宋歡,汪萌芽
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院細(xì)胞電生理研究室,安徽蕪湖 241002)
·綜述·
相關(guān)激素與脊髓損傷的相互影響
宋歡,汪萌芽
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院細(xì)胞電生理研究室,安徽蕪湖 241002)
髓損傷(SCI)是指由外傷、炎癥、缺血等原因引起的脊髓神經(jīng)細(xì)胞破壞而造成的功能障礙,其治療仍是醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的難題。近年來,有關(guān)激素對SCI治療的實驗性研究發(fā)展很快,而某些激素在SCI前后及治療過程中所表現(xiàn)出的作用已表明SCI及其康復(fù)中可能涉及多種內(nèi)分泌激素機(jī)制,這可能為SCI后的治療和康復(fù)提供了一條新的思路。
激素;脊髓損傷;治療;修復(fù)
脊髓損傷是人類致殘率最高的疾患之一。根據(jù)損傷的嚴(yán)重程度和位置關(guān)系,患者表現(xiàn)為一系列感覺、運動和自主功能障礙,可直接導(dǎo)致下肢輕癱、四肢全癱、排尿排便及性功能障礙等,嚴(yán)重影響生活質(zhì)量。目前,應(yīng)用激素對脊髓損傷的治療是醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的一大熱點。本文從類固醇類、肽與蛋白質(zhì)類激素兩方面綜述激素對脊髓損傷的影響、脊髓損傷后激素的變化,以及這種變化對脊髓損傷治療修復(fù)的作用等。脊髓損傷與激素的相互影響,可能為激素對脊髓損傷的臨床治療和康復(fù)具有一定的借鑒意義。
1.1 腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素通常情況下,下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸能協(xié)調(diào)適當(dāng)?shù)拿庖吖δ?。然而在脊髓損傷后患者極易受到感染,呈現(xiàn)免疫抑制。這是由于脊髓損傷后下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸被激活,引起皮質(zhì)酮持續(xù)升高,誘導(dǎo)脾細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞的凋亡所致。Lucin等[1-2]應(yīng)用高位脊髓(胸節(jié)段T3)損傷模型發(fā)現(xiàn),脊髓損傷后呈現(xiàn)的免疫抑制反應(yīng)是由β腎上腺素能受體介導(dǎo),可應(yīng)用β受體阻滯劑翻轉(zhuǎn)。同時,在脊髓損傷后交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受到抑制,兒茶酚胺分泌減少,腎交感神經(jīng)興奮性下降,醛固酮合成分泌也隨之減少,導(dǎo)致患者腎排鈉增多,出現(xiàn)低鈉血癥。皮質(zhì)醇治療后可預(yù)防低鈉血癥,減輕脊髓水腫,防止脊髓的繼發(fā)性損傷。
1.2 睪酮腦源性神經(jīng)生長因子(BDNF)與睪酮相互作用可維持脊髓運動神經(jīng)元樹突的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。此外,睪酮調(diào)節(jié)支配股四頭肌的運動神經(jīng)元上的BDNF受體(trkB),以及雄激素高敏感的球海綿體肌脊核的運動神經(jīng)元上的BDNF受體。Verhovshek等[3]將雄性大鼠去勢后發(fā)現(xiàn)股四頭肌BDNF濃度顯著降低,而球海綿體肌BDNF濃度卻明顯增加。應(yīng)用睪酮治療后可恢復(fù)這兩組肌肉的BDNF水平。同時對去勢的雄性大鼠進(jìn)行BDNF受體阻滯,可防止球海綿體肌運動神經(jīng)元退化,減少靶肌肉的喪失,甚至阻斷BDNF受體可對骨骼肌產(chǎn)生營養(yǎng)作用[4]。Gray等[5]對下肢癱瘓的患者進(jìn)行睪酮治療半年后,患者肌肉功能出現(xiàn)實質(zhì)性的改善,可借助拐杖進(jìn)行短暫步行。Byers等[6]研究也證實,脊髓損傷后進(jìn)行睪酮治療可防止運動神經(jīng)元的退化和肌肉形態(tài)的改變。該研究通過對脊髓T9段損傷的雄性大鼠模型進(jìn)行睪酮治療后發(fā)現(xiàn),睪酮治療可防止大鼠股四頭肌運動神經(jīng)元樹突長度變短以及股外側(cè)肌重量和肌纖維降低,治療后對運動終板的區(qū)域和密度也不產(chǎn)生副作用。同時,睪酮還可部分防止肌肉組織基因表達(dá)的改變[7],對腰段脊髓運動神經(jīng)元具有明顯的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[8]。脊髓運動神經(jīng)元樹突受到許多因素的持續(xù)調(diào)控,已有證據(jù)表明其與靶肌肉相互作用有關(guān)。