建筑設(shè)計(jì)：李曉東工作室

Architects: Li Xiaodong Atelier

籬苑書屋，北京，中國

Wattle School,Beijing,China,2011

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：李曉東工作室

Architects: Li Xiaodong Atelier

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 李曉東

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 劉雅蘊(yùn)，黃承文，潘希/LIU Yayun,HUANG Chengwen,PAN Xi

建筑面積/Floor Area: 175m2

攝影/Photos: 李曉東/LI Xiaodong

1 總平面/Site plan

1 背景

籬苑書屋的基地位于北京市郊懷柔區(qū)雁棲鎮(zhèn)交界河村智慧谷。交界河村是一個(gè)約有六七十家農(nóng)戶、村民300余人的村落，盛產(chǎn)核桃、栗子、梨等。此處山清水秀，風(fēng)景如畫，周邊與慕田峪長城、箭扣長城、神堂峪自然風(fēng)景區(qū)等旅游勝地相鄰，近年來吸引不少旅游公司在此投資開發(fā)旅游線路，向希望遠(yuǎn)離城市喧囂的城里人提供租借農(nóng)房，甚至整改成為他們自己的農(nóng)家，在閑暇時(shí)來此度假。周末，不少來自城里的游客自駕來到此村享受鄉(xiāng)野趣味，村里隨之衍生出不少提供餐飲住宿的農(nóng)家院?，F(xiàn)在，旅游業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)正逐漸成為此村的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入來源，然而，對于鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)貌的保護(hù)與旅游項(xiàng)目的開發(fā)仍存在有待挖掘的創(chuàng)新思路。

因緣際會(huì)于2010年一次在交界河村的同學(xué)聚會(huì)，李曉東與這地方牽起奇妙的緣分。在村里朋友的小院感受到的溫馨，讓他對京郊這個(gè)僻靜的山村充滿了遐想，又感于當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裉貏e是小朋友缺乏學(xué)習(xí)的資源；而恰逢香港陸謙受信托基金捐助100萬元支持農(nóng)村項(xiàng)目，于是決定在村里蓋一間公益性質(zhì)的書屋。建成之后，書屋可以向游客及村民提供免費(fèi)的閱覽讀物和空間，同時(shí)亦可作為游客及村民相互交流的一處清舍雅苑。

2 設(shè)計(jì)想法

2.1 關(guān)于概念

交界河村是個(gè)僅有一條盤山公路能夠通達(dá)的小山村。在村莊深處的智慧谷，“籬苑書屋”是唯一的人造建筑?；乇成矫嫠?，景色清幽，一派自然的松散；籬苑書屋就坐落在這樣一個(gè)自然清凈的山谷之中。

設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思旨在與自然相配合，讓人造的物質(zhì)環(huán)境，將大自然清散的景氣凝聚成為一個(gè)有靈性的氣場，營造人與自然和諧共處、天人合一的清境。場地前的水面、水邊棧道、卵石平展的鋪排以及籬笆(取自漫山遍野的劈柴棍) 圍合的空間，讓書屋本身與自然環(huán)境結(jié)合成渾然的一體。場景中，既遮陽又透光，同時(shí)展現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的地域特性，書屋也因此取名“籬苑”。

2.2 關(guān)于空間

一向喜歡簡單的體量,籬苑書屋也不例外，長30m、寬4.35m（軸線）、高6.3m的長方體，總建筑面積170m2，局部2層，包括一間閱覽室以及一間很小的儲(chǔ)藏室。主體結(jié)構(gòu)采用100mm×100mm及100mm×200mm的方鋼作為主要結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，每2m一根柱子，以焊接方式連接。外圍護(hù)材料使用鋼化玻璃，而立面被密密麻麻、長短一致、表面沒有經(jīng)過任何人工處理的4.5萬根柴火棍所包裹而形成圍籬。使用柴火棍是因?yàn)榻ㄖ熢诖迩f周圍走訪調(diào)研時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)柴火棍是該地最豐富的資源，是當(dāng)?shù)厝顺Ｄ耆∨療埖牟牧?，又是來自于自然之中，于是決定對其加以利用。

主體建筑簡單的玻璃與鋼的混搭結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)殄e(cuò)落有致的柴火棍而變得平易近人，兼顧著結(jié)構(gòu)與采光的兩種需要，而木棍的顏色也會(huì)根據(jù)季節(jié)的更替隨周圍的山巒而變，特別是在冬天，當(dāng)山上的樹木落光了葉子，樹干便會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出與建筑所用木棍一樣的顏色，完全地融合在一起。不僅能與環(huán)境呼應(yīng)，還能營造出一種自然的書卷氣。

