李瓊霞
編者按:“come about,come across,come down,come up……這些長相酷似的短語為什么會是一道題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)?難道答案是ABCD?”你是否常常因?yàn)檫@些“N胞胎”而抓狂?專門為大家排憂解難的小編邀請資深英語教師來為大家詳細(xì)剖析幾組這類易混短語,走過路過千萬不要錯(cuò)過哦!
●come高頻短語
1. come about 表示“發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生”。例如:—Can you explain how it came about that you were late again, Jimmy? —Sorry, sir. My alarm clock went wrong. —吉姆,你能解釋一下你怎么又遲到了嗎?—不好意思,我的鬧鐘壞了。
辨析:come about和happen,take place的區(qū)別。
come about表示“發(fā)生、產(chǎn)生”,多指事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了,但還不知道為什么,常用于疑問句和否定句。happen常指具體事件的發(fā)生,特別指那些偶然的突發(fā)性事件或未能預(yù)見的“發(fā)生”。take place通常指非偶然性的“(某事)按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或按計(jì)劃發(fā)生”,即這種事件的發(fā)生一定有某種原因或事先的安排。例如:
(1)Do you know how the air accident came about? 你知道空難是怎么發(fā)生的嗎?
(2)Maybe something unexpected happened. 可能發(fā)生了一些出乎意料的事情。
(3)The meeting will take place next Friday. 會議將在下周五舉行。
2. come across表示“偶然遇見,碰上”,相當(dāng)于run across或meet by chance。
高考鏈接:(2011安徽卷)If you come across faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price. 如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)了瑕疵,但還是想買這輛自行車,你可以要求店員減價(jià)。
(2011天津卷)She came across an old friend of hers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store. 昨天在商店購物的時(shí)候,她碰到了她的老朋友。
3. come down 表示“倒下,降低,跌落,流傳”。例如:
(1)The childs temperature came down in the morning.早上,孩子的體溫降下來了。
(2)The girls necklace had come down to her from her grandmother.這女孩的項(xiàng)鏈?zhǔn)撬婺競飨聛淼摹?/p>
高考鏈接:(2006江蘇卷)—Four dollars a pair? I think its a bit too much. —If you buy three pairs, the price for each will come down to three fifty. —4美元一雙,有點(diǎn)貴?!绻阗I三雙的話,每雙價(jià)格可下降為3.5美元。
4. come out 表示“出版,出來,(秘密等)泄露, 結(jié)果是,開花”。例如:Several republican senators have come out in support of ratification. 一些共和黨參議員已站出來表示批準(zhǔn)該條約。
辨析:come out和publish的區(qū)別。
come out表示“出版、發(fā)行”時(shí),是不及物動詞詞組,主語就是書、唱片、雜志等,后面不能接賓語。而publish也表示“出版、發(fā)行”,但是是及物動詞,后面可接賓語,有被動的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
(1)His new album came out last year. 他的新專輯去年出版了。
(2)Her second novel was published in July. 她的第二部小說在7月份出版了。
5. come true 表示“實(shí)現(xiàn)、成真”。
辨析:come true和realize的區(qū)別。
come true 和realize都有“實(shí)現(xiàn)(理想、愿望等)”之意,但兩者用法不同。come true 是不及物動詞詞組,通常用表示“理想、愿望等”的名詞作句子的主語,較口語化。而realize是及物動詞,常用于“sb. realize sth.”這種結(jié)構(gòu),較書面化。此外,realize除了有“實(shí)現(xiàn)”的意思,還可以表示“意識到、認(rèn)識到、了解等”。例如:
(1)His dream of becoming a teacher came true. 他當(dāng)教師的理想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
(2)Her dream of going abroad was finally realized. 她出國的夢想終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
(3)The Chinese people are working hard to realize the modernizations. 中國人民正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化而努力工作。
(4)He has not realized her own mistakes. 他還沒有認(rèn)識到自己的錯(cuò)誤。
6. come up表示“走過來,上升,被提出來,出現(xiàn),發(fā)芽”。例如:The questions will probably come up at the meeting. 會上很可能會提出這些問題。
