劉 凡
(重慶市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,重慶400011)
體外反搏在心力衰竭治療中的應(yīng)用概述
劉 凡
(重慶市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,重慶400011)
20世紀(jì)60年代,由哈佛大學(xué)Soroff教授等設(shè)計(jì)了旨在增加心臟舒張期灌注,改善心肌缺血的體外反搏技術(shù)。該技術(shù)后由鄭振聲教授改良為增強(qiáng)型體外反搏(enhanced external counterpulsation,EECP)。EECP治療通過心電門控技術(shù)使氣囊在心臟舒張?jiān)缙趶倪h(yuǎn)到近擠壓肢體使含氧血流向心臟,導(dǎo)致主動(dòng)脈舒張壓升高,隨之增加冠脈血流,而氣囊在心臟收縮之初快速松弛,減少外周阻力,明顯降低心臟后負(fù)荷,進(jìn)一步提高心輸出量[1]。
EECP技術(shù)發(fā)展的早期主要應(yīng)用于急性心肌梗死和心源性休克患者的循環(huán)輔助治療。在EECP逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床的過程中,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EECP對(duì)心衰患者的治療也能獲益。因此,美國(guó)FDA于2002年正式批準(zhǔn)EECP可用于心力衰竭患者的治療。現(xiàn)就EECP在心力衰竭治療中的應(yīng)用綜述如下。
ECCP治療心絞痛主要機(jī)制為可以改善心臟舒張期的充盈,減少左室舒張末壓,提高左室舒張期充盈峰率、舒張末容積[2],作用類似于于主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)球囊反搏術(shù)治療心源性休克[3]。1999年Arora[4]的研究提示EECP對(duì)于有心絞痛且左室功能正常的患者是有益的治療方法,與接受假體外反搏的對(duì)照組相比,EECP組能明顯減輕心絞痛癥狀,減少硝酸甘油用量,延長(zhǎng)無缺血癥狀的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間。治療12個(gè)月后,EECP組還能明顯提高患者生活質(zhì)量[5]。此外Braith[6]還觀察到EECP和對(duì)照組相比還能增加14%的最大氧耗量,能延長(zhǎng)59%的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間。
EECP早期曾作為左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)下降的冠心病患者治療的禁忌癥,因既往有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有3%~5%的患者在體外反搏期間發(fā)生了心衰加重[7],其原因可能與治療期間EECP不同的氣囊壓力有關(guān)[8]。隨后Taguehi等[9]通過有創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)在伴左室功能障礙的心衰患者行EECP,可以改善其心輸出量和心臟指數(shù),但會(huì)引起右房平均壓和肺毛細(xì)血管楔壓的急性增加。近年有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EECP在氣囊放氣時(shí)使受壓的動(dòng)脈迅速擴(kuò)張,能減少血管阻力,降低心臟后負(fù)荷,改善收縮壓,同時(shí)左室回心血量增加,從而能增加心臟每搏輸出量[10,11]。Arora等[12]通過EECP治療冠心病合并心功能不全的患者發(fā)現(xiàn),治療35h后血漿BNP水平較前明顯降低。Urano等[2]報(bào)道12例冠心病患者接受體外反搏治療35h后行99mTc門血池造影,發(fā)現(xiàn)左心室舒張期充盈峰率較前顯著提高,左心室舒張期充盈峰值的時(shí)間顯著縮短,腦鈉肽(BNP)及左室舒張末壓均下降,提示EECP可以改善左室功能。Taguchi[13]還發(fā)現(xiàn),EECP治療15min后,右房壓和PCWP均有明顯上升,但隨著治療時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),兩者逐漸開始下降。檢測(cè)血漿心房鈉尿肽(ANP)濃度也有類似現(xiàn)象,而BNP整個(gè)過程無明顯變化。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿ANP濃度在體外反搏治療15min時(shí)的明顯增加是與右房壓和PCWP的增加相關(guān)的,ANP的增加提示心房前負(fù)荷的增加。而對(duì)BNP的無變化,研究者認(rèn)為EECP不會(huì)導(dǎo)致左室負(fù)荷的增加。但是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在EECP治療中和治療后即刻血腦鈉肽未明顯增加,可是在治療結(jié)束60min以后,觀察到與治療前相比NT-proBNP值上升,治療結(jié)束后24h的NT-proBNP值回落到治療前的基線水平,這說明體外反搏還是對(duì)患者的左室負(fù)荷有一過性的影響[14]。我們認(rèn)為Taguchi等[13]的研究中未觀察到BNP的變化與選擇檢驗(yàn)時(shí)間點(diǎn)和BNP釋放時(shí)間不符合有關(guān)。而在中、西方BNP專家共識(shí)中也提到對(duì)于那些出現(xiàn)急性癥狀的心衰患者來說,在大約1h內(nèi)BNP水平偏低。在此種情況下,BNP基因表達(dá)存在缺陷時(shí)間,因?yàn)橹挥幸恍〔糠值腂NP是儲(chǔ)存于分泌顆粒內(nèi)的,在心衰急性血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變時(shí)BNP水平的升高依賴于體內(nèi)合成及肽鏈分泌的增加,而它需要一定的時(shí)間。前面的研究[12,13]都是選擇在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EECP療程后測(cè)定BNP濃度,反映的是EECP對(duì)心衰患者長(zhǎng)期治療的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響。而我們觀察到是EECP對(duì)心衰患者短期治療的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響,故認(rèn)為EECP對(duì)心衰患者的長(zhǎng)期和短期的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響是不一致的,這可能是學(xué)者對(duì)EECP在心衰中的作用有分歧的原因之一。
