張 良,陳增力,徐洪權(quán),趙文峰
鈦表面鍍鉻對(duì)純鈦烤瓷剪切強(qiáng)度的影響
張 良,陳增力,徐洪權(quán),趙文峰
目的評(píng)估鈦表面鍍鉻對(duì)純鈦烤瓷剪切強(qiáng)度的影響。方法70個(gè)純鈦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試件 (10 mm×10 mm×1 mm)分為3組,A組10個(gè)(不進(jìn)行任何處理);B組30個(gè),5%硝酸鉻溶液(w/v)處理;C組30個(gè),10%硝酸鉻溶液(w/v)處理;B組和C組根據(jù)電鍍時(shí)間不同(0.5、1、2 h)又分為3個(gè)亞組,每一組中5個(gè)試件用Vita Titankeramik瓷粉,5個(gè)試件用Triceram瓷粉。鈦瓷界面萬(wàn)能試驗(yàn)機(jī)(0.5 mm/min)進(jìn)行剪切測(cè)試,并對(duì)斷裂界面進(jìn)行電鏡掃描,用方差分析法和Tukey檢驗(yàn)法分析。結(jié)果鈦表面鍍鉻后與瓷粉的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度明顯提升,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),瓷粉對(duì)結(jié)合強(qiáng)度的影響無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其中0.5 h、10%硝酸鉻溶液、Vita Titankeramik瓷粉,0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液、Triceram瓷粉的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度是兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組中最高的,分別達(dá)到了(26.72±5.78) MPa和(25.48±4.14) MPa, 0.5 h、10%硝酸鉻溶液、鈦-Vita T組和0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液、鈦-Triceram組可以很好地提高鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度,電鏡掃描圖也顯示鍍鉻可以提高鈦-瓷的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度。結(jié)論0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液對(duì)于提高結(jié)合強(qiáng)度已經(jīng)足夠。說(shuō)明鉻層可以很好地阻擋鈦-氧結(jié)合,減少鈦氧層厚度,有效提高鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度。
剪切強(qiáng)度;結(jié)合強(qiáng)度;電鍍;烤瓷
烤瓷修復(fù)技術(shù)已成功使用多年[1]。貴金屬烤瓷由于價(jià)格高已逐漸被一般金屬烤瓷取代,而一般金屬烤瓷卻存在生物相容性差、低腐蝕性、邊緣著色等缺點(diǎn)[1,2]。近年來(lái),鈦因其耐腐蝕性強(qiáng)、生物相容性良好、密度低、低導(dǎo)電性,以及價(jià)格適中逐漸成為修復(fù)材料的新寵[1,3],但純鈦烤瓷在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過(guò)程中也存在亟待解決的問(wèn)題,即熔點(diǎn)高,且高溫時(shí)容易起化學(xué)反應(yīng),不利于鑄造和烤瓷熔附[1,3,4]。高溫熔融時(shí)產(chǎn)生的金-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠滿(mǎn)足使用過(guò)程中來(lái)自各個(gè)方向的咀嚼力[5]。鈦-瓷結(jié)合的熔附溫度在800 ℃以上,高溫時(shí)鈦表面的氧化層、瓷氧化物、熱膨脹后的殘余應(yīng)力都會(huì)影響鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度[4,5],其中過(guò)厚的氧化層是影響鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度的主要原因[4,6]。為了克服這一問(wèn)題,亟需一種既能跟鈦結(jié)合又能形成適宜的氧化層,且有利于烤瓷熔附的表面改性劑。噴砂、鍍金、酸蝕、硅化、預(yù)氧化都做過(guò)嘗試[7-10],但效果并不理想。鉻能跟鈦結(jié)合,又能跟烤瓷熔附,因此本研究旨在評(píng)估鈦表面鍍鉻對(duì)純鈦烤瓷剪切強(qiáng)度的影響。
1.1 主要材料及設(shè)備 70個(gè)純鈦試件( 北京中金研新材料科技有限公司),規(guī)格10 mm×10 mm×1 mm,110 μm氧化鋁2.5個(gè)大氣壓下噴砂設(shè)備(東莞市百特研磨材料有限公司),蒸餾水超聲清洗機(jī)(德國(guó)班德利電子公司)。Vita 瓷粉 (Vita Zahnfabrick, 德國(guó)), Triceram瓷粉 (德國(guó)丹陀倫公司)。
1.2 分組 試件分為3組:第1組,10個(gè)鈦片不進(jìn)行電鍍。第2、3組分別5%和10%硝酸鉻溶液(w/v),各30個(gè)鈦片;然后又按照電鍍時(shí)間(0.5、1、2 h)分為3個(gè)亞組,每組10個(gè)試件;每一亞組又有5個(gè)試件分別采用Vita瓷粉和Triceram瓷粉。
1.3 電鍍過(guò)程
1.3.1 試件準(zhǔn)備 純鈦試件在配好的溶液(50 ml蒸餾水,40 ml硝酸,10 ml 40%氫氟酸)中浸泡2 min后即刻電鍍。
1.3.2 電鍍儀器 正極是一個(gè)1 cm2鉑片,負(fù)極是鈦片,電解液為Cr(NO3)3·9H2O溶液,電源為12 V的直流電,電流0.5 A(電源型號(hào)1030A,日本)。
1.4 烤瓷熔附 一個(gè)直徑6 mm,高4 mm的開(kāi)縫塑料圈置于鈦片中央,瓷粉熔附于此圈內(nèi),先是一薄層黏接瓷,然后上遮色瓷、飾瓷,最后上釉,操作步驟按廠(chǎng)家說(shuō)明進(jìn)行。所有的試件37 ℃水浴24 h,然后進(jìn)行5~55 ℃冷熱循環(huán)1000次,每次間歇1 min。
