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去氫表雄酮的生物轉(zhuǎn)化、衍生物合成及細(xì)胞毒活性研究

2013-09-13 07:57單麗紅張璐珈劉宏民
關(guān)鍵詞:細(xì)胞毒衍生物羥基

單麗紅,喬 星,李 央,張璐珈,焦 凱,劉宏民

(1.鄭州大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,河南鄭州450001;2.鄭州大學(xué)新藥研發(fā)中心,河南鄭州450001)

0 引言

甾體化合物廣泛分布于自然界及生物體內(nèi),是一類(lèi)重要的生物活性分子,被譽(yù)為藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域的“Golden Egg”[1].近年來(lái),去氫表雄酮(Dihydroepiandrostrone,DHEA)及其在肝臟中的主要代謝產(chǎn)物7-羥基DHEA表現(xiàn)出非常好的生物活性,如提高試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的免疫能力[2-3],阻止體外神經(jīng)元缺氧細(xì)胞死亡[4],并且對(duì)治療阿爾茨海默病和降低體重也有一定作用[5].這些重要的研究成果引起了眾多學(xué)者對(duì)甾體7-羥基衍生物的研究興趣.

雖然甾體7位的羥基化用化學(xué)方法相對(duì)其它位置比較容易進(jìn)行,但是這些方法路線長(zhǎng),所用試劑昂貴或有毒,不利于進(jìn)行大規(guī)模生產(chǎn).利用微生物轉(zhuǎn)化法可以很好的克服化學(xué)合成法的不足,還具有高效、低耗、污染少等明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),符合現(xiàn)代“綠色化學(xué)”的要求.

據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在甾環(huán)16位引入芳亞甲基結(jié)構(gòu),可使其產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒作用[6-7].因此本課題組利用 Claison-Schimidt縮 合 反 應(yīng) 在 7α-羥 基DHEA的16位引入系列取代苯亞甲基基團(tuán),合成得到8個(gè)未見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的新化合物,并測(cè)試了這些化合物對(duì)人食管癌EC109細(xì)胞株的細(xì)胞毒作用.

1 實(shí)驗(yàn)部分

1.1 主要試劑與儀器

試劑:去氫表雄酮(99%,漢江振華生物科技有限公司);葡萄糖(分析純,汕頭市西隴化工廠),蛋白胨和酵母膏(生化試劑,北京奧博星生物技術(shù)責(zé)任有限公司);磷酸二氫鉀(分析純,汕頭金沙化工廠);瓊脂(Slandand International Inc);薄層層析和柱層析硅膠(化學(xué)純,青島海浪硅膠干燥劑廠),所用工業(yè)溶劑均經(jīng)重蒸.儀器:WC-1型顯微熔點(diǎn)儀;BIO-RAD公司FTS-40型紅外分光光度計(jì)(KBr壓片);瑞士Bruker DPX-400型超導(dǎo)核磁共振儀;HZQ-Q全溫振蕩器;HVE-50高壓蒸汽滅菌鍋.菌種:卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides lusitanicus,自篩),由中國(guó)微生物菌種保藏管理委員會(huì)普通微生物中心保藏,保藏編號(hào)為CGMCC2256.斜面培養(yǎng)基:PDA培養(yǎng)基;發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基:葡萄糖30 g,蛋白胨12 g,酵母膏1.0 g,磷酸二氫鉀 0.9 g,蒸餾水 1 000 mL,pH 4.5.

1.2 制備和表征

1.2.1 生物轉(zhuǎn)化

按照1.1節(jié)中發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基的組成配置1 000 mL發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基,分裝至10個(gè)厄倫美厄燒瓶,高壓滅菌鍋121℃滅菌20 min,待培養(yǎng)基冷卻后在安全柜中接種,接種后的培養(yǎng)基放置恒溫振蕩器中,培養(yǎng)48 h(28℃,220 r/min)后,將1.0 g DHEA 溶解于10 mL丙酮后加入上述培養(yǎng)基,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)化4 d.轉(zhuǎn)化結(jié)束后,過(guò)濾除去菌絲體,發(fā)酵液用乙酸乙酯萃取3次,萃取液濃縮后用飽和NaHCO3、飽和食鹽水及水各洗3次,無(wú)水硫酸鈉干燥后減壓蒸干溶劑,得到白色固體,柱層析(V乙酸乙酯:V石油醚=1∶3)分離得到化合物1和2,結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示.

