By Audie Cornish
1963年7月1日,郵政編碼在美國誕生。郵政編碼在美國被稱為ZIP,是Zone Improvement Plan的縮寫,用以應(yīng)對當(dāng)時(shí)急速增長的郵件投遞需求,美國由此成為世界上最早一批擁有郵政編碼的國家。
時(shí)光如梭,2013年,它迎來了自己50歲的生日。如今,郵政編碼已經(jīng)走遍世界各地,為人們所熟知。那么,這些猶如“城市身份證”的郵政編碼背后有著哪些不為人知的故事呢?
Audie Cornish (HOST): The U.S. Postal Service is in the midst of tough times, with a $16 billion 1)deficit and a steep drop in mail. But 50 years ago, that wasnt the case. On this day in 1963, the Postal Service introduced the zone improvement code, better known as the ZIP code. As we hear in this song to promote the new system, the postal service had more mail than ever before.(Soundbite of music)
Unidentified group: (singing) You know you gotta have a ZIP code on the envelope, a ZIP code so you wont get sent back home...
Cornish: Today, the ZIP code is the basis for everything from 2)census counts to voter districts to marketing databases.
Nancy Pope is head 3)curator at the Smithsonians National Postal Museum here in D.C. Welcome to the program, Nancy.
Nancy Pope: Thanks, its nice to be here.
Cornish: So, give us some of the history here. What drove the postal service to come up with the ZIP code?
Pope: Well, they definitely needed some sort of way of creating a digital version of where we are located. Because the old, for lack of a better term, 4)analog
way, just wasnt working anymore. To say someone was in a certain address in New York City, for instance, didnt help when you had twice as much mail in 1960 as you did in 1943, for instance.
Cornish: When you say analog, you mean people are
hand-sorting it. (laughter)
Pope: Yes, exactly.
Cornish: And so, by digital you mean just having some numbers to help out.
Pope: Well, numbers that they could use in 5)conjunction with 6)machinery. A machine could read numbers in the 1950s, you know, it could input data that was numbers. It could not necessarily read an address. So our address, for instance, 2 Massachusetts Avenue Northeast, you try and type that into a machine youre going to be processing at the slowest rate on history. But if you were to type in 2-0-0-0-2, that letter is going to go through a machine much more quickly. Cornish: So just how big a difference did it make for service? Pope: Well, it was really amazing because you had before people who were hand-sorting. And hand-sorting, even if youre really good at it, youre not going to do more than 60 letters a minute. I mean, that would be topping out as the best sorter on record for the postal service. So most of them were sorting in the 20 and 30 letters per minute but when they had a machine and could use the machine to help move things along, they ended up sorting at 1,700 letters per minute, which was quite the difference.
Cornish: Now, the postal service had to come up with this whole like marketing campaign to convince people to use it, right? We have a clip from the “Mr. Zip” campaign.(Soundbite of advertisement)
Unidentified man: This is Mr. Zip. He revolutionized the mail delivery system of the United States with a ZIP code. The heart of the system is a number, a ZIP code number...
Cornish: So whats the deal with Mr. Zip? I mean, did people really need convincing to use a ZIP code and, if so, I mean, what are the reasons they were 7)reluctant to use it?
Pope: They really did need convincing. AT&T; had just been rolling out area codes for people to use. And AT&T; told the post office department youre going to need a lot of help because people hate area codes. They hate having to remember three more numbers. So here you had the post office department about to roll out a campaign to ask people to remember five numbers for every address they would send something to.
And it was also at a time when people were having to use their Social Security numbers more often. And so, here you have people who are feeling like theyre being turned into numbers. Now we may not be able to imagine what it was like because we kind of have completed that being turned into numbers concept. But in the 60s, it was kind of scary for the American public.
And so, Mr. Zip was a very, very friendly, happy young guy who would lead you into this wonderful future. And he would not lead you into the scary one.
Cornish: Nancy, do you have a favorite ZIP code?