Huguenard等[9]通過實驗證明,在很多雄激素敏感的運動神經(jīng)元,雄激素通過作用于已富集于靶肌肉的受體間接改變運動神經(jīng)元的樹突形態(tài),而且可通過靶組織的受體表達(dá)來表現(xiàn)出雄激素敏感性。這種雄激素敏感性甚至可以促進(jìn)脊髓運動神經(jīng)元病變的恢復(fù),尤其可以再生樹突[10]。Wu等[11]將雄性大鼠脊髓橫斷后應(yīng)用生理劑量的雄激素,或是雄激素與一種合成的類固醇諾龍聯(lián)合治療8周后發(fā)現(xiàn),不是單獨使用雄激素而是雄激素與諾龍聯(lián)合治療后大鼠腓腸肌群明顯增加,雄激素單獨或與諾龍聯(lián)合給藥翻轉(zhuǎn)了由脊髓損傷引起的PGC-1α(過氧化物酶體增生物激活受體γ共激活因子1α)蛋白及其mRNA水平下降。在急性脊髓損傷過程中睪丸支持細(xì)胞的功能受到破壞,不利于精子的形成,患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的性生活障礙,但可被睪酮部分反轉(zhuǎn)。Kyono等[12]收集患有細(xì)精管發(fā)育不全綜合征及脊髓損傷并發(fā)癥患者有活動能力的精子進(jìn)行卵母細(xì)胞胞漿內(nèi)單精子注射,最終成功受孕。
1.3 雌二醇脊髓損傷后少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的凋亡可加快軸突的慢性脫髓鞘作用。Lee等[13]在脊髓損傷后采用17β-雌二醇治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)17β-雌二醇通過抑制RhoA和C-Jun氨基端激酶的活化,減少少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的凋亡。還可能通過下調(diào)磷酸酶與張力蛋白同源物基因(PTEN)蛋白,促進(jìn)磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-Akt)、B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)蛋白的表達(dá),抑制過氧化氫誘導(dǎo)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡。17β-雌二醇治療還可減少神經(jīng)元的喪失,減輕免疫反應(yīng),通過調(diào)控內(nèi)源性巰醇抗氧化物(酶)[包括還原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)],改善肢體運動功能[14],降低脊髓損傷后發(fā)生繼發(fā)性損傷的風(fēng)險[15]。Mosquera等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脊髓損傷后雌激素改善機(jī)體的運動功能是通過雌激素受體α調(diào)節(jié)的。
1.4 孕酮在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中孕酮的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用是很有前景的[17],可治療損傷,降低患退行性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的風(fēng)險[18]。在脊髓損傷后孕酮能抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,增強運動神經(jīng)元活性,保護(hù)神經(jīng)元免受谷氨酸的毒性,恢復(fù)受損神經(jīng)元的功能,并可強烈影響外周和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中髓鞘的合成,調(diào)節(jié)脊髓痛覺神經(jīng)回路[19]。同時,能維持神經(jīng)元超微結(jié)構(gòu),防止MAP2 (微管相關(guān)蛋白2)丟失,在脊髓損傷早期起到保護(hù)作用[20]。新近研究[21]還發(fā)現(xiàn),孕酮不僅在皮質(zhì)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞能激活自噬功能而產(chǎn)生有效的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,還可能通過激活脊髓細(xì)胞的自噬功能在G93A-SOD1轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠(肌萎縮性脊髓側(cè)索硬化癥動物模型)延緩運動神經(jīng)元的變性。
2.1 甲狀旁腺激素Oleson等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),甲狀旁腺激素水平的增高會增加脊髓損傷患者患異位骨化癥的風(fēng)險??诜S生素D,可降低患者甲狀旁腺激素水平[23]。