圖1 卷枝毛霉轉(zhuǎn)化DHEAFig.1 Biotransformation of DHEA by Mucor circinelloides

化合物1:白色固體粉末,收率為31.56%;mp 179.3~181.2℃ (literature 181.5~183.5℃[8]); [α]20D-71°(c.0.21,MeOH);IR(KBr)ν:3 431,2 933,1 730,1 657,1 621,1 375,1 057 cm-1;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ0.89(3H,s,H-18),1.02(3H,s,H-19),3.46(1H,m,H-3),3.89(1H,t,H-7,2J=7.6 Hz),5.57(1H,d,H-6,2J=5.2 Hz);13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3): δ:223.9,146.8,124.6,71.9,64.9,49.6,46.4,43.8,42.9,38.6,38.6,38.0,36.6,32.4,32.1,22.7,21.2,18.6,13.7;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+305.211 2(calcd.305.2117).

化合物2:白色固體粉末,收率為12.59%;mp 208.6~209.8℃ (literature 215~216℃[8]);[α]D20-93°(c.0.29,MeOH);IR(KBr)ν:3 364,2 930,1 730,1 660,1 629,1 380,1 056 cm-1;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ0.78(3H,s,H-18),0.98(3H,s,H-19),3.26(1H,m,H-3),3.70(1H,d,H-7,2J=8.0 Hz),5.18(1H,s,H-6);13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3): δ220.5,141.6,127.1,71.3,70.0,50.9,48.2,47.3,41.9,39.3,36.8,36.3,35.7,31.7,31.3,24.2,20.2,19.0,13.4;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+305.211 5(calcd.305.211 7).

1.2.2 3β,7α-二羥基-16-苯亞甲基雄甾-5-烯-17-酮衍生物1a-h的合成

圖2 化合物1a~h的合成Fig.2 Synthesis of compound 1a~h

化合物1 100 mg(0.33 mmol)溶于10~20 ml 95%乙醇,加入固體氫氧化鈉0.2~0.3 g,室溫?cái)嚢?0 min,加入苯甲醛(0.05 ml)或各種取代苯甲醛(0.4 mmol),繼續(xù)室溫?cái)嚢?,TLC檢測(cè)反應(yīng)完全后,減壓蒸干乙醇,加入20~30 mL乙酸乙酯使瓶?jī)?nèi)固體溶解,繼而用飽和食鹽水15 mL分三次洗滌,至有機(jī)相呈中性,再將有機(jī)相用水洗1-2次,無(wú)水硫酸鈉干燥,減壓蒸干乙酸乙酯,所得固體混合物可用柱層析(V乙酸乙酯:V氯仿=2:1)的方法分離純化.

化合物1a:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:187.3~188.2℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 7.55(2H,d,J=7.18 Hz),7.37(2H,d,J=7.39 Hz),7.35(1H,d,J=5.9 Hz),7.26(1H,s),5.65(1H,d,J=5.5 Hz),4.06(1H,s),3.57(1H,m),1.05(3H,s),0.98(3H,s);13C NMR(100M Hz,CDCl3): δ 210.4,147.4,136.6,136.6,134.0,131.2,131.2,130.0,129.3,129.4,124.4,71.9,65.2,47.6,43.9,43.5,42.7,38.3,37.5,37.6,32.0,31.9,30.1,20.9,19.0,14.8;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+393.241 6(calcd.393.242 9).

表1 化合物1a~h的結(jié)構(gòu)和收率Tab.1 Structure and yield of comp.1a~h

化合物1b:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:161.7~163.4℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 8.26(2H,d,J=8.36 Hz),7.68(2H,d,J=8.36 Hz),7.45(1H,s),5.67(1H,d,J=4.56 Hz),4.06(1H,s),3.59(1H,m),1.00(3H,s),0.87(3H,s);13C NMR(100M Hz,CDCl3):δ 208.8,147.4,146.8,142.0,139.9,130.7,130.7,130.3,123.8,123.9,123.4,71.1,64.4,47.0,43.1,42.8,41.9,37.6,36.8,36.8,31.3,31.1,29.4,20.1,18.3,13.9;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+437.219 8(calcd.437.220 2).