●look高頻短語
1. look down upon/ on表示“看不起,瞧不起”。例如:Gone are the days when farmers were looked down upon. 農(nóng)民被看不起的日子已經(jīng)過去了。
2. look into表示“調(diào)查、研究,窺視、向里面看去,瀏覽、快速查閱(書等),對……作短暫的訪問或參觀,順便進(jìn)入”。例如:Mr. Jones said he was looking into the possibility of buying a house. 瓊斯先生說他正在研究買房子的可能性。
辨析:look into和investigate,survey的區(qū)別。
look into表示“調(diào)查”,意思和investigate相近,有時(shí)可以互換,但look into更口語化,屬于非正式用語。investigate意為“調(diào)查”,通常指調(diào)查事件等,屬于正式用語。survey表示“調(diào)查、勘測”,通常是指問卷調(diào)查、研究等。例如:
(1)A working party has been set up to look into the problem. 已成立工作組調(diào)查該問題。
(2)The police are investigating the murder. 警察正在調(diào)查這件謀殺案。
(3)A recent survey of public opinions shows that most people are worried about the increasing crime. 一份最近的民意調(diào)查表明,大多數(shù)人對不斷增長的犯罪率表示憂慮。
3. look on表示“旁觀,當(dāng)作”,常與 as 連用。
辨析:look on... as和treat... as,regard... as的區(qū)別。
look... as表示“把……看作、視為”,后面一般接名詞。treat... as主要表示行動上“看待、對待”。regard... as主要指思想上、感情上“將……看成是”,暗含說話人根據(jù)外部情況觀察所得出的估價(jià)。例如:
(1)He looks on me as his sister. 他把我看作他的姐姐。
(2)Although the Negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as human beings equally. 雖然黑種人和白種人一樣都是人,但卻沒有被公平地對待。
(3)Today, Abraham Lincoln is regarded as one of the greatest of all American presidents. 今天,林肯被認(rèn)為是最偉大的美國總統(tǒng)之一。
4. look through表示“翻閱,瀏覽,徹底調(diào)查,仔細(xì)檢查”。例如:I spend two hours looking through the studentspapers. 我花了兩小時(shí)瀏覽學(xué)生的試卷。
高考鏈接:(2009湖北卷)Would you please look through the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes? 你能幫我仔細(xì)檢查一下這份試卷,看看有沒有明顯的錯(cuò)誤嗎?
5. look up表示“(在詞典中)查閱,向上看”。例如:If you dont understand the meaning of the word, you can look it up in the dictionary. 如果你不理解單詞的意思,去字典里查一下這個(gè)單詞。
高考鏈接:(2011四川卷)I often look up the words I dont know in the dictionary or on the Internet. 我經(jīng)常用字典或在網(wǎng)上查我不認(rèn)識的單詞。
6. look up to表示“仰視,尊敬”。例如:Its a good tradition to look up to the old. 尊重老年人是一種優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。
高考鏈接:(2010安徽卷)No matter how low you consider yourself, there is always someone looking up to you wishing they were that high. 無論你認(rèn)為自己有多低微,總會有人仰望你,并且希望他們也能像你一樣高大。
7. look forward to表示“盼望、期待”。例如:I am looking forward to seeing you again some day next month in Shanghai. 我很期盼下個(gè)月的某一天在上海遇見你。
●cut高頻短語
1. cut across表示“抄近路、走捷徑,折斷、打斷, 與……相抵觸”。例如:In order not to be late, she cut across the fields. 為了不遲到,她抄近路穿過田野。
2. cut down表示“削減、刪減,砍下、砍倒”。例如:Cut down the article so as to make it fit the space available on the paper. 把文章縮短一些,這樣就能排進(jìn)報(bào)紙剩余的版面了。
辨析:cut down和decrease,reduce,decline,lessen的區(qū)別。
cut down表示“減少,縮短,刪節(jié)”,一般用于價(jià)格等的減少。decrease表示“減少”,常用于工農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量等減少,也指數(shù)量的減少,可作動詞和名詞。reduce表示“減少,縮小,簡化,還原”,一般用于數(shù)量的減少,或是距離的減小。decline表示“下降,拒絕”,常在圖表描述中表示急劇降低或是銷售和利潤上的滑落,可作動詞和名詞。lessen表示“減輕、緩解”,常引申為減輕負(fù)擔(dān)。例如:
(1)The doctor told him to cut down on his drinking. 醫(yī)生勸他少喝酒。
(2)Is your production on the decrease? 你們的產(chǎn)量在減少嗎?
