摘 要:自2006年白玉中學修建,后山邊坡被開挖后,暴雨時節(jié),在人工切坡面處會出現(xiàn)小型滑塌現(xiàn)象,這對斜坡變形破壞稍有影響。此外,地表水和大氣降水滲入坡體內,造成較高的孔隙水壓力和動水壓力。地表水滲入坡體造成的地下水浮托力,促使坡體下滑。地表水下滲和地下水惡化潛在滑動面處的巖土體物理、力學性質,降低了其自身的力學強度,這對邊坡穩(wěn)定性產生的影響也比較大。在詳細勘察地質的基礎上,對白玉中學后山邊坡的變形特征進行了詳細調查,并對成因機制進行了合理的分析。
關鍵詞:變形特征;邊坡開挖;成因機制;坍塌
中圖分類號:TU433 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-6835(2014)02-0153-02
白玉中學邊坡是2006年修建白玉中學時切坡形成,邊坡下方約5~8 m處為建筑物(教學樓和食堂)。該邊坡坡體為土質邊坡,最高高度約14.5 m。在雨季時期,邊坡坡面容易發(fā)生坍塌、垮塌現(xiàn)象。塌滑后緣寬6~8 m,前緣寬10~12 m,厚度約0.5~1.0 m。每一處的垮塌方量為60~120 m3。此邊坡災害體對環(huán)境和交通的影響較大,且威脅其坡體下方約5~8 m處的教學樓,威脅學校1 000余名師生的生命和財產安全。
1 滑坡地質環(huán)境條件
1.1 地形地貌
白玉縣縣城東靠章都鄉(xiāng),南連蓋玉鄉(xiāng),西鄰向陽鄉(xiāng),北與河坡鄉(xiāng)接壤。滑坡區(qū)為高山—河谷地貌,地勢較開闊,最高點高程約 3 800 m,最低點高程約 3 011 m,山坡地形較陡(如圖 1所示)。從整個地貌來看,按斜坡坡度劃分,可以把勘察區(qū)劃分為兩段,即學校后面的自然斜坡和學校以及前面的人類活動區(qū)域:自然斜坡坡度為 25°~35°,植被茂密,以灌木為主;人類活動區(qū)域坡度為10°~15°,其與一直延伸到歐曲河之間的距離約為 90 m。
圖1 白玉中學地形地貌圖(來源于Google Earth)
1.2 地層巖性
白玉縣境內自元古界至第四系地層出露不全,以中生界地層分布最廣,發(fā)育最好,缺失侏羅、白堊、奧陶、寒武系地層。滑坡區(qū)出露地層較單一,主要為三疊系中下統(tǒng)(T1-2),以變質砂巖和砂質板巖為主,夾灰?guī)r、泥灰?guī)r、第四系崩坡積物 。表層為耕植土,下部為第四系崩坡積物,主要有碎石土層、塊碎石土層和粉質黏土夾碎石層。
2 邊坡的變形特征
白玉中學邊坡的變形跡象主要發(fā)生在 2006 年切坡后,在暴雨的沖刷下,切坡面出現(xiàn)局部坍塌現(xiàn)象。該斜坡變形主要集中在斜坡的開挖面處。變形特征表現(xiàn)為雨季時開挖面發(fā)生大量坍塌、垮塌現(xiàn)象,主要有三處垮塌,垮塌主要集中在Ⅰ區(qū)。
在Ⅰ區(qū)人工邊坡的B段約中部,由于暴雨的誘發(fā)作用,高陡臨空形成面形成坍塌體,主塌方向242°,最大高差7 m,坡度為59°~65°。塌滑后緣寬6 m,前緣寬10 m,縱坡長8 m,估算方約60 m?。
在Ⅰ區(qū)人工邊坡的B段(緊靠C段),由于暴雨的誘發(fā)作用,高陡臨空形成面形成坍塌體,主塌方向246°,最大高差10 m,坡度為40°~50°。塌滑后緣寬8 m,前緣寬12 m,縱坡長14 m,估算方量約120 m?。
在Ⅰ區(qū)人工邊坡的C段,由于暴雨的誘發(fā)作用,在陡臨空面下部形成局部坍塌,形成了一個凹腔,主塌方向119°,凹腔最大高差2 m,寬度約7 m,深度約0.8 m,估算方量約 11 m?。
3 邊坡變形成因機制分析
3.1 邊坡變形機制
根據(jù)現(xiàn)場調查和鉆探揭露,整個斜坡體厚度較厚,坡體物質較密實,斜坡體物質組成為第四系崩坡積物,坡體物質結構較為復雜。又因為白玉中學建筑物的修建,使得在物質結構復雜的斜坡體上開挖形成了陡邊坡,這就改變了原有坡面的微地貌,使整個坡體形成較陡的臨空面。在外界誘發(fā)作用下,促使邊坡下部開挖面出現(xiàn)局部坍塌現(xiàn)象。
3.2 邊坡穩(wěn)定性影響因素
根據(jù)勘察分析可知,影響勘察區(qū)斜坡變形的外在因素主要有坡體物質結構、降雨和人類工程活動。
3.2.1 物質結構
坡體主要為第四系松散堆積層,主要是崩坡積物,土石結構較松散,利于地表水滲入,這就降低了巖土的抗剪強度,穩(wěn)定系數(shù)下降,為滑塌體的形成和發(fā)展提供了條件。
3.2.2 降雨和地下水
據(jù)調查和訪問可知,雨季時,由于雨水的沖刷和下滲,在人工切坡面處容易出現(xiàn)小型滑塌現(xiàn)象,對斜坡變形破壞稍有影響。另外,地表水和大氣降水也會對斜坡變形產生如下影響:①地表水和大氣降水滲入坡體內,造成較高的孔隙水壓力和動水壓力,地表水滲入坡體造成的地下水浮托力促使坡體下滑;②地表水下滲和地下水惡化潛在滑動面處巖土體的物理和力學性質,降低了其自身的力學強度,也會對邊坡穩(wěn)定性產生較大的影響。
3.2.3 人類工程活動
在斜坡體的下部進行教學樓的修筑,房屋修建使得在斜坡體下部形成了較陡的斜坡,進而形成了良好的臨空面。又因為坡體上方修建圍墻和植樹等,加重了斜坡體的負載,由此形成了斜坡下部的不穩(wěn)定區(qū),為斜坡變形提供了有利條件。
4 結束語
通過以上分析,可以得出如下結論:①滑坡區(qū)主要出露三疊系中下統(tǒng)變質砂巖、砂質板巖夾灰?guī)r和泥灰?guī)r,基巖節(jié)理較發(fā)育。該區(qū)位于金沙江地震帶附近,距離滑坡區(qū)約為5 km,對白玉中學邊坡影響較大。②根據(jù)切坡位置,把勘察區(qū)分為Ⅰ區(qū)和Ⅱ區(qū),其中Ⅰ區(qū)為教學樓后面的山坡處,Ⅱ區(qū)為學生食堂后面的山坡處。③針對該邊坡,根據(jù)其變形特征、變形跡象和威脅對象,結合當?shù)貙嶋H情況,建議采用支擋措施進行治理。
參考文獻
[1]黃潤秋,許強.中國典型災難性滑坡[M].北京:科學出版社,2008.
[2]許強,裴向軍,黃潤秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科學出版社,2009.endprint
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作者簡介:向兵(1983—),男,成都理工大學碩士研究生,研究方向為邊坡工程。
〔編輯:曹月〕
Sichuan Baiyu School Slope Deformation Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism Analysis
Xiang Bing
