胡榮祖,趙鳳起,高紅旭,姚二崗
(西安近代化學(xué)研究所燃燒與爆炸技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西 西安 710065)
內(nèi)能ΔfEθ、爆熱Qd、爆轟反應(yīng)能ΔfUθ、多方指數(shù)k、點(diǎn)火焓Hig、爆速D、爆壓P及爆轟產(chǎn)物的粒子速度up,d是評價(jià)炸藥能量和毀傷作用的重要參數(shù)。本 工 作 報(bào) 道 借 助 C-H-N-O 炸 藥 的 分 子 式(CaHbNcOd)、分子質(zhì)量M、密度ρ、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摩爾生成焓ΔHθm、比熱容Cp、自動(dòng)點(diǎn)火溫度Tig、熱爆炸臨界溫度Tb、爆轟分解反應(yīng)方程式,計(jì)算每克炸藥爆轟產(chǎn)生的氣體產(chǎn)物摩爾數(shù)N、每摩爾炸藥爆轟產(chǎn)生氣體產(chǎn)物的平均質(zhì)量Mg、每克炸藥爆轟反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)熱(Qd=-ΔdHθm)的表達(dá)式,計(jì)算爆速和爆壓的Kamlet-Jacobs公式,計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摩爾生成能ΔfEθ、點(diǎn)火焓Hig、爆轟反應(yīng)能ΔfUθ、多方指數(shù)k、爆轟產(chǎn)物的粒子速度up,d的表達(dá)式,得到了16種C-H-N-O炸藥Qd、ΔfEθ、Hig、ΔdUθm、D、P、k和up,d值的估算結(jié)果。
對單質(zhì)有機(jī)炸藥CaHbNcOd,有:
式中:M 為炸藥的分子質(zhì)量,g/mol;N為每克炸藥爆轟產(chǎn)生的氣體產(chǎn)物摩爾數(shù),mol/g;Mg為每摩爾炸藥爆轟產(chǎn)生氣體產(chǎn)物的平均質(zhì)量,g/mol;Qd為每克炸藥爆轟反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)熱,kJ/g;ΔdHθm為每克炸藥爆轟反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)焓,kJ/g;ΔfHθm為炸藥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摩爾生成焓,kJ/mol。
將 N、M、Qd、密度ρ 值代入 Kamlet-Jacobs公式[1]:
得到炸藥的D和P值。
由爆轟產(chǎn)物的粒子速度(up,d,mm/μs)計(jì)算式:
將k和D 代入式(16),得到up,d值。
由炸藥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成內(nèi)能(ΔfEθ,kJ/g)估算式[2]:
點(diǎn)火焓(Hi,J·g-1)計(jì)算式[3]:
爆轟反應(yīng)能(ΔfUθ,kJ·g-1)計(jì)算式:
鋁熱劑爆轟產(chǎn)物的粒子速度(up,d,mm/μs)計(jì)算式[3]:
式中:Cp為炸藥的比熱容,J·g-1·K-1;Tigorb為炸藥的熱爆炸溫度(或熱點(diǎn)火溫度),K;nH、nO、nN分別為C-H-O-N炸藥中H、O、N的原子數(shù);Troom=298.15K;Δn=ng(產(chǎn)物)-ng(反應(yīng)物);R 為通用氣體常數(shù),8.314J·mol-1·K-1。
up,cord的單位換算為:
將 ΔfHθm、nH、nO、nN、M、cp、Tigorb、Troom值代入計(jì)算式(16)~(20),可得到 ΔfEθ、ΔdUθm、k、Hig、up,d值。
依據(jù) C-H-N-O 炸 藥 (CaHbNcOd)的 M、ρ、ΔfHθm、ΔdHθm、Cp、Tigorb和爆轟產(chǎn)物的 ΔfHθm值,可得表1中所列16種單質(zhì)有機(jī)炸藥的內(nèi)能ΔfEθ、爆轟反應(yīng)能ΔdUθm、多方指數(shù)k、點(diǎn)火焓Hig、爆速D、爆壓P及爆轟產(chǎn)物的粒子速度up,d值。據(jù)此可知:
(1)用Kamlet-Jacobs經(jīng)驗(yàn)式估算D 值,須用炸藥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摩爾生成焓,而非炸藥的生成熱。
(2)up,d≈D/4.
(3)對3Pt-Hf體系,ΔfHθm=0,nH=nO=nN=0,有
表1 用C-H-N-O炸藥(Ca H b Nc Od)的 M、ρ、Δf Hθm、Δd Hθm、C p、T ig or b和爆轟產(chǎn)物的 Δf Hθm 估算炸藥的Δf Eθ、k、Δd Uθm、D、P 及u p,dTable 1 Estimation ofΔf Eθ,Δf Uθ、k,H ig,,deter,D,P and u p,d using M、ρ、Δf Hθm、Δd Hθm、C p、T ig or b of C-H-O-N explosives(Ca H b Nc Od)andΔf Hθm of detonation products
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致謝:感謝田清政教授對本工作的有益討論。