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腦性癱瘓患者術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的相關(guān)因素①

2014-05-08 06:35劉海泉王增春王強(qiáng)任自剛熊巍
關(guān)鍵詞:腦性七氟醚躁動(dòng)

劉海泉,王增春,王強(qiáng),任自剛,熊巍

腦性癱瘓患者術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的相關(guān)因素①

劉海泉,王增春,王強(qiáng),任自剛,熊巍

目的探討腦癱患者術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的原因。方法回顧分析199例在靜吸復(fù)合全麻下接受選擇性后根切斷術(shù)或下肢矯形術(shù)腦癱患者的臨床資料。結(jié)果術(shù)后30例患者發(fā)生躁動(dòng)(15%),躁動(dòng)組患者的年齡較小(P<0.05)、體重較輕(P<0.01)、單位時(shí)間及單位體重下所使用的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物較少(P<0.01)。結(jié)論術(shù)中及術(shù)后充分鎮(zhèn)痛以及術(shù)前必要的心理干預(yù)及鎮(zhèn)靜藥物可能會(huì)減少術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生率。

腦性癱瘓;術(shù)后躁動(dòng);疼痛

[本文著錄格式] 劉海泉,王增春,王強(qiáng),等.腦性癱瘓患者術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的相關(guān)因素[J].中國(guó)康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2014,20(5): 414-416.

手術(shù)是解除腦癱患者下肢痙攣的一種有效方法,這類手術(shù)通常在靜吸復(fù)合全麻下進(jìn)行。術(shù)后躁動(dòng)是圍麻醉期的一種嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,它不僅增加患者受到意外傷害的危險(xiǎn)性,而且會(huì)延長(zhǎng)麻醉恢復(fù)期的監(jiān)護(hù)時(shí)間,增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。本研究回顧接受手術(shù)的腦癱患者的臨床資料,探討可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的相關(guān)因素。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

2008年1月~2013年9月收入北京博愛醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)康復(fù)科或脊柱脊髓外科,并在靜吸復(fù)合全麻下接受腰段選擇性脊神經(jīng)后根切斷術(shù)(selective posterior rhizotomy,SPR)或下肢矯形術(shù)(lower limbs orthopedics,LLO)的腦癱患者199例,其中男性141例,女性58例;年齡2~37歲,平均(11.24±6.112)歲;體重12~93 kg,平均(32.19±15.091)kg;痙攣型186例,混合型13例。

所有患者術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食8 h,禁飲6 h;入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心電圖、脈搏血氧飽和度(pulse blood oxygen saturation,SpO2),建立靜脈通道?;颊呷魢?yán)重哭鬧不配合,予氯胺酮肌肉注射或異氟醚或七氟醚面罩吸入。麻醉誘導(dǎo)予咪唑安定0.04 mg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、維庫溴銨 0.1 mg/kg或羅庫溴銨 0.5~0.6 mg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg或舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg、地塞米松5~10 mg。術(shù)中吸入O2-N2O-異氟醚或O2-N2O-七氟醚混合氣體,濃度是1.3肺泡最低有效濃度(minimum alveolar concentration,MAC),間隔40 min靜脈給予芬太尼誘導(dǎo)量1/3~1/4,或持續(xù)泵入舒芬太尼0.1~0.2 μg/ kg·h。手術(shù)過程中保持腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)50~60,以防止術(shù)中知曉。手術(shù)結(jié)束縫皮時(shí)停止應(yīng)用吸入和靜脈麻醉藥。

1.2 觀察指標(biāo)

查閱病歷及麻醉不良事件記錄,記錄患者一般情況,手術(shù)類型,麻醉時(shí)間,手術(shù)時(shí)間,麻醉前是否嚴(yán)重哭鬧,術(shù)中是否使用七氟醚、阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥類型及其劑量,以及不良事件中是否有麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