化合物1c:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:172.5~173.6℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 8.39(1H,s),8.21(1H,d,J=8.93 Hz),7.83(1H,d,J=7.76 Hz),7.59(1H,t,J=15.94 Hz),7.46(1H,s),5.67(1H,d,J=5.14 Hz),4.08(1H,s),3.59(1H,m),1.07(3H,s),1.01(3H,s);13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 209.3,146.7,136.3,135.1,134.1,131.8,131.5,131.5,128.9,128.9,123.5,71.2,64.4,46.9,43.2,42.8,41.9,37.6,36.8,36.9,31.3,31.2,29.3,20.1,18.3,14.0;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+427.203 5(calcd.427.204 0).

化合物1d:淡黃色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:168.2 ~ 169.8℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3): δ 7.53(2H,d,J=8.50 Hz),7.38(1H,s),7.08(2H,t,J=17.2 Hz),5.63(1H,d,J=5.03 Hz),4.04(1H,s),3.54(1H,m),1.04(3H,s),0.96(3H,s);13C NMR(100M Hz,CDCl3): δ 209.6,164.3,161.8,146.6,135.4,132.3,132.2,132.0,123.5,115.9,115.7,71.1,64.4,46.9,43.2,42.8,41.9,37.6,36.9,36.9,31.2,31.2,29.2,20.1,18.3,14.0;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+411.233 6(calcd.411.233 5).

化合物1e:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:179.3 ~180.8℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6)):δ 7.61(1H,s),7.57(1H,d,J=7.72 Hz),7.40(1H,m),7.08(1H,d,J=8.2 Hz),7.04(1H,t,J=14.96 Hz),5.45(1H,d,J=5 Hz),3.84(3H,s),3.30(1H,m),0.96(3H,s),0.88(3H,s);13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6): δ 208.8,158.4,144.0,136.5,131.2,129.6,126.1,124.4,123.8,120.6,111.5,69.9,62.7,55.8,46.6,43.3,42.3,42.1,37.1,36.7,31.5,31.4,28.9,19.9,18.1,13.9;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+422.2451(calcd.422.2457).

化合物1f:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:185.1~186.3℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 7.36(1H,s),6.77(2H,s),5.65(1H,d,J=4.84 Hz),4.03(1H,s),3.88(9H,s),3.58(1H,s),1.05(3H,s),0.98(3H,s);13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3): δ 209.5,153.1,146.7,139.3,135.0,133.4,131.1,123.4,107.7,107.7,71.2,64.4,61.0,56.1,56.2,46.9,43.2,42.7,41.9,37.6,36.9,31.3,31.2,29.1,20.1,18.3,14.0;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+483.2740(calcd.483.2746).

化合物1g:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:174.2~176.1℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 7.668(1H,d,J=7.61 Hz),7.51(1H,s),7.43(1H,t,J=7.90 Hz),7.108(1H,d,J=8.41 Hz),7.01(1H,d,J=7.48 Hz),5.45(1H,d,J=5.40),3.60(1H,d,H-7,J=2.58 Hz),3.33(1H,m,H-3),2.86(1H,t,H-17,J=8.7 Hz),1.05(1H,s,H-19),0.97(1H,s,H-18);13C NMR(100M Hz,CDCl3): δ 208.4,157.7,145.1,135.5,131.2,128.9,126.0,124.7,122.3,120.2,111.7,69.0,62.5,56.8,46.2,43.0,42.5,42.1,37.3,36.5,36.0,33.5,31.4,28.6,19.7,18.3,13.5;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+422.245 5(calcd.422.2457).

化合物1h:白色固體粉末,收率見(jiàn)表1,mp:180.1 ~182.4℃;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):δ7.67(1H,s),7.53(1H,d,J=7.72 Hz),7.38(1H,m),7.02(1H,d,J=8.1 Hz),7.04(1H,t,J=14.90 Hz),5.45(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz),3.78(3H,s),3.35(1H,m),1.04(3H,s),0.86(3H,s);13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 208.8,159.2,143.7,144.0,135.6,128.9,127.8,125.1,120.8,114.7,71.6,65.3,53.1,56.2,51.0,42,3,41.7,39.8,38.0,37.2,34.1,31.3,25.9,20.6,19.3,19.0;HR-MS m/z%:[M+H]+408.229 7(calcd.408.230 1).