建筑立面上以90cm為模數(shù)，每90cm焊一圈鋼框，中間插上柴火棍。室內(nèi)采用合成杉木板裝修，90cm的空檔從中間分成兩半，做成書架及供讀者席地而坐、輕松閱覽的大臺(tái)階。室內(nèi)空間的構(gòu)成簡單直白，主體空間由大臺(tái)階及書架組成，書就擺在臺(tái)階下面，成為主要的看書空間。另外，在書屋的兩端，各有一個(gè)下沉式的相對獨(dú)立的圍坐討論空間。整個(gè)空間其實(shí)是一整個(gè)通長30m的大空間，相互之間沒有任何隔斷，沒有任何家具，突顯空間的完整性。唯一的一處隔斷是從混凝土大門洞進(jìn)入室內(nèi)時(shí)的玄關(guān)，濃縮的入口空間為接下來的主要空間做了“經(jīng)典”的鋪墊。

2.3 外景/Exterior view

4 草圖/Sketch

5 外景/Exterior view

6 內(nèi)景/Interior view

7 雪景/In snow

走進(jìn)書屋，書的排布隨意而易取，讀者可以隨手抽取自己感興趣的書，任意就近找到一個(gè)舒服的座位靜心閱讀。陽光透過夾在立面及屋頂玻璃當(dāng)中的柴火棍將窸窣的影子投射到室內(nèi)的空間，明亮而溫和，微煦和風(fēng)在室外將室內(nèi)的影子吹動(dòng)得婀娜婆娑。而透進(jìn)來的光自然地被轉(zhuǎn)化為適合閱讀的光源，一日中隨光影變化，室內(nèi)風(fēng)光也隨之變換?？梢宰跁菽骋唤强磿S著光影移動(dòng)坐處，抬頭時(shí)看向屋外的眼光，將映入不同角度的風(fēng)景，或是樹影婆娑，或是日影斑駁，或是落葉點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，或是微雨斜風(fēng)。在這樣的環(huán)境里，村民及游客能得到最自然愜意的閱讀體驗(yàn)。

2.3 關(guān)于可持續(xù)性

除了主要的材料取于自然之外，書屋本身是沒有電力供給的，雖然意味著沒有暖氣和空調(diào)，但還是可以通過利用自然的方式來達(dá)到一定程度的冬暖夏涼的效果。

8 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

9 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

書屋的入口被置于建筑的最低處，靠近湖面。在夏季時(shí)，只要打開入口及接近屋頂上層的窗戶，就可以引導(dǎo)水面的涼氣進(jìn)入室內(nèi)，再向上至屋頂從側(cè)邊排出將熱氣帶走。而中間鋪滿柴火棍的雙層玻璃屋頂，除了在夏季時(shí)可以遮陽，冬天時(shí)也可以將進(jìn)入之間的熱輻射保存、儲(chǔ)存熱氣。熱氣下降之后，室內(nèi)就會(huì)變得溫暖。

“技術(shù)并不只是簡單的工具，它也是一種理念。將技術(shù)融入建筑空間是為了讓房屋根據(jù)外部環(huán)境的變化進(jìn)行自我調(diào)節(jié)”。在籬苑書屋的設(shè)計(jì)上，利用當(dāng)?shù)氐馁Y源來解決當(dāng)?shù)氐膯栴}，是建筑師對于可持續(xù)性理念的實(shí)踐。

2.4 關(guān)于期待

“木棍會(huì)吸引鳥兒前來做窩，糞便和泥土混在一起就有植物附著生長，這樣書屋會(huì)隨四季更迭而發(fā)生顏色的變化，完全和村莊景觀融為一體、共同呼吸?！薄岸窕鸸鱽碓从谧匀?，也終將歸于自然，我想把建筑對于自然環(huán)境的影響降到最低，這也是天人合一的體現(xiàn)。”建筑師如此描述了自己對這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的期待，也是他一貫所強(qiáng)調(diào)的設(shè)計(jì)理念：建筑應(yīng)該注重環(huán)境的營造，成為自然環(huán)境的一部分，而不是很突兀地與自然對立。

由自然產(chǎn)生的建筑到成為自然的一部分，籬苑書屋自始至終貫徹的設(shè)計(jì)思路是將人為的介入消隱在與自然的對話中。形體的簡單但又不妨礙對話的豐富，步移景異透射出的是對傳統(tǒng)的當(dāng)代詮釋。

