劉旭 遲春明
摘要 以新疆南部典型鹽漬土為研究對象,分析了微溶性鹽分CaSO4對土水比1∶5浸提液電導(dǎo)率(EC1∶5)與電解質(zhì)總濃度(TEC1∶5)、溶解性固體濃度(TDS)、土壤含鹽量(St)換算關(guān)系的影響。結(jié)果表明:當浸提液CaSO4濃度未飽和時,由EC1∶5推算TEC1∶5、TDS1∶5和St的換算系數(shù)分別為10.00、0.64和3.20;而當浸提液中CaSO4為飽和狀態(tài)時,由于浸提液中存在CaSO4的電離平衡,測定Ca2+或SO42-時引起未電離的CaSO4進一步電離,進而使得測定得到的TEC1∶5數(shù)值較浸提液實際情況偏高,導(dǎo)致由EC1∶5推算TEC1∶5、TDS1∶5和St的轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)變大,分別增加至12.50、0.80和4.00。
關(guān)鍵詞 CaSO4;1∶5浸提液;土壤含鹽量;電解質(zhì)總濃度;溶解性固體濃度
中圖分類號 S156.4;S151.9 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 0517-6611(2014)08-02393-04
Effects of Calcium Sulphate on Conversion Relationships of Salinity Indices
LIU Xu, CHI Chunming
(College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300)
Abstract Slataffected soils in south Xinjiang Province were selected. Based on 1∶5 soil to water extract method, electrical conductivity (EC1∶5), total electrolyte concentration (TEC1∶5), total dissolved solids (TDS1∶5) and soil salt content (St) were determined. Then effects of CaSO4 on conversion factors between
EC1∶5 and TEC1∶5, TDS, and St were analyzed. Results showed that when CaSO4 in 1∶5 extract was unsaturated, the conversion factors from EC1∶5 to TEC1∶5, TDS1∶5, and St were 10.00, 0.64 and 3.20, respectively. If CaSO4 was in saturation condition, however, theses conversion factors would increase to 12.50, 0.80 and 4.0, respectively. There are some CaSO4 in unionization condition for a extract with CaSO4 in saturation. When determination is performed for Ca2+ or SO42- leading to decrease in Ca2+ or SO42- concentration in extract, the unionized CaSO4 will ionize into Ca2+ and SO42-. Therefore, the value of TEC1∶5 increased thereby resulting in the increment of conversion factors between EC1∶5 and TEC1∶5, TDS1∶5, and St.
Key words CaSO4; 1∶5 soiltowater extract; Soil salt content; Total electrolyte concentration; Soluble solids concentration
土壤鹽度是表示土壤鹽漬化程度的一種指標,是鹽漬土相關(guān)研究必須使用的基礎(chǔ)性參數(shù)。如何表示土壤的鹽化狀況,目前各國有不同的習(xí)用方法。歐美等國通常采用土壤飽和浸提液的電導(dǎo)率(ECe)作為衡量土壤鹽度的指標[1],其優(yōu)點是較接近土壤溶液的實際濃度,與作物生長直接相關(guān),但需要較多土樣,并且飽和泥漿的制備具有很強的經(jīng)驗性[2-4];澳大利亞采用土水比1∶5浸提液的電導(dǎo)率(EC1∶5)判斷土壤鹽漬化情況[5],盡管其水分狀況與田間實際相距甚遠,但是制備過程簡單、省時省力、節(jié)省經(jīng)費、溶液量充足[2-4];我國傳統(tǒng)上使用比較直觀的土壤含鹽量(St)或每升水的含鹽量(也稱為可溶性固體濃度,TDS)來表示鹽分的多寡[6],習(xí)慣上用1∶5土水比獲得浸提液,然后采用殘渣法或常規(guī)容量法測定,計算得到St或TDS1∶5[7-8]。該方法具有測定精度高、適用范圍廣的優(yōu)點,但操作繁瑣,工作量大,測定時間較長[9]。
目前,為了克服St和TDS1∶5測定時工作量大和操作繁瑣的缺點,我國很多鹽漬區(qū)建立St與EC1∶5的經(jīng)驗方程,通過EC1∶5快速推算St和TDS1∶5,有效提高工作效率[9-14]。然而,這些經(jīng)驗方程在不同區(qū)域的表達方式有所不同[15-18]。以南疆鹽漬土為例,由EC1∶5推算St的換算系數(shù)明顯高于其他區(qū)域[14]。筆者以南疆典型鹽漬土為研究對象,以其含有較多微溶性鹽分CaSO4為切入點,對這一科學(xué)問題進行了深入研究與分析,旨在為相關(guān)研究提供理論基礎(chǔ)與借鑒。
1 材料與方法
1.1 供試土壤
供試土樣取自新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團農(nóng)一師6團、10團、12團的胡楊林及鹽堿荒地,共7個剖面。按10 cm間隔取樣,剖面深度為100 cm。土樣帶回實驗室后風(fēng)干,過2 mm篩,備用。
1.2 土壤浸提液的制備
試驗使用土水比1∶5浸提液,其制備方法參照美國鹽土實驗室的方法[1]。準確稱取土樣50.0 g,放入500 ml干燥錐形瓶內(nèi),準確加入250 ml無二氧化碳的蒸餾水,加塞,振蕩15 min(150~180次/min),靜置1 h,再振蕩5 min,過濾,得到浸提液。