葛均青, 龔 暉, 陳 超(福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院生物技術(shù)研究所, 福建 福州 350003)
水生動物雙RNA病毒(Aquabirnavirus,ABV)隸屬雙RNA病毒科Birnaviridae,病毒粒子呈二十面 體球形對稱,直徑約60nm,無囊膜。傳染性胰腺壞死病毒(Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus,IPNV)是ABV的代表種,由Wolf等在1960年首次從河鱒病魚中分離,可引起多種水產(chǎn)動物爆發(fā)急性傳染性疾病,其流行范圍遍及亞、歐、美各國,導(dǎo)致了水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的重大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。IPNV也是我國口岸魚類病害的第一類檢疫對象(張奇亞和桂建芳,2008)。ABV的功能基因、診斷檢測及其免疫預(yù)防等一直是國際上魚類病毒病研究的熱點(diǎn),Dobos and Roberts(1983)和Bernard and Bremont(1995)曾分別就IPNV的分子生物學(xué)的研究作了綜述。而我國也開展了包括IPNV、海洋雙RNA病毒(Marine Birnavirus,MABV)等的分離、鑒定、基因的表達(dá)(林建國,2006;徐海君等,2006;趙麗麗等,2010;胡曉利等,2012;王健楠等,2012)等研究工作。本文結(jié)合IPNV及MABV的最新研究進(jìn)展,對ABV的功能基因、檢測及免疫防治等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
ABV的基因組以負(fù)鏈RNA為模板進(jìn)行基因組復(fù)制(Cortez-San Martinetal.,2009),編碼5種成熟的蛋白,在病毒的侵染過程中,還形成多種蛋白前體;IPNV在感染細(xì)胞后6 h,編碼蛋白的合成量增加,在 6-9 h達(dá)到最高峰,隨后減少。IPNV在感染宿主細(xì)胞8-10 h后,病毒RNA的合成量達(dá)到最大,在感染細(xì)胞14 h后,RNA合成量減少。病毒的組裝過程中,IPNV首先被包裝成病毒前體,通過進(jìn)一步裂解成為成熟的病毒粒子。ABV需要在低溫條件下才能繁殖,這是因?yàn)椴《镜慕M裝形成與溫度有關(guān)。如IPNV在28 ℃以下才能在細(xì)胞中繁殖。IPNV能夠進(jìn)入哺乳動物細(xì)胞,但是不能復(fù)制(Orpetveitetal.,2012)。
ABV的基因組由線性雙股、雙節(jié)段的RNA組成,片段A 編碼一個(gè)大的多聚蛋白,包括VP2、VP3、VP4、VP5,并通過間隔的ORF編碼一個(gè)非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白VP5;片段B編碼一個(gè)依賴于RNA的RNA聚合酶。
VP1基因編碼一個(gè)94kD的蛋白,具有RNA聚合酶活性,與病毒RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和基因組復(fù)制有關(guān)(Grahametal.,2011)。VP1可與病毒基因組通過共價(jià)鍵牢固結(jié)合,形成復(fù)合體,介導(dǎo)基因組的復(fù)制。
VP2是病毒的主要結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,在與宿主細(xì)胞膜受體的互作及進(jìn)入細(xì)胞方面發(fā)揮重要作用(Coulibalyetal.,2010)。IPNV的Sp型VP2的Thr217和Ala221決定了IPNV的毒力(Songetal.,2005)。VP2含有與誘導(dǎo)病毒中和抗體有關(guān)的抗原決定簇,因此它經(jīng)常用于不同種或者新分離病毒的疫苗設(shè)計(jì)、診斷和血清型分類。
VP3是ABV主要的病毒粒子裝配者(Pedersenetal.,2007),VP3可與VP1結(jié)合且具有強(qiáng)的自我結(jié)合能力,且VP3的自我互作功能域在N末端,而與VP1的互作結(jié)構(gòu)域在C末端;另外,VP3可以特異性結(jié)合dsRNA,而且C末端在dsRNA的結(jié)合能力方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用;動力學(xué)分析表明VP1-VP3復(fù)合物的存在優(yōu)先于形成成熟的病毒粒子,這表明其可能在裝配過程中發(fā)揮重要作用(Baharetal.,2013)。另外,VP3可通過上調(diào)Bad的表達(dá)及破壞線粒體并激活下游caspase-3介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡(Chiuetal.,2010)。
VP4是ABV的非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白(Nonstructural Polypeptide,NS),具蛋白酶活性。在它的作用下,將片段A編碼的多聚蛋白NH(2)-pVP2-VP4-VP3-COOH剪切加工為pVP2和VP3,pVP2進(jìn)一步剪切為核衣殼蛋白VP2。結(jié)晶結(jié)構(gòu)分析表明,VP4的裂解位點(diǎn)形成Ser/Lys二聯(lián)體?;鞍酌笍?fù)合物(Leeetal.,2007)。
VP5是Bcl-2家族的抗凋亡基因,可調(diào)控Mcl-1和病毒蛋白的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)感病細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生非典型性細(xì)胞凋亡(Hongetal.,2002)。VP5不是病毒在體內(nèi)復(fù)制所必需的,VP5的缺失并不改變病毒的毒力及在宿主上建立持續(xù)穩(wěn)定的侵染(Santietal.,2005)。