2 結(jié)果

共有30例出現(xiàn)麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)(躁動(dòng)組)。躁動(dòng)組與非躁動(dòng)組在性別、腦癱類型、手術(shù)方式、麻醉時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛藥物種類、麻醉氣體選擇方面無顯著性差異(P>0.05);在年齡、體重、術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛藥物劑量、術(shù)前有無嚴(yán)重哭鬧方面存在顯著性差異,躁動(dòng)組患者年齡較小(P<0.05)、體重較輕(P<0.01)、單位時(shí)間及單位體重下所使用的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物較少(P<0.01)。見表1。

表1 非躁動(dòng)組與躁動(dòng)組的臨床資料比較

3 討論

術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的發(fā)病率并不一致。成人的發(fā)病率可達(dá)21%[1];兒童的發(fā)病率變化較大,一般為10%~67%[2]。本組資料中,術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)病率15%,與之基本符合。

目前術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的病因還并不清楚,但有一些因素可能與其發(fā)生有關(guān),如術(shù)后疼痛、麻醉蘇醒過快、患者年齡低、耳鼻喉科手術(shù)、術(shù)前焦慮以及兒童日常性格[3]。

疼痛被認(rèn)為是最有可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的因素,使用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物能夠不同程度降低術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生率[4-6]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),躁動(dòng)組患者所使用的阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥物較少,基本上符合這一結(jié)論。

年齡是術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,低齡患者全麻后術(shù)后出現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)的概率較高[7-8]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)組患者的年齡低于非躁動(dòng)組。

術(shù)前情緒不穩(wěn)定與術(shù)后躁動(dòng)有一定的相關(guān)性[9-10]。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前有嚴(yán)重哭鬧的患者術(shù)后發(fā)生躁動(dòng)的概率較高。術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管也可能是麻醉蘇醒后誘發(fā)躁動(dòng)的一個(gè)因素,但由于我們觀察的患者均在術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管,因此沒有對(duì)此因素進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

目前很多研究者認(rèn)為,吸入性麻醉藥七氟醚與術(shù)后躁動(dòng)具有相關(guān)性[11-16],雖然機(jī)制不清,但大多數(shù)認(rèn)為是由于七氟醚“麻醉蘇醒過快”導(dǎo)致的;但使用“蘇醒更快”的麻醉藥丙泊酚卻并未出現(xiàn)更多的術(shù)后躁動(dòng)事件[17-18],因此麻醉蘇醒過快可能并不是七氟醚麻醉引起術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的原因。本研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中使用七氟醚對(duì)出現(xiàn)術(shù)后躁動(dòng)產(chǎn)生影響。

動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)七氟醚能夠誘導(dǎo)大多數(shù)藍(lán)斑核神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)生興奮性內(nèi)向電流,這可能是七氟醚麻醉具有較高術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率的潛在機(jī)制[19]。由于腦癱患者在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育上存在缺陷,這類患者在術(shù)后躁動(dòng)方面是否具有自己的特點(diǎn)有待進(jìn)一步觀察。

由于術(shù)后疼痛、術(shù)前情緒不穩(wěn)定以及低齡患者與術(shù)后躁動(dòng)具有相關(guān)性,因此圍麻醉期間使用足夠的鎮(zhèn)痛藥,術(shù)前進(jìn)行有效的心理干預(yù)及必要的鎮(zhèn)靜藥可能對(duì)降低術(shù)后躁動(dòng)有一定的作用。

[1]Yu D,Chai W,Sun X,et al.Emergence agitation in adults:riskfactors in 2,000 patients[J].Can J Anaesth,2010,57(9): 843-848.

[2]Silva LM,Braz LG,Modolo NS.Emergence agitation in pediatric anesthesia:current features[J].J Pediatr(Rio J),2008,84 (2):107-113.

[3]Vlajkovic GP,Sindjelic RP.Emergence delirium in children: many questions,few answers[J].Anesth Analg,2007,104(1): 84-91.

[4]Li X,Zhang Y,Zhou M,et al.The effect of small dose sufentanil on emergence agitation in preschool children following sevoflurane anesthesia for elective repair of unilateral inguinal hernia[J].Saudi Med J,2013,34(1):40-45.