1.5 剪切強(qiáng)度測(cè)試 試件嵌入直徑25 mm、高20 mm的自凝塑料塊(上海齒科材料廠(chǎng))內(nèi),用30°V形葉片在萬(wàn)能試驗(yàn)機(jī)上進(jìn)行剪切強(qiáng)度測(cè)試,測(cè)試點(diǎn)距烤瓷熔附界面0.1 mm,以0.5 mm/min的速度直至界面破壞,并用顯微鏡觀(guān)察并對(duì)破壞性質(zhì)進(jìn)行區(qū)分。后者主要分內(nèi)聚性破壞、結(jié)合性破壞、混合型破壞。
1.6 破壞界面電鏡掃描 每一小組選出2個(gè)有代表性的試件對(duì)其破壞界面進(jìn)行電鏡掃描。將試件沿長(zhǎng)軸切開(kāi),切開(kāi)的界面超聲清洗10 min,碳化硅砂紙打磨,氧化鋁拋光,噴金,電鏡掃描。
2.1 剪切強(qiáng)度 電鍍時(shí)間對(duì)鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度的影響有明顯的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(F=4.713,P=0.001),熔附瓷粉對(duì)鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度的影響無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(F=2.773,P=0.101,表1)。0.5 h、10%硝酸鉻溶液、Vita瓷粉條件下剪切強(qiáng)度為(26.72 ± 5.78) MPa,0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液、Triceram條件下為(25.48 ± 4.14) MPa,這兩種條件下結(jié)合強(qiáng)度高于其他條件下(表2)。光學(xué)顯微鏡觀(guān)察,這兩組破壞模式均為內(nèi)聚性破壞,而未電鍍、0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻、鈦-Vita組,2 h、10%硝酸鉻、鈦- Vita組,2 h、5%硝酸鉻、鈦-Triceram組,2 h、10%硝酸鉻、鈦-Triceram組均為結(jié)合性破壞,其余組的破壞模式多樣。
2.2 鈦-瓷界面電鏡掃描 兩種鈦-瓷界面的電鏡掃描均顯示鈦-瓷有良好的匹配性,但鈦-Vita結(jié)合的未電鍍組和2 h、5%硝酸鉻組,以及鈦-Triceram結(jié)合的未電鍍組和2 h、10%硝酸鉻組的界面結(jié)合小孔較多(圖1)。此外,電鏡下鈦-Vita和鈦-Triceram結(jié)合界面厚度分別為(26.8±2.8)μm和(33.6±5.3)μm,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
注:與未電鍍比較,①P<0.05;與電鍍時(shí)間0.5 h比較,②P<0.05;與Vita瓷粉比較,③P<0.05
A. 鈦-Vita結(jié)合的未電鍍組;B. 鈦-Vita結(jié)合的、2 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液組;C. 鈦- Triceram結(jié)合未電鍍組;D. 鈦- Triceram結(jié)合的、2 h、10%硝酸鉻溶液組;箭頭所指為界面小孔
鈦氧化層的范圍對(duì)鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度有重要影響[8]。本研究結(jié)果表明,0.5 h、10%硝酸鉻溶液、鈦-Vita T組和0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液、鈦-Triceram組的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度最高,該結(jié)果跟顯微鏡的觀(guān)察結(jié)果一致。另外,兩組的破壞模式均為內(nèi)聚性破壞,這是由于鍍鉻減少了鈦表面氧化層的厚度,而且高溫狀態(tài)下鉻-氧結(jié)合比較穩(wěn)定,形成的鉻-氧層減少了鈦與氧的接觸,提高了高溫狀態(tài)鈦-氧結(jié)合的活化能[4],因此形成的鈦-氧層較薄。
本研究中未進(jìn)行電鍍的鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度是最低的實(shí)驗(yàn),電鏡掃描也顯示結(jié)合界面多孔,這說(shuō)明結(jié)合層氧富余,破壞界面多位于鈦-氧層,過(guò)量的金屬氧化物在金屬-瓷之間形成了夾心效應(yīng),加熱時(shí)金屬氧化物會(huì)在界面產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力,進(jìn)而會(huì)影響結(jié)合強(qiáng)度。
除0.5 h、10%硝酸鉻溶液、鈦-Vita T組和0.5 h、5%硝酸鉻溶液、鈦-Triceram組外,其他組的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度與未電鍍組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能是由于鈦表面的鉻層過(guò)厚,影響了鈦-瓷結(jié)合;也有可能是鉻氧結(jié)合產(chǎn)生的殘余應(yīng)力對(duì)鈦-瓷結(jié)合有影響,因?yàn)殂t的熱胖張系數(shù)約為12× 10-6/C,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于鈦的熱胖張系數(shù)(約7× 10-6/C),匹配性差會(huì)在界面產(chǎn)生殘余應(yīng)力降低金屬-瓷的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度[11]。
可以看出,鈦-瓷結(jié)合界面的薄弱區(qū)在于氧化層未完全與瓷結(jié)合,想獲得更大的結(jié)合力必須克服這一點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果,顯示鍍鉻可以提高鈦-瓷結(jié)合強(qiáng)度,但鉻層的厚度多少適宜,尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
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(2013-09-13收稿 2014-03-02修回)
(責(zé)任編輯 武建虎)
Effectofpuretitaniumelectroplatedchromiumonshearbondstrengthbetweenporcelainandtitanium
ZHANG Liang, CHEN Zengli, XU Hongquan, and ZHAO Wenfeng. Department of Stomatology,General Hospital of Beijing Military Command Area, Beijing 100700, China
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of pure titanium electroplated chromium on the shear bond strength between titanium and porcelain.MethodsSeventy specimens of machined commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) plates grade Ⅱ (10 mm×10 mm×1 mm) were prepared. The specimens were divided into three groups saccording to the concentration of electroplating solution, Gr Ⅰ (control without electroplating,n=10), Gr Ⅱ (5%, w/v, of chromium nitrate solution,n=30) and Gr Ⅲ (10%, w/v, of chromium nitrate solution,n=30). Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were further divided into three subgroups (n=10) according to the electroplating time (0.5, 1 and 2 h). Two titanium-porcelains (Vita Titankeramik and Triceram) were applied to each subgroup (n= 5). The titanium-porcelain interfaces were loaded under shear in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 0.5 mm/min) until failure occurred. Failure types were examined by stereomicroscopy and the titanium-porcelain interface examined by SEM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test.ResultsBond strength values were significantly affected by the type of electroplating treatment (P<0.05), but not by the type of porcelain. The CP Ti/Vita Titankeramik (0.5 h,10%, w/v) and the CP Ti/Triceram (0.5 h 5%, w/v) groups showed the highest bond strength(MPa) (26.72 ± 5.78 and 25.48 ± 4.14) respectively among the groups,suggesting that surface treatment of CP Ti using chromium interlayer coating for 0.5 h 5% (w/v) and 0.5 h 10% (w/v) by electroplating enhanced the shear bond strength between titanium and porcelain. Stereomicroscope and SEM images showed that chromium interlayer enhanced the bond strength between porcelain and titanium.ConclusionsThere are no significant differences between chromium plating treatment for 0.5 h 5% (w/v) and 0.5 h 10% (w/v) in the bond strength for both types of titanium-porcelain. Consequently, electroplating treatment using 5% (w/v) for 0.5 h may be sufficient for bond improvement between titanium and porcelain. It appears that the Cr interlayer acts as a good oxygen diffusion barrier and effectively prevents excessive oxidation of titanium surfaces at porcelain sintering temperatures.
shear bond strength; adhesion; electroplating; metal-ceramic
張 良,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail:zl8375@sina.com
100700,北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院口腔科
趙文峰,E-mail:2232016942@qq.com
R783.1