Pope: Of course, I do. Everyone does. Mine is 97801.
Cornish: Which is?
Pope: My hometown, Pendleton, Oregon. (laughter)
奧迪·柯妮什(主持人):美國郵政管理局正處于艱難時(shí)期,160億美元的虧損和郵件投遞量的急劇下降。但是半個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,情況卻不是那樣。1963年的今天(譯者注:指1963年7月1日),郵政管理局引進(jìn)了郵政區(qū)域改進(jìn)編號,也就是我們所說的郵政區(qū)域改進(jìn)計(jì)劃即郵政編碼。正如我們現(xiàn)在聽到的這首新制度的宣傳歌,當(dāng)時(shí)郵政服務(wù)業(yè)的投遞量多得前所未有。
(音樂片段)
匿名樂隊(duì):(唱歌)你知道你該在信封寫上郵政編碼,郵政編碼使你的信不再被退回來
……
柯妮什:如今,郵政編碼成為從人口普查、選區(qū)登記、市場數(shù)據(jù)庫等方方面面的基礎(chǔ)。
南?!げㄆ帐俏挥谌A盛頓特區(qū)的史密森尼國家郵政博物館館長。歡迎您的到來,南希。
南希·波普:謝謝,非常高興來到這里。
柯妮什:那么,在這兒給我們說說(郵政編碼的)歷史吧。是什么促使郵政服務(wù)業(yè)想出郵政編碼的?
波普:嗯,他們確實(shí)需要通過某種方式建立一套用于定位的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)。因?yàn)榕f的模擬方法,怎么說呢,當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)不再適用了。舉個(gè)例子,說某人在紐約市的一個(gè)特定地點(diǎn),對于在比1943年多了不只一倍投寄量的1960年來說,根本發(fā)揮不了作用。
柯妮什:你說的模擬(機(jī)器)操作,是指靠人工進(jìn)行信件分揀嗎?(笑)
波普:是的,沒錯(cuò)。
柯妮什:所以,你說的用數(shù)字系統(tǒng)指的是利用一些數(shù)字來解決。
波普:嗯,通過數(shù)字他們可以靠機(jī)器分揀。你知道的,20世紀(jì)50年代,機(jī)器已經(jīng)能夠識讀數(shù)字,它可以輸入數(shù)字形式的數(shù)據(jù)。它未必會識讀地址。所以我們的地址,舉個(gè)例子,馬薩諸塞大道東北2號,你試試,將那個(gè)地址輸入機(jī)器,而它將以歷史上最慢的速度進(jìn)行處理。但是如果你輸入20002,那些字母那封信會通過機(jī)器處理得更快。
柯妮什:那么這使得郵政服務(wù)發(fā)生了怎樣巨大的改變?
波普:嗯,這十分驚人,因?yàn)檫@之前只能靠人工分揀信件。而即使你再擅長,也不能在一分鐘之內(nèi)分揀超過60封信件,我是說,那是有郵政服務(wù)業(yè)最優(yōu)秀的分揀員的速度紀(jì)錄。所以,大多數(shù)分揀員每分鐘只能分揀二三十封信件,但是當(dāng)他們擁有并使用機(jī)器幫助他們干活時(shí),他們每分鐘可以分揀1700封信件,這就是非常大的不同。
柯妮什:現(xiàn)在,郵政服務(wù)業(yè)想出這一整套類似市場活動(dòng)的方法來說服人們使用郵政編碼,對嗎?我們有這個(gè)“郵編先生運(yùn)動(dòng)”(宣傳)的片段。(廣告片段)
匿名男聲:這是郵政編碼先生。他用郵政編碼改革了美國的郵件投遞系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的核心就是數(shù)字,一串郵編數(shù)字……
柯妮什:那么郵政編碼先生是怎么回事呢?我是說,人們真的需要被說服使用郵政編碼嗎,如果是的話,我想問的是,人們不情愿使用郵政編碼的原因是什么?