2.2 降鈣素急性脊髓損傷的患者骨密度迅速降低,并有可能誘發(fā)高鈣血癥、高鈣尿,骨折風(fēng)險高。急性脊髓損傷后立即給予阿侖膦酸鈉類降鈣素治療能防止骨密度的降低,且無副作用[24]。臨床應(yīng)用的鮭魚降鈣素還可抑制脊髓損傷引起的神經(jīng)疼痛[25]。從草本植物藏紅花提煉出來的藏紅花素對治療脊髓損傷引起的慢性疼痛也有一定作用,其作用機(jī)理在于藏紅花素可減輕脊髓中降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)的含量[26]。
2.3 瘦素瘦素在脊髓損傷后能起到明顯的神經(jīng)保護(hù)和抗炎作用,急性期瘦素治療可改善患者感覺和運動功能的恢復(fù)[27]。Bigford等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性脊髓損傷的患者瘦素受體迅速減少,瘦素抵抗有加大神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能失調(diào)及心血管疾病的風(fēng)險。脊髓損傷程度越高,血漿瘦素水平越高[29],患者可通過進(jìn)行手臂搖動訓(xùn)練,降低血漿瘦素水平[30]。
2.4 生長激素萎縮性脊髓側(cè)索硬化癥的患者生長激素缺乏,生長激素可影響突觸可塑性的興奮性環(huán)路,改變認(rèn)知能力,并有動物模型數(shù)據(jù)顯示生長激素可能刺激神經(jīng)形成[31]。
2.5 胰島素在外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育中胰島素樣生長因子Ⅰ、Ⅱ通過Ⅰ型胰島素樣生長因子受體影響神經(jīng)元的生長和再生。胰島素樣生長因子Ⅰ參與胚胎時期神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分化,在神經(jīng)組織損傷后能夠促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的遷移和增生。Steyn等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肌萎縮性脊髓側(cè)索硬化癥轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型中胰島素樣生長因子Ⅰ的循環(huán)血液水平降低。眾所周知,脊髓損傷的患者患有2型糖尿病的風(fēng)險比健康人高。因此可考慮胰島素樣生長因子在外周神經(jīng)損傷、糖尿病性感覺神經(jīng)病變、運動神經(jīng)元疾病時潛在的調(diào)節(jié)作用。
早期脊髓損傷時進(jìn)行肌肉電刺激可顯著提高抗氧化酶的活性,降低發(fā)生繼發(fā)性脊髓損傷的風(fēng)險,并能增加神經(jīng)生長因子和腦源性神經(jīng)生長因子,促進(jìn)脊髓背根運動、感覺軸突的再生,對神經(jīng)元起到一定的保護(hù)作用,在脊髓損傷的修復(fù)中具有重要意義。Arija-Blázquez等[33]對早期患脊髓損傷的患者股四頭肌進(jìn)行為期14周的肌肉電刺激,并在電刺激前后進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的口服葡萄糖耐量實驗。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),患者股四頭肌群明顯增加,骨質(zhì)流失減少,胰島素釋放峰值提前。這可能是肌群的增加改善了胰島素誘導(dǎo)全身組織攝取葡萄糖的過程。
急性脊髓損傷后胰島素與軟骨素酶ABC (ChABC)聯(lián)合治療能阻止神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的凋亡,增加細(xì)胞生長,改善運動功能,軸突生長標(biāo)記物神經(jīng)生長相關(guān)蛋白(Growth-associated protein 43,GAP-43)也隨之增加[34]。
脊髓損傷是一種嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)傷,可導(dǎo)致患者終身癱瘓。近年來有關(guān)脊髓損傷的臨床治療取得了一定進(jìn)展,但就目前的醫(yī)療水平而言脊髓損傷仍難以完全治療康復(fù),正確而及時地治療脊髓損傷具有重要意義。有關(guān)類固醇類激素、肽與蛋白質(zhì)類激素兩方面綜述若干激素與脊髓損傷的相互影響研究,強烈提示脊髓損傷及其康復(fù)中可能涉及多種內(nèi)分泌激素機(jī)制的參與,這不僅值得進(jìn)一步研究,同時可能將某些激素應(yīng)用于脊髓損傷的治療中,也有望成為一種新的有效策略。
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R744
A
1003—6350(2014)22—3349—03
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2014.22.1310
2014-05-13)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(編號:31271155)
汪萌芽。E-mail:wangmy@wnmc.edu.cn