Abstract: Since 2006 Baiyu school construction, the mountain slope was excavated after the storm season, the artificial cut slope occurs at a small slump phenomenon, which is a slight slope deformation and failure impact. In addition, surface water and atmospheric precipitation infiltration slope body, resulting in higher pore water pressure and hydrodynamic pressure. Surface water infiltration caused by groundwater slope uplift force, prompting the decline slope. Infiltration of surface water and groundwater potential deterioration of the sliding surface of the rock and soil physical and mechanical properties, reducing the mechanical strength of its own, which is generated by the impact on slope stability is relatively large. On the basis of detailed geological survey on the deformation characteristics of white jade mountain slope after high school conducted a detailed investigation, and the genetic mechanism for a reasonable analysis.
Key words: deformation characteristics; slope excavation; genetic mechanism; collapseendprint
————————
作者簡介:向兵(1983—),男,成都理工大學碩士研究生,研究方向為邊坡工程。
〔編輯:曹月〕
Sichuan Baiyu School Slope Deformation Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism Analysis
Xiang Bing
Abstract: Since 2006 Baiyu school construction, the mountain slope was excavated after the storm season, the artificial cut slope occurs at a small slump phenomenon, which is a slight slope deformation and failure impact. In addition, surface water and atmospheric precipitation infiltration slope body, resulting in higher pore water pressure and hydrodynamic pressure. Surface water infiltration caused by groundwater slope uplift force, prompting the decline slope. Infiltration of surface water and groundwater potential deterioration of the sliding surface of the rock and soil physical and mechanical properties, reducing the mechanical strength of its own, which is generated by the impact on slope stability is relatively large. On the basis of detailed geological survey on the deformation characteristics of white jade mountain slope after high school conducted a detailed investigation, and the genetic mechanism for a reasonable analysis.
Key words: deformation characteristics; slope excavation; genetic mechanism; collapseendprint
————————
作者簡介:向兵(1983—),男,成都理工大學碩士研究生,研究方向為邊坡工程。
〔編輯:曹月〕
Sichuan Baiyu School Slope Deformation Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism Analysis
Xiang Bing
Abstract: Since 2006 Baiyu school construction, the mountain slope was excavated after the storm season, the artificial cut slope occurs at a small slump phenomenon, which is a slight slope deformation and failure impact. In addition, surface water and atmospheric precipitation infiltration slope body, resulting in higher pore water pressure and hydrodynamic pressure. Surface water infiltration caused by groundwater slope uplift force, prompting the decline slope. Infiltration of surface water and groundwater potential deterioration of the sliding surface of the rock and soil physical and mechanical properties, reducing the mechanical strength of its own, which is generated by the impact on slope stability is relatively large. On the basis of detailed geological survey on the deformation characteristics of white jade mountain slope after high school conducted a detailed investigation, and the genetic mechanism for a reasonable analysis.
Key words: deformation characteristics; slope excavation; genetic mechanism; collapseendprint