波普:他們確實(shí)需要被說服。美國電話電報(bào)公司曾經(jīng)推行地區(qū)編碼供人們使用。他們告訴郵局部門作好準(zhǔn)備,因?yàn)槿藗冇憛挼貐^(qū)編碼。他們討厭必須記住三位以上的數(shù)字。因此郵局部門必須推出一個(gè)活動(dòng)勸說人們記住代表他們想要投寄物品信件的每個(gè)地址的五位數(shù)字。
同時(shí)這也是人們必須更常使用自己的社會保障號的時(shí)期。因此,人們感覺自己快要變成數(shù)字了?,F(xiàn)在我們無法想象那究竟是種什么感覺,因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)完成數(shù)字概念的轉(zhuǎn)變。但是在60年代,對美國大眾來說還是件令人恐懼的事。
所以說,郵編先生是一個(gè)非常非常友好和快樂的年輕人,帶著你進(jìn)入這個(gè)美好的未來,而不是那個(gè)令人恐懼的世界。
柯妮什:南希,你有最喜歡的郵政編碼嗎?
波普:當(dāng)然有,每個(gè)人都有。我最喜歡的是97801。
柯妮什:是哪兒的?
波普:我的家鄉(xiāng),俄勒岡州彭德爾頓。(笑)
Read More
The code was designed to get mail sorted and delivered faster, and it worked, in part because it allowed for automated sorting. So on the ZIP codes golden anniversary, July 1, here are some facts about those codes and postal delivery in general:
The U.S. Postal Service already had been using two-digit codes for large cities since 1943. It introduced five-digit codes in 1963 for all addresses.
1943年起,美國郵政管理局已經(jīng)開始在大城市使用兩位數(shù)字編碼。1963年開始在全美所有地址引入五位數(shù)字編碼。
When the postal service unveiled plans for the nationwide five-digit ZIP code in 1962, it simultaneously[同時(shí)] introduced the world to Mr. ZIP, the cartoon character credited with helping win the publics support for the plan.
1962年,當(dāng)郵政服務(wù)業(yè)宣布將在全國推行五位數(shù)字郵政編碼計(jì)劃時(shí),同時(shí)還向世界推出了郵政編碼先生,這位卡通人物旨在幫助贏得民眾對該計(jì)劃的支持。
In 1983 the postal service started an expanded system that it called ZIP+4, adding four digits to further specify locations, but it was resisted by many customers.
1983年,郵政服務(wù)業(yè)開始使用稱為“郵政編碼+4”的更完善的系統(tǒng),加上四位數(shù)字來進(jìn)一步精確定位,但是受到許多客戶的抵制。
There are about 43,000 ZIP codes in the U.S.
如今全美共有大約43000個(gè)郵政編碼。
The postal service is considering geocoding, the process of associating precise latitude[緯度] and longitude[經(jīng)度] coordinates with physical addresses, including ZIP code boundaries, to help form more efficient routes and speed mail and parcel[包裹] delivery.
郵政服務(wù)業(yè)正考慮使用地理定位,這是使用精確的經(jīng)緯度來定位物理地址的過程,包括郵政編碼分界線地區(qū),以助于構(gòu)建更有效的路線及更高效的信件和包裹投遞服務(wù)。
Among the other entities that benefit from ZIP codes are real-estate firms that use them to organize listings, insurance companies that use them to determine premiums[保險(xiǎn)金], scientists who use them for research, governments using them to allocate funds, nonprofit organizations that use them in fundraising efforts, and businesses using them to determine where customers are coming from and where to build stores.
在從郵政編碼中受益的實(shí)體包括使用郵編來編排目錄的房地產(chǎn)公司、確定保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的保險(xiǎn)公司、進(jìn)行研究的科學(xué)家、分配基金的政府部門、籌集資金的非營利性組織,以及靠郵政編碼來決定顧客出處和商場選址的商人。
The postal service delivers 40% of the worlds mail to 5% of the worlds population.
