劉正印
摘 要 侵襲性真菌感染(invasive fungal infection, IFI)更趨常見,其原因除廣譜抗生素的應用以及腫瘤放療和化療、造血干細胞移植、器官移植和免疫功能缺陷患者增多等外,最主要的是新的診斷真菌感染的臨床實驗室技術、尤其是半乳甘露聚糖試驗和(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖試驗的應用逐漸普及,為臨床診斷IFI提供了堅實的基礎。此外,IFI的影像學特征也成為診斷IFI的一個重要條件。與經(jīng)驗性抗真菌治療相比,這些實驗室和影像學檢查的陽性結果可提高診斷的可靠性,由此為真菌感染治療提供更多的依據(jù),同時減少抗真菌藥物的濫用。
關鍵詞 侵襲性真菌感染 經(jīng)驗性治療 搶先治療
中圖分類號:R519; R44 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2014)09-0008-03
Abstract Due to the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the increasing number of the immune-incompetent patients who received tumor radiotherapy and chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, organ transplantation as well as immunosuppressive therapy, the incidence of invasive fungal infection (IFI) has been gradually increased. Another more important cause was the improvement of the laboratory and imaging diagnosis technology, especially (1,3)-β-D-glucan test and galactomannan test, which provide solid basis for clinical diagnosis of IFI so as to increase the diagnostic rate. Compared with empirical anti-fungal therapy, these positive results from the laboratory assay and imaging examination can increase the reliability of the diagnosis of IFI and provide more evidence for the treatment of IFI, and meanwhile reduce the abuse of antifungal agents.
Key wordS invasive fungal infection; empirical therapy; preemptive antifungal therapy
試驗以及對某些真菌的聚合酶鏈反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)等一些新技術的發(fā)展為臨床IFD的診治帶來了新的曙光,也使經(jīng)驗性治療轉化為搶先治療更為可靠,可減少治療的盲目性。
1)血清學診斷方法
指利用免疫和生化方法檢測血清或其他體液中真菌細胞壁和胞質(zhì)抗原以用于診斷IFI的方法,臨床上常用的有診斷隱球菌腦膜炎和播散性組織胞漿菌病的新型隱球菌和莢膜組織胞漿菌的莢膜抗原檢測等,近年來最有價值的為GM和G試驗。
(1)GM試驗
GM是曲霉細胞壁的特異性多糖成分,其水平一般在感染的早期或發(fā)病5 ~ 8 d后開始升高,動態(tài)監(jiān)測具有早期診斷和判斷療效的價值。對侵襲性曲霉病患者可采取血液、支氣管肺泡灌洗液或腦脊液等標本檢測,診斷閾值通常為0.5。但不同的研究給出的閾值不同,故敏感性和特異性也不相同[3]。一項薈萃分析表明,GM試驗對確診病例的敏感性為71%、特異性為89%,對確診和臨床診斷病例的總敏感性和特異性分別為61%和93%,陽性和陰性預測值分別為26% ~ 53%和95% ~ 98%[4]。對有不同基礎疾病的患者,GM試驗的敏感性和特異性也有較大的差別,如對血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤患者的敏感性和特異性分別為70%和92%、對骨髓造血干細胞移植患者的敏感性和特異性分別為82%和86%,但對實體器官移植患者的敏感性和特異性分別為22%和84%。連續(xù)2次以上陽性結果的特異性高,即動態(tài)監(jiān)測對診斷和療效判斷的價值更大。GM試驗受到真菌感染部位、真菌釋放出GM的量、使用抗真菌藥物和食用大豆類食物等因素的影響,使用哌拉西林-他唑巴坦或阿莫西林-克拉維酸治療的患者也可能出現(xiàn)假陽性。
(2)G試驗
G為真菌細胞壁成分,血漿G水平升高是IFI的重要標志。除接合菌和隱球菌外,念珠菌屬、曲霉屬、毛孢子屬、鐮刀屬、枝頂孢屬和酵母屬等真菌的細胞壁中都含有G。G也能以支氣管肺泡灌洗液或腦脊液進行檢測,試驗的敏感性為76.8%、特異性為85.3%。由于不同研究采用的界限值不同,G試驗的敏感性和特異性差別較大,分別為67% ~ 100%和70% ~ 96%[5-6]。G試驗陽性只能確定可能有IFI,但對診斷是何種真菌感染則無特異性,故還需結合微生物直接鏡檢或培養(yǎng)鑒定真菌的屬和種。G試驗受真菌G的含量和其他條件的影響,如手術中使用紗布、輸注白蛋白或球蛋白、血