3 結(jié)語

籬苑書屋，是李曉東完成的第3個(gè)公益設(shè)計(jì)案例，他的建筑一直以來都相當(dāng)注重與當(dāng)?shù)夭牧腺Y源及人文傳統(tǒng)相結(jié)合?！氨M管它是現(xiàn)代建筑，卻處處體現(xiàn)著中國傳統(tǒng)智慧”，他這樣認(rèn)為。

對他來講，“探索如何用中國傳統(tǒng)建筑理念使得現(xiàn)代建筑與大自然相得益彰”，是他一直在努力所希望實(shí)踐的理想。

建書屋的初衷本是想服務(wù)當(dāng)?shù)卮迩f，彌補(bǔ)那里學(xué)校和圖書館的缺失，而如今輻射范圍已然擴(kuò)大。北京人會(huì)在周末驅(qū)車兩小時(shí)來到這里，當(dāng)?shù)厝艘餐ㄟ^提供餐飲住宿而獲利。

“建書屋之前，我們擔(dān)心會(huì)破壞到村莊的原始風(fēng)貌”，王富英是當(dāng)?shù)卮迕?，現(xiàn)在在圖書館做義工，“這樣看來可以松一口氣了，孩子終于有地方讀書，游客越來越多，我們也可以多做些小生意了”。

10 圖示，冬季采暖系統(tǒng)/Diagram,heating system in winter

11 圖示，夏季制冷系統(tǒng)/Diagram,cooling system in summer

12 雪景/In snow

13 入口/Entrance

這也正是建筑師最初所期望的：“讓建筑為小區(qū)的健全發(fā)展發(fā)揮更全面積極的作用”。

1 Background

The Wattle School is located in Jiaojiehe Village's Wisdom Valley located within the Huairou District of Beijing The village has over 300 residents in 60 to 70 households and is neighbor to tourist attractions like the Mutianyu and Jankou sections of the Great Wall and the Shentangyu Natural Scenic Spot LI Xiaodong firstly started his connection with the village at a cozy courtyard gathering there with classmates in 2010 He was impressed by this quiet village on the outskirts of Beijing and touched by the fact that the local residents of the area,especially the kids,were short of educational resources With money from the Lu Qianshou Trust Fund,which had donated one million RMB for rural projects,he decided to build a non-profit library in the village to provide free books and reading space for both tourists and local residents,a building that could be a place for communication between the two groups.

2 Thinking of Design

2.1 About the Concept

The Wattle School is the only man-made structure in Wisdom Valley,and is only accessible via a winding mountain road.It is a quiet site with water and mountains nearby The idea of the project was to collaborate with the nature,to form a spiritual qichang(a flow of energy) that would concentrate the natural landscape.The building designed for the site would work with nature to build harmony at the location In the finished building various factors including the water surface before the building,the plank path beside the water,the smooth layout of pebbles,and the space enclosed by stick fences integrate the library with the surrounding environment Inside the library,solar glare is blocked but less direct natural light is allowed to penetrate The library space has a strong local flavor because of the sticks that are used to clad and gave the project its name-the Wattle School.

2.2 About the Space

LI Xiaodong always favors simple forms,and there is no exception with this project It is a 30m long,4.35m wide and 6.3m high box with a total floor area of 170m2It has two partial floors and includes a library and a small storeroom Steel is the primary structural material and tempered glass is the exterior cladding material of the building All the facades of the building (including its roof) are enclosed by 45 thousand densely arranged wooden sticks of different lengths The sticks were chosen because they are the most abundant natural resource in the area,used by local residents as cooking fuel and heating.

The glass-and-steel structure of the building is softened by the addition of the sticks,which change in color with the seasons and the surrounding mountains In winter,when the mountain trees lose their leaves,the trunks of trees and the sticks of the building are in the same color and it becomes hard to distinguish between the two.

Compound cedar boards are used to decorate the interior space.They are cut at intervals to function as bookshelves or big steps that can be used as seats by readers The interior space is plain and simple: the main space is composed of big steps that can also be used as bookshelves There is a relatively independent sunken discussion space at each end of the library The building is one 30m

long space without partition walls or furniture The only partition is at the entrance-a concrete door opening to the inside.The condensed entrance is a space within a space and works as a "classic" foreshadowing of the main space.

Books are distributed randomly around the library and are always easily accessible It is easy for readers to find a book and seat and settle in to read As they do,the wooden sticks covering the facade and the roof glass,quiver gently in the breeze and sunshine shoots fragmentary shadows into the interior space Visitors could can change their seats to follow the light and shadow across the space.

2.3 About Sustainability

There is no power supply to the library.This means no heating or air conditioning in the building But natural methods have been applied achieve both heating and cooling to a certain degree.