1.2.3 3β,7α-二羥基-16-苯亞甲基雄甾-5-烯-17-酮衍生物1a~h的細(xì)胞毒活性研究

采用MTT法,考察了化合物1a~h對(duì)人食管癌上皮細(xì)胞株EC109的抑制活性.結(jié)果如表2所示.考慮到化合物1a~h的結(jié)構(gòu)中均形成了α,β不飽和酮的結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,從中藥冬凌草中提取的冬凌草甲素(Oridonin,圖3)普遍用于治療消化道腫瘤,其抗腫瘤活性中心就是結(jié)構(gòu)中的α-環(huán)外亞甲基環(huán)戊酮單元[9],因此我們選擇冬凌草甲素作為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照品.

圖3 Oridonin的結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.3 Structure of Oridonin

表2 化合物1a~h對(duì) EC109細(xì)胞株的抑制率(50 μg/mL)Tab.2 Inhibition rate of EC109 cells by comp.1a~h

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 生物轉(zhuǎn)化

從卷枝毛霉轉(zhuǎn)化DHEA的發(fā)酵液中經(jīng)柱層析分離得到兩個(gè)純的化合物1、2,經(jīng)IR、NMR及HRMS等多種方法確證,并與文獻(xiàn)[8]對(duì)照,分別確定為DHEA 的7α-和7β-羥基衍生物.其中7α-羥基DHEA的收率(31.56%)較7β-羥基 DHEA(12.59%)為高,是主要轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物.

2.2 3β,7α-二羥基-16-苯亞甲基雄甾-5-烯-17-酮衍生物1a~h的合成

以7α-羥基 DHEA(1)為原料,利用 Claison-Schimidt縮合反應(yīng),使其分別與苯甲醛及多種取代苯甲醛進(jìn)行反應(yīng),在其16位引入系列取代苯亞甲基基團(tuán),共得到8種衍生物1a~h,均為未見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的新化合物.以化合物1a為例,在1H NMR譜中,7.26處出現(xiàn)一個(gè)單峰,判斷為芐位氫的信號(hào),同時(shí)在δ 7.55-7.35處也出現(xiàn)了單取代苯的質(zhì)子信號(hào).13C NMR譜中苯環(huán)碳的信號(hào)則為147.4(C-1’),126.6(C-2’,6’),131.2(C-3’,5’),134.0(C-4’).由以上分析可以判斷1a的結(jié)構(gòu)為3β,7α-二羥基-16-苯亞甲基雄甾-5-烯-17-酮.

2.3 3β,7α-二羥基-16-苯亞甲基雄甾-5-烯-17-酮衍生物1a~h的細(xì)胞毒活性研究

甾體化合物在抗腫瘤領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用已得到廣泛證實(shí)[10],因此,筆者對(duì)所合成的甾體化合物進(jìn)行了體外細(xì)胞毒活性篩選.表2列出了化合物1a-h對(duì)人食管癌上皮細(xì)胞株EC109的抑制活性.從表中所顯示的結(jié)果可以看出經(jīng)過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)化后得到的羥基化衍生物1、2的抑制活性相應(yīng)比其原料DHEA有所提高,說(shuō)明引入羥基可增強(qiáng)其抗腫瘤作用.而以1為母體進(jìn)行改造的苯亞甲基衍生物1a~h均比其母體化合物1的活性有明顯提高.這說(shuō)明在甾體結(jié)構(gòu)中引入苯亞甲基結(jié)構(gòu)可顯著增強(qiáng)其細(xì)胞毒活性,而且這種體外抑制活性和苯環(huán)上的取代基也有一定關(guān)系,吸電子基團(tuán)比斥電子基團(tuán)的活性好,但與取代基的位置關(guān)系不大.

3 結(jié)論

筆者利用卷枝毛霉對(duì)去氫表雄酮進(jìn)行了生物轉(zhuǎn)化研究,從發(fā)酵液中分離得到其7α-和7β-羥基化產(chǎn)物,并利用Claison-Schimidt縮合反應(yīng)在7α-羥基去氫表雄酮的16位引入帶有不同取代基的苯亞甲基結(jié)構(gòu),得到8個(gè)新化合物,細(xì)胞毒實(shí)驗(yàn)表明引入苯亞甲基結(jié)構(gòu)的衍生物對(duì)人食管癌上皮細(xì)胞株EC109有較強(qiáng)的抑制活性.

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