張丁予,韓雅玲,張效林,劉騰飛,蔡文芝,劉 丹1
遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院 心血管內(nèi)科,遼寧錦州 121001;2沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院 心血管內(nèi)科,遼寧沈陽 110016
胰島素受體底物-1基因rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性與2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者氯吡格雷抵抗的相關(guān)性研究
張丁予1,2,韓雅玲2,張效林2,劉騰飛1,2,蔡文芝1,2,劉 丹21
遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院 心血管內(nèi)科,遼寧錦州 121001;2沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院 心血管內(nèi)科,遼寧沈陽 110016
目的探討胰島素受體底物-1(insulin receptor substrate-1,IRS-1)基因rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性與2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。方法入選2012年4月- 2013年4月沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院2型糖尿病合并冠心病住院患者325例,采用光學(xué)比濁法測定20 μmol/L二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)誘導(dǎo)的殘余血小板聚集率(residual platelet agglutination,RPA),當RPA≥70%時定義為CR。所有入選患者根據(jù)RPA分為CR組(n=142)和非氯吡格雷抵抗(NCR)組(n=183)。采用聚合酶鏈式反應(yīng)結(jié)合直接測序法測定IRS-1基因rs1078533位點在CR組和NCR組的基因型及等位基因分布頻率。結(jié)果IRS-1基因rs1078533多態(tài)位點在CR組和NCR組基因型分布頻率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。三種基因型(AA、AC和CC)在兩組的分布頻率分別為1.4%、16.8%、81.8%和1.6%、19.8%、78.6%。基因型(AA、 AC和CC)及等位基因(A和C)分布頻率在CR組和NCR組間均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P = 0.786,P = 0.524)。Logistic回歸分析校正性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、吸煙和高血壓等冠心病和糖尿病易患因素后,IRS-1基因rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性仍與2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者CR的發(fā)生無相關(guān)性。結(jié)論IRS-1基因rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性與2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者CR的發(fā)生無相關(guān)性。
氯吡格雷抵抗;胰島素受體底物-1;2型糖尿病合并冠心?。粏魏塑账岫鄳B(tài)性
氯吡格雷和阿司匹林聯(lián)用抗血小板治療已經(jīng)被證實可以顯著降低經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)術(shù)后血栓事件的發(fā)生率[1-3],但部分患者在服用常規(guī)劑量的氯吡格雷后仍會發(fā)生血栓事件,這種現(xiàn)象臨床上稱之為氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)。導(dǎo)致氯吡格雷藥效存在較大個體差異的機制尚不完全清楚,遺傳因素在CR的發(fā)生中起很大作用。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者更容易發(fā)生CR,其PCI術(shù)后血栓事件發(fā)生率是不合并糖尿病患者的2 ~ 4倍[4-7]。Angiolillo等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在高加索人中,胰島素受體底物-1(insulin receptor substrate-1,IRS-1)基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性與2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者血小板活性增高、服用抗血小板藥物療效差有關(guān),考慮可能是由于IRS-1基因突變導(dǎo)致胰島素對血小板活性的抑制作用減弱,使血小板反應(yīng)性增高,進而引起該人群對氯吡格雷不敏感[9]。本研究對IRS-1基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性進行分析,探索IRS-1基因rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性與CR發(fā)生的相關(guān)性,為早期預(yù)測CR,減少缺血性心血管事件的發(fā)生提供理論依據(jù)。
1 研究對象 入選2012年3月- 2013年4月在沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科接受治療的2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者325例。入選標準:年齡18 ~ 75歲,經(jīng)冠狀動脈造影確診為冠心病并且接受標準雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療;符合WHO(1999年)制定的2型糖尿病診斷標準。排除標準:對阿司匹林或氯吡格雷過敏或不能耐受者;ST段抬高型心肌梗死及行急診介入治療的患者;半年內(nèi)有卒中或內(nèi)臟出血疾病病史者;嚴重肝腎疾病和(或)凝血功能異常者;具有抗血小板禁忌證或近期擬行手術(shù)者;糖耐量異常和空腹血糖調(diào)節(jié)受損,妊娠糖尿病和暫時性血糖增高者;合并其他終末期疾病者。
2 分組 采外周靜脈血5 ml,以光學(xué)比濁法測定20 μmol/L二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)誘導(dǎo)的殘余血小板聚集率(residual platelet agglutination,RPA)作為評價血小板功能的標準。定義PRA≥70%為CR,據(jù)此把患者分為CR組和非氯吡格雷抵抗(non-clopidogrel resistance,NCR)組。
3 測定RPA 使用PACK-4多通道血小板聚集儀(Helena,USA)測定RPA。取外周靜脈血標本37℃下離心(800 r/min)10 min,吸取上層富血小板血漿(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)。將已吸取富血小板血漿的血標本,離心(4 000 r/min)10 min,吸取上層無血小板血漿制備為乏血小板血漿(platelet-poor plasma,PPP),調(diào)零備用。調(diào)整富血小板血漿中血小板計數(shù)后置于比色管中,加入20 μmol/L ADP后測定RPA。
4 選擇標簽單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP) 在IRS-1基因及其上游2 kb、下游1 kb的區(qū)域中,從人類基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫HapMap中選擇中國漢族人群進行配置,設(shè)定r2= 0.8,MAF>0.05,篩選出標簽SNP rs1078533。此位點位于IRS-1基因的內(nèi)含子區(qū),為A/C多態(tài)。
5 基因組DNA提取及基因型測定 取外周靜脈血3 ml,采用基因組DNA提取試劑盒(天根,北京)提取基因組DNA,-20℃冰箱儲存?zhèn)溆?。以聚合酶鏈反?yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)擴增含有目的位點的基因片段。引物設(shè)計采用軟件Primer Primer5.0完成,序列為:上游:CACATTTCTCCTC TGCCA,下游:GTCGAAGTTGAAACGTGAA(生工,上海)。PCR反應(yīng)體系包括基因組DNA 2 μl,正反鏈引物各2 μl,2×Taq MasterMix 25 μl,加去離子水至50 μl。擴增反應(yīng)在PCR熱循環(huán)儀(Bio-Rad,美國)中完成,PCR擴增條件為:94℃預(yù)變性4 min;94℃30 s、57℃30 s、72℃30 s,重復(fù)30個循環(huán),終末延伸72℃7 min。擴增的PCR產(chǎn)物長度為309 bp,取5 μl PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳鑒定,溴化乙錠染色,150 V電壓下電泳30 min,凝膠成像系統(tǒng)檢測PCR擴增產(chǎn)物質(zhì)量,將目的DNA片段送上海生工生物工程有限公司進行測序。
6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理均由SPSS19.0軟件完成。計量資料采用-±s表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料及Hardy-Weinberg平衡符合程度采用四格表的χ2檢驗;基因與事件關(guān)聯(lián)強度以比值比(OR)及95%置信區(qū)間(95% CI)表示;采用Logistic回歸進行多因素分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1 基本資料 兩組患者的性別、年齡和體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等一般資料在CR和NCR組間未見統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。常規(guī)實驗室檢查結(jié)果及基線藥物治療亦無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。見表1。
2 SNP基因分型 IRS-1基因rs1078533位點PCR擴增產(chǎn)物片段長度為309 bp。測序結(jié)果顯示IRS-1基因rs1078533為A/C多態(tài),存在三種基因型:AA型、AC型和CC型,見圖1。
表1 CR組和NCR組的臨床基本資料Tab. 1 Baseline clinical and laboratory data about CR group and NCR group(n, %)
圖 1 IRS-1基因rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性測序結(jié)果Fig. 1 Sequencing of rs1078533 polymorphism of IRS-1 gene
3 等位基因及基因型分析 IRS-1基因rs1078533位點的基因型和等位基因分布見表2。該位點經(jīng)檢驗符合Hardy-weinberg平衡定律。CR組和NCR組間各基因型分布差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組間等位基因差異亦無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。采用Logistic回歸對性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、吸煙和高血壓等冠心病和糖尿病易感因素進行校正后,發(fā)現(xiàn)rs1078533單核苷酸多態(tài)性仍與2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者CR的發(fā)生無相關(guān)性,見表3。
表2 CR組與NCR組IRS-1基因rs1078533位點基因型和等位基因分布頻率Tab. 2 Genotype and allele frequencies at rs1078533 of IRS-1 gene in CR group and NCR group (n,%)
表3 經(jīng)Logistic回歸分析校正易感因素后rs1078533與CR發(fā)生的相關(guān)性分析Tab. 3 Logistic regression analysis showing relation between rs1078533 and CR after adjustment of risk factors
胰島素有抑制血小板活化和聚集的作用。在健康人群中,胰島素與血小板表面的胰島素受體結(jié)合,使IRS-1磷酸化后與血小板P2Y12途徑上的抑制性蛋白Giα2亞基結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,干擾Giα2的活性,使P2Y12降低cAMP的功能減弱,引起血小板內(nèi)鈣離子濃度降低,使ADP和凝血酶等誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集力下降[10]。在2型糖尿病患者中胰島素對血小板的抑制作用是減弱的,可能是由于胰島素對P2Y12途徑中Giα2抑制作用的缺陷引起的[11]。但導(dǎo)致這種缺陷的機制尚未完全闡明,IRS-1功能異常有可能是一個原因[12]。
IRS-1基因是引起胰島素抵抗的重要基因,該基因位于染色體2q36-37,其編碼產(chǎn)物IRS-1是分布于胰島素敏感組織內(nèi)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白[13]。IRS-1是位于胰島素級聯(lián)信號上的第一個受體底物,當IRS-1出現(xiàn)異常時,胰島素信號傳導(dǎo)發(fā)生改變,影響機體對胰島素的利用,就會產(chǎn)生胰島素抵抗[14]。因此,當IRS-1基因突變影響其下游信號通路轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)時,血小板聚集活動也受到相應(yīng)的影響[15]。
Dominick等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在高加索人中IRS-1基因單核苷酸rs956115的C等位基因會增加血小板活性及不良心血管事件發(fā)生率。但在中國人群中尚未有IRS-1基因多態(tài)性與CR相關(guān)性的研究。由于IRS-1基因rs956115位點多態(tài)性存在種族差異,在高加索人中突變率為20%,中國人群突變率為10%,且CC型頻率很低,基因型頻率分布過于偏頗,因此我們從Hapmap數(shù)據(jù)庫以r2=0.8,MAF>0.05進行配置,從中篩選出標簽SNP rs1078533位點進行IRS-1基因多態(tài)性與CR的相關(guān)分析,該位點與IRS-1基因中較多SNP位點呈強連鎖不平衡,能較好地代表一段基因的遺傳信息。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),rs1078533多態(tài)位點的基因型頻率和等位基因頻率在CR組和NCR組間分布差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者IRS-1基因rs1078533位點與CR的發(fā)生無明顯相關(guān)性。產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)果的原因可能是rs1078533位點位于IRS-1基因內(nèi)含子區(qū)域,不參與編碼蛋白,對IRS-1的表達不產(chǎn)生直接影響,同時內(nèi)含子區(qū)域單一位點突變可能不足以解釋抵抗現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,還需要從啟動子區(qū)、外顯子區(qū)和3'UTR區(qū)等區(qū)域選取SNP位點做進一步的基因型分析,并對多個位點進行連鎖不平衡的單體型分析。糖尿病患者血小板呈現(xiàn)高反應(yīng)性不僅僅由于IRS-1異常引起的胰島素對血小板抑制作用減弱有關(guān),還與糖尿病患者的脂類代謝異常等其他因素相關(guān)[16],因此IRS-1基因rs1078533位點突變可能不會對CR的產(chǎn)生起到?jīng)Q定性作用。
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Relation between rs1078533 polymorphism of IRS-1 gene and clopidogrel resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanying coronary artery disease
ZHANG Ding-yu1,2, HAN Ya-ling2, ZHANG Xiao-lin2, LIU Teng-fei1,2, CAI Wen-zhi1,2, LIU Dan21Department of Cardiology, Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China;2Department of Cardiology,General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
HAN Ya-ling. Email: hanyl126@126.com
ObjectiveTo study the relation between rs1078533 polymorphism of IRS-1 gene and clopidogrel resistance (CR) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) accompanying coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsThree hundred and twenty-five patients with type 2 DM accompanying CAD admitted to General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command from April 2012 to April 2013 were enrolled in this study. Their residual platelet aggregation rate (RPA) induced by 20μmol/L adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was measured by optical nephelometry. The CR was defned when the RPA was ≥70%. The patients were divided into CR group (n=142) and non-CR group (n=183) according to their RPA. The genotypes and allele frequencies at rs1078533 of IRS-1 gene in two groups were detected by PCR and pyrophosphate sequencing, respectively.ResultsThe genotype frequencies at rs1078533 of IRS-1 gene conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in two groups. The frequency of genotypes (AA, AC and CC) was 1.4%, 16.8%, 81.8%, respectively, in CR group and 1.6%, 19.8%, 78.6%, respectively, in non-CR group. No significant difference was observed in genotypes and allele frequencies between the two groups (P = 0.786 and P = 0.524). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the rs1078533 polymorphism was not related with the CR after adjustment of risk factors including age, gender, BMI, smoking and hypertension in patients with type 2 DM accompanying CAD.ConclusionThe rs1078533 polymorphism of IRS-1 gene is not related with the CR in patients with type 2 DM accompanying CAD.
clopidogrel resistance; insulin receptor substrate 1; type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by coronary artery disease; single nucleotide polymorphism
R 587.1
A
2095-5227(2014)01-0074-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.01.024
時間:2013-09-03 09:35
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20130903.0935.002.html
2013-07-16
國家十二五科技支撐課題(2011BAI11B07);軍隊臨床高新技術(shù)重大項目(2012GXJS001)
Supported by the National 12th Five Years Scientific Plan program (2011BAI11B07); Military Clinical High-tech Major Projects (2012GXJS001)
張丁予,女,碩士。研究方向:冠心病的診斷與治療。Email: xiaolei217@sina.cn
韓雅玲,女,博士,教授,副院長。Email: hanyl126@126.com