Set at the lowest point of the building,the entrance to the library is close to the lake In summer,air chilled by the waters surface is introduced into the building through the entrance and naturally rises to escape it via a high opening near the roof.As the air rises it pulls hot air to either side along with it The double-layer glass roof,with wooden sticks in between,shades the sunshine in summer and traps heated air during winter As the heated air drops through the space it warms the room.

"Instead of merely being a tool,technology is also an idea The aim of integrating technology into architectural space is to enable the houses to self-adjust along with the alternation of outside environment." The Wattle School design,which resolves local problems with local resources,reflects the architect’s ideas about sustainability in practice.

2.4 About Expectations

"The wooden sticks will attract nesting birds,and plants will grow attached to the mixed soil and earth of the nests.These events will effect colorful changes in the library along with the change of seasons,and integrate it even more into the village landscape." "The wooden sticks come from nature and will go back to the nature I intend to reduce the influence of architecture on nature to as much as possible,so as to achieve harmony between man and nature." These are the architect's expectations of the project and the design concepts that he adheres to: the construction of architecture should not only enhance but create environments that are a part of nature,instead of an abrupt foreign insertion in it.

By turning the nature-based architecture into nature,the design idea of the project conceals man's role in the conversation The form is plain,but the conversation it generates is very rich,providing a multitude of views at each step,a contemporary interpretation of the tradition.

3 Conclusion

Wattle School is the third non-profit design conducted by LI Xiaodong,who has always valued an engagement with local resources and traditions in his designs "Though it's modern architecture,it reflects traditional Chinese wisdom everywhere." He has always been intent on exploring "the possibilities of applying traditional Chinese architectural concepts in concert with modern architecture and nature."

Though the original intention of the project was to serve the village by filling the need for a school and library,the ambition of the project has expanded greatly People from Beijing will spend two hours driving to the place to appreciate the building The stream of visitors will give local residents the chance to make money by providing them with food and accommodation.

"Before the construction,we were worried that it could damage the landscape of our village," said Wang Fuying,a local resident and also a volunteer in the library,"but now we are relieved Kids have a place to read finally.And there are more and more visitors which means we are able to do some small business."

This is exactly what the architect desired,"the architecture should play a positive role in the healthy development of the community."(Translated by QIAN Fang)

14 北立面/North elevation

15 西立面/West elevation

16 內(nèi)景/Interior view

17 剖面/Section

評論

徐衛(wèi)國：參觀完“籬苑書屋”，“原始棚屋”幾個(gè)字一直縈繞在腦中，原因可能有幾個(gè)，一是它沒有像文明社會(huì)的建筑那樣通水通電，建筑師刻意追求原生態(tài)；二在于它臨河而建、周圍沒有任何鄰里，有點(diǎn)開天辟地、開拓新的定居點(diǎn)的架勢；更重的口味還是建筑材料的使用，該建筑室內(nèi)頂棚、墻面、地面均用了原色木料裝修，而室外屋頂及墻面卻都用了周邊撿來的枯樹枝（柴火棍）飾面，木材與人工材料相比直接取自于自然，本來就與大自然關(guān)系密切，沒有深加工過的枯樹枝就更拉近了該建筑與周邊樹木、土地、河道、天空、動(dòng)物、空氣、山巒之間的關(guān)系；另一個(gè)原因是室內(nèi)的光感，經(jīng)過3排枯樹枝過濾后灑進(jìn)來的絲絲碎光著實(shí)讓人想到籬笆墻的影子；就像建筑師自己所期盼的那樣，若經(jīng)歷年長日久，在建筑外表的枯樹枝上堆滿鳥屎雜草、藤蔓綠茵，那么，“籬苑書屋”就更像“原始棚屋”了。

Comments

XU Weiguo: After my visit to the "Wattle School",the idea of a "primitive hut" kept occurring to me,and I think the following factors might be possible reasons for that Firstly,because of the designer's desire for raw style,the project is not connected to either water or power like typical buildings in a civilized society Secondly,this solitary structure by a river gives people the feeling that they are exploring a new world when them come to the site But the choice of construction material is even bolder: the interior has primary colored timber in the ceiling,wall,and floor and the roof and exterior walls are clad with wooden sticks collected from the surrounding area Compared with artificial materials,these rustic materials make a much stronger connection between the building and the surrounding woods,land,river,sky,animals,air and mountains The lighting effect inside the project is eerie-fragments of daylight filter through three rows of wood sticks and remind people of shadows on fences After years "in nature" bird feces,weeds,and cirrus will cover the wooden sticks encasing the building In that state the "Wattle School" will seem even more like a "primitive hut",which is exactly what the designer was aiming for.

18 內(nèi)景/Interior view