早期研究表明,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌機(jī)制參與體外反搏的作用過程。Akhtar等[15]最早報(bào)道了在35h的EECP療程中,血清NO水平逐漸升高,ET-1水平則逐漸降低,且變化趨勢(shì)呈劑量相關(guān)性。Masuda等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EECP治療可顯著改善冠心病患者慢性心絞痛癥狀、平板運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間與心肌灌注顯像,且血清NO水平與基線相比,在治療1h后即開始升高,且持續(xù)至完成35h的療程后1個(gè)月。目前研究表明,EECP還能夠預(yù)防和減輕氧化應(yīng)激損傷,該效應(yīng)主要通過降低多種促炎癥反應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子水平而實(shí)現(xiàn),其中包括腫瘤壞死因子-α,單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞粘附分子-1,超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白等[6,17]。此外,Masuda等[18-20]研究指出EECP能促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的生成和釋放,誘導(dǎo)NO的表達(dá),刺激冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)的建立。因此,EECP對(duì)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌的調(diào)節(jié)功能可能是EECP療效的作用機(jī)制之一。
體外反搏對(duì)心衰治療的安全性和有效性最初來自一些小樣本研究[21,22]。Soran等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)LVEF≤35%的心衰患者接受EECP治療時(shí)是安全的,隨后Soran等[22]又發(fā)現(xiàn)在缺血和非缺血心衰患者中行EECP安全和耐受性好,6個(gè)月后運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間和氧攝取量峰值增加明顯。
國(guó)際體外反搏患者登記注冊(cè)中心(international EECP patient registry,IEPR)發(fā)現(xiàn)1個(gè)療程的EECP治療(35h)能改善患者的心絞痛癥狀及生活質(zhì)量,并且這種獲益最長(zhǎng)可持續(xù)3年,但在LVEF≤35%的有心衰史的人群中,主要心血管不良事件、死亡、心衰等都有明顯的增加,這預(yù)示EECP對(duì)心衰患者可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致較差的臨床結(jié)局[23,24]。
為了進(jìn)一步證明EECP對(duì)心衰患者的安全性和有效性,PEECH研究共入選187例輕-中度心衰患者(NYHAⅡ-Ⅲ級(jí))LVEF≤35%,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)治療結(jié)束6月后主要終點(diǎn)氧攝取量峰值兩組并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但在EECP組另一個(gè)主要終點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間增加60s以上的患者百分?jǐn)?shù)顯著增加,與此相一致的是NYHA分級(jí)和生活質(zhì)量的改善,且在缺血和非缺血性擴(kuò)張型心肌病患者中結(jié)果差異也不大[25]。這個(gè)里程碑的研究促使美國(guó)FDA2002年正式批準(zhǔn)EECP可用于心力衰竭患者的治療。但是,隨后Ochoa[26]報(bào)告10例已完成冠脈血運(yùn)重建的心絞痛患者和健康對(duì)照組自愿者接受EECP后觀察到氧攝取量峰值低水平但持久地增加,因此他們推論這有可能是EECP提高心衰患者運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的機(jī)制之一。同時(shí)Abbottsmith等[27]在PEECH研究大于等于65歲的亞組分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),治療組中運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間增加大于60s的患者和氧攝取量峰值增加大于1.25mL/(kg·min)的患者均較對(duì)照組有明顯的升高,這與PEECH研究的結(jié)論形成了反差,提示65歲以上人群EECP組與對(duì)照組相比在氧攝取量峰值、運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間有明顯差異。與整個(gè)PEECH的差異可能表明EECP對(duì)老年心衰患者有更多的獲益。Linnemeier[28]也觀察到IPER中老年人6個(gè)月時(shí)的獲益和再住院率比年青人組更好一些。
因此,從研究中可能得到的解釋是在老年人或有較低基線運(yùn)動(dòng)能力(包括持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間和氧攝取量峰值)的患者接受EECP治療,會(huì)使這種干預(yù)措施的獲益更容易顯現(xiàn)出來[26-28]。雖然討論的都是EECP對(duì)射血分?jǐn)?shù)下降的心衰的作用,但也存在證據(jù)表明EECP能改善射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留的心衰的臨床癥狀[2,7]。
對(duì)穩(wěn)定的NYHA-II~I(xiàn)II級(jí)缺血性心肌病心力衰竭患者,在接受適宜的藥物治療基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)考慮EECP治療?;€運(yùn)動(dòng)能力較低的患者接受EECP治療可能獲益更大。有明確的失代償、容量負(fù)荷增加的患者需在病情穩(wěn)定后才開始EECP治療。對(duì)于已采取充分理想的其他治療措施的心衰患者,EECP是安全的,能改善癥狀。
未來的研究應(yīng)該探討EECP對(duì)心衰患者主要心血管事件和死亡率以及患者長(zhǎng)期生活質(zhì)量的影響,并探討EECP對(duì)不同類型的心衰人群的治療效果以及不同EECP治療方案的有效性,進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)EECP用于慢性心衰治療的整體和長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng)及其作用機(jī)制。
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R256.214.161
B
1004-2814(2014)06-0587-03
2014-03-28