郵政服務(wù)業(yè)投遞世界上40%的信件給全世界5%的人口。
The postal service processed 160 billion pieces of mail in 2012.
2012年,(美國)郵政服務(wù)業(yè)處理了1600億封信件。
The postal service has more than 522,144 career employees.
郵政服務(wù)業(yè)有522144名雇員。
世界各地郵政編碼體系
☆ 中國
我國于1974年開始研制郵政編碼,1980年7月1日開始正式在全國宣傳推行,后來因?yàn)榉N種原因,推行工作全面停止,直到1986年才重新進(jìn)行。目前我國采用的郵政編碼為“四級六碼制”,即每組編碼由六位阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字組成。四級是指?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市)、郵區(qū)、縣(市)郵電局和投遞局(區(qū))。六位編碼前兩位代表?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市),第三位代表郵區(qū),第四位代表縣(市),最后兩位數(shù)字代表是從該城市哪個(gè)郵遞區(qū)投遞的,即投遞區(qū)的位置。
☆ 中國港澳地區(qū)
香港的國際郵政編碼為999077,但并未采用。在實(shí)際操作中,寄往香港的國際郵件只需要在信封上寫上中文及英文都是郵寄到香港的(當(dāng)然還要附上詳細(xì)地址)即可,可以不必填寫郵政編碼。
澳門的郵政編碼為999078。
☆ 美國
美國的郵政編碼稱為ZIP,包括五個(gè)數(shù)字,隨后增加了四個(gè)數(shù)字,使郵件可以更精確地遞送到目的地。在五位數(shù)字郵編中,第一位代表美國各州,第二、三位組合代表一個(gè)地區(qū)或一個(gè)大城市,第四、五位組合代表更加具體的區(qū)域,譬如某城市的小鎮(zhèn)或地區(qū)。
☆ 英國
英國的郵政編碼稱為Postcode,是英文字母和數(shù)字混用編碼,其格式系統(tǒng)大概是全球最復(fù)雜的。
☆ 法國
法國的郵政編碼始于1972年,共5個(gè)數(shù)字,前兩位代表省,后三位分別代表城市、地區(qū)和郵政分局。
☆ 加拿大
加拿大的郵政編碼由3個(gè)拉丁字母和3個(gè)數(shù)字混合組成,書寫時(shí)前三字和后三字通常以空白分開,其中6個(gè)字中,奇數(shù)位為英文字母A—Z,偶數(shù)位為阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字0—9。
☆ 日本
日本的郵政編碼系統(tǒng)于1998年2月2日投入使用,共7位數(shù)字,前三位與后四位數(shù)字之間用字符“—”分隔。
☆ 意大利
意大利的郵政編碼為I、IT或者無前綴加上5位數(shù)字組成。其中,第一位數(shù)字代表郵區(qū),第二位代表省份,第三位表示本地,第四、五位表示投遞區(qū)域。
☆ 新加坡
新加坡的郵政編碼為6位數(shù)字組成,前兩位是投遞區(qū)碼,后四位代表投遞點(diǎn)。
☆ 阿根廷
阿根廷的郵政編碼由7個(gè)字組成,稱為CPA。其中第一個(gè)字母為省代碼,接下來4個(gè)數(shù)字代表郵區(qū),后接3個(gè)字母表示建筑物區(qū)面。
☆ 澳大利亞
澳大利亞的郵政編碼為4位數(shù)字,因?yàn)榘拇罄麃喼胁繛闊o人或少人居住的沙漠地區(qū),所以部分郵政編碼代表的區(qū)域跨越2、3個(gè)州。
☆ 瑞典
瑞典自1968年5月12日起使用代表地理位置的5個(gè)數(shù)字來分類郵件,其中以10—19為首的編號代表斯德哥爾摩。
☆ 西班牙
西班牙的郵政編碼由5個(gè)數(shù)字組成,其中第一、二位表示省份,第三位表示大城鎮(zhèn)、主要地區(qū),第四、五位表示投遞地區(qū)。