[5]Dong YX,Meng LX,Wang Y,et al.The effect of remifentanil on the incidence of agitation on emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy[J].Anaesth Intensive Care,2010,38(4):718-722.

[6]Inomata S,Maeda T,Shimizu T,et al.Effects of fentanyl infusion on tracheal intubation and emergence agitation in preschool children anaesthetized with sevoflurane[J].Br J Anaesth,2010,105(3):361-367.

[7]Saringcarinkul A,Manchupong S,Punjasawadwong Y.Incidence and risk factors of emergence agitation in pediatric patients after general anesthesia[J].J Med Assoc Thai,2008,91 (8):1226-1231.

[8]Nakayama S,Furukawa H,Yanai H.Propofol reduces the incidence of emergence agitation in preschool-aged children as well as in school-aged children:a comparison with sevoflurane[J].JAnesth,2007,21(1):19-23.

[9]Aouad MT,Nasr VG.Emergence agitation in children:an update[J].Curr OpinAnaesthesiol,2005,18(6):614-619.

[10]Arai YC,Fukunaga K,Hirota S.Comparison of a combination of midazolam and diazepam and midazolam alone as oral premedication on preanesthetic and emergence condition in children[J].ActaAnaesthesiol Scand,2005,49(5):698-701.

[11]Kim MS,Moon BE,Kim H,et al.Comparison of propofol and fentanyl administered at the end of anaesthesia for prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children[J].Br JAnaesth,2013,110(2):274-280.

[12]Kavalci G,Ethemoglu FB,Durukan P,et al.Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and remiphentanyl on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in adults undergoing septoplasty operation:a randomized double-blind trial[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2013,17(22):3019-3023.

[13]Salman AE,Camkiran A,Oguz S,et al.Gabapentin premedication for postoperative analgesia and emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients[J].Agri,2013, 25(4):163-168.

[14]Messieha Z.Prevention of sevoflurane delirium and agitation with propofol[J].Anesth Prog,2013,60(2):67-71.

[15]Ali MA,Abdellatif AA.Prevention of sevoflurane related emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy:A comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol[J].Saudi JAnaesth,2013,7(3):296-300.

[16]Abdelhalim AA,Alarfaj AM.The effect of ketamine versus fentanyl on the incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy[J].Saudi J Anaesth,2013,7 (4):392-398.

[17]Kanaya A,Kuratani N,Satoh D,et al.Lower incidence of emergence agitation in children after propofol anesthesia compared with sevoflurane:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].JAnesth,2014,28(1):4-11.

[18]Kim YS,Chae YK,Choi YS,et al.A comparative study of emergence agitation between sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia in adults after closed reduction of nasal bone fracture[J]. Korean JAnesthesiol,2012,63(1):48-53.

[19]Yasui Y,Masaki E,Kato F.Sevoflurane directly excites locus coeruleus neurons of rats[J].Anesthesiology,2007,107(6): 992-1002.

Factors Related with Postoperative Agitation in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

LIU Hai-quan,WANG Zeng-chun,WANG Qiang,et al. Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine,Department of Anesthesiology,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital,China Rehabilitation Research Center,Beijing 100068,China

ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors for postoperative agitation(PA)in patients with cerebral palsy(CP).Methods199 patients with CP receiving selective posterior rhizotomy or lower limbs orthopedics under combined intravenous and inhalational anesthesia were reviewed.Results30 patients suffered from PA(15%),who tended to be younger,less body mass,and administered less anesthetics.ConclusionIt may prevent PAof sufficient intra-operative and postoperative analgesia,necessary psychological intervention and sedatives.

cerebral palsy;postoperative agitation;pain

10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2014.05.005

R742.3

A

1006-9771(2014)05-0414-03

2013-11-13

2014-01-02)

1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京市100068;2.中國(guó)康復(fù)研究中心北京博愛醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京市100068。作者簡(jiǎn)介:劉海泉(1976-),男,河北廊坊市人,主治醫(yī)師,主要研究方向:臨床麻醉與疼痛。

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