失原文的懸念,飛白的譯文“忽然間我看見一群”保留了原詩的表達方式:它們沿著海灣向前伸展(They stretched…/Along the margin of a bay)把湖變成了海(bay:part of the sea or of a large lake,enclosed by a wide curve of the shore)。注意詩中詞匯的銜接,lake—bay—waves,就不會有此誤譯。
參考文獻:
[1]胡家?guī)n.英美詩歌名篇詳注[M].北京:中國人民大學出版社,2008.
[2]王佐良.英國詩選[M].上海:上海譯文出版社,1988.
[3]王佐良.英國詩史[M].南京:譯林出版社,1997.
[4]http://www.bartleby.com/39/36.html.