ABV具有很廣的宿主域,可以侵染多種物種。IPNV可以特異性地與CHSE-214,SHK-1和ASK細(xì)胞膜上一個(gè)大約220 kDa的膜蛋白結(jié)合,然而與非鮭魚細(xì)胞株BF-2細(xì)胞膜上的結(jié)合的蛋白大小約190 kDa(Orpetveitetal.,2008)。流式細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)可以直接檢測到IPNV的結(jié)合和侵染,在IPNV單獨(dú)或與IHNV共同感染宿主細(xì)胞時(shí),IPNV可以結(jié)合88%的細(xì)胞,然而IHNV在其它病毒存在時(shí),其結(jié)合效率總是較低,但是VHSV的結(jié)合不受影響。對宿主進(jìn)行抗病毒藥物的處理,不影響IPNV和VHSV對細(xì)胞的結(jié)合,但是降低了IHNV的結(jié)合。IPNV可以進(jìn)入通過受體介導(dǎo)的途徑進(jìn)入哺乳動物細(xì)胞,但是不能復(fù)制(Orpetveitetal.,2012)。當(dāng)IHNV、VHSV和IPNV同時(shí)感染宿主細(xì)胞時(shí),其效率明顯低于IPNV(de las Herasetal.,2008)。Mx蛋白對IPNV有抗病毒作用,其表達(dá)可以明顯降低IPNV誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制病毒蛋白的合成(Larsenetal.,2004)。IPNV通過調(diào)控大西洋鮭魚炎癥因子的表達(dá)建立持續(xù)感染(Reyes-Cerpaetal.,2012),而疾病的爆發(fā)和死亡率取決于宿主的防御與信號通路的級聯(lián)調(diào)控和病毒基因組特性間的微妙平衡(Skjesoletal.,2011)。
ABV引起魚類致病性感染或者潛伏在魚體內(nèi)、發(fā)病期間流行性傳染,最終導(dǎo)致漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重大損失。ABV的檢測方法有多種,而提高靈敏度和去除假陽性是檢測方法發(fā)展的趨勢。免疫學(xué)檢測是應(yīng)用較早的IPNV檢測方法。但是,IPNV抗體檢測常缺乏實(shí)際意義,一方面由于曾經(jīng)感染IPNV的虹鱒血清內(nèi)的抗體可持續(xù)數(shù)年,另一方面IPNV攜帶者不含或只含滴度很低的抗體。此外,正常虹鱒血清中還存在非特異的抗病毒成分,所以大多數(shù)情況下難以判斷抗體的水平及其意義。近年來,開展的基于RT-PCR的檢測方法,為IPNV 的檢測和疫情監(jiān)測提供了可靠依據(jù),如RT-PCR-ELISA(Milneetal.,2006),定量RT-PCR(Bowersetal.,2008;Liuetal.,2008)和RT-LAMP(Solimanetal.,2009)等。
IPNV可感染多種魚類、牡蠣等淡水和海水水生動物,以進(jìn)行垂直傳播和水平傳播。苗期及在環(huán)境脅迫條件下容易發(fā)病,并引起10%-90%的死亡率(Ronnesethetal.,2013)。病毒感染除可直接導(dǎo)致較高的死亡率外,還可以引起免疫抑制,使得容易感染其它病原(Johansen and Sommer,2001)。染病后存活的魚類成為無癥狀的病毒攜帶者,可將病毒粒子釋放到環(huán)境中去。
免疫防治是對IPNV進(jìn)行有效防治的重要措施。IPNV疫苗在控制IPNV的侵染過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用(McBeathetal.,2007)。利用桿狀病毒表達(dá)載體表達(dá)的IPNV Sp株的A片段可在昆蟲細(xì)胞內(nèi)自我組裝形成病毒樣顆粒(VLPs);利用浸泡和免疫注射的方法測定了VLP的免疫原性,表明免疫效果與免疫方法和免疫劑量均有關(guān)系(Shivappaetal.,2005)。VP2蛋白的糖基化在引起IPNV感染的細(xì)胞的免疫反應(yīng)方面發(fā)揮重要作用(Fridholmetal.,2007)。用在細(xì)菌、酵母、魚及哺乳動物細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的VP2蛋白免疫鮭魚,都能夠產(chǎn)生抗體(Labusetal.,2001)。在酵母中表達(dá)的VP2蛋白可以自我組裝成約20 nm的亞病毒顆粒,注射純的VP2亞病毒顆粒(rVP2-SVP)或喂食表達(dá)重組蛋白的酵母的虹鱒魚都可以檢測到IPNV抗體;口服或者注射rVP2-SVPs都可以引起魚的特異性免疫反應(yīng),降低IPNV的侵染(Allnuttetal.,2007)。VP2還是開發(fā)DNA疫苗的良好候選基因(de Las Herasetal.,2009),用基于VP2基因的DNA疫苗口服免疫鮭魚,可有效激活鮭魚的免疫系統(tǒng),攻毒結(jié)果顯示魚的存活率大大提高(de las Herasetal.,2010;Ballesterosetal.,2014)。VP3蛋白也是病毒的主要結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白。用在大腸桿菌中表達(dá)的VP2和VP3免疫虹鱒魚,可誘導(dǎo)魚體產(chǎn)生抗體,但是免疫VP3魚體內(nèi)的抗體水平明顯高于免疫VP2魚體內(nèi)的抗體水平(Moonetal.,2004)。開發(fā)基于IPNV結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白的多聯(lián)亞單位疫苗是防控IPNV的重要手段(Dharetal.,2010)。研究表明,在病毒裝配過程中的病毒前體可激活魚體的免疫系統(tǒng)(Rivas-Aravenaetal.,2012),而獲得性免疫在免疫保護(hù)過程中發(fā)揮重要作用(Munang'anduetal.,2014)。但有些疫苗雖然能刺激機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生抗體,但并不能產(chǎn)生有效的保護(hù)作用,而在試驗(yàn)階段具保護(hù)作用的免疫制劑往往在生產(chǎn)中并不能真正起到保護(hù)作用,這就亟待開發(fā)疫苗免疫效果的評價(jià)體系。
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