(3)While driving, please reduce the speed to ensure the safety. 開車時(shí),請減速以確保安全。
(4)The decline on profit makes the manager felt worried. 利潤的下降使得經(jīng)理很擔(dān)心。
(5)Regular exercise can help to lessen the pain. 經(jīng)常運(yùn)動有助于減輕痛感。
高考鏈接:(2013陜西卷)My uncle hasnt been able to quit smoking, but at least he has cut down. 我叔叔雖然沒能夠戒煙,但至少量減少了。
3. cut in 表示“插嘴、打岔,干預(yù),突然插到……前面,允許加入”。例如:
(1)She kept cutting in on our conversation. 我們談話時(shí)她老是插嘴。
(2)I think I ought to cut in on what they are doing. 我想我應(yīng)該對他們所做的事情進(jìn)行干預(yù)。
(3)He was stopped when he tried to cut in on the queue. 他試圖超車的時(shí)候被人攔住了。
辨析:cut in和interrupt, disturb的區(qū)別。
cut in表示“中途切入、插嘴、 干預(yù)”。interrupt表示“打擾,打斷,阻礙”,常有“使某事中斷、停止”的意思,尤指在另一個(gè)人講話時(shí)用問題或評論去打斷。disturb表示“煩擾、打攪、妨礙”,常指因此失去了正常的狀態(tài)或?qū)е吕щy產(chǎn)生。
(1)I was enjoying the dance until that rude man cut in. 我正跳得高興,卻被那魯莽的男人打斷了。
(2)His speech was constantly interrupted by applause. 他的講話頻頻被掌聲所打斷。
(3)Bad dreams disturbed her sleep. 噩夢妨礙她的睡眠。
高考鏈接:(2005湖南卷)I was just talking to Mar-garet when Jackson cut in. 我正與馬克雷特談話時(shí),突然被杰克遜打斷。
4. cut off表示“切斷,隔絕,中斷,停掉,擋住”。例如:
(1)The village was cut off by the snow for more than a month. 由于大雪,村子與外界隔絕了一個(gè)多月。
(2)I was cut off in the middle of the telephone call. 我的話講了一半,電話中斷了。
(3)The building cut off our view. 那座建筑物阻擋了我們的視線。
5. cut out表示“剪去,刪掉,戒掉,省略,停止做某事”。例如:
(1)I cut out his picture from the paper. 我把他的照片從報(bào)紙上剪下來。
(2)He has decided to cut out smoking and drinking. 他已下決心戒煙、戒酒。
辨析:cut out和delete的區(qū)別。
cut out表示“去除、剪下、刪掉”。delete表示“刪除”,主要是指編輯審稿中刪掉不必要的文字或章節(jié),或在文字上用畫線的方法刪去,常與介詞from連用,表示“從……中刪去”,也可表示去掉不要的東西。例如:
(1)The doctor cut out his tonsils. 醫(yī)生切除了他的扁桃腺。
(2)Delete his name from the list. 把他的名字從名單上刪去。
6. cut through表示“鑿穿,從……中穿過”。例如:We are going to cut through the mountain to build a free way here. 我們將鑿穿山脈修建公路。
7. cut up表示“切碎,砍傷,使心碎,譴責(zé)、嚴(yán)厲批評”。例如:
(1)She cut up the cake and gave each of us a piece. 她切開蛋糕,給我們每人分了一塊。
(2)The film was severely cut up by many reviewers. 這部電影受到許多評論者的嚴(yán)厲批評。
求學(xué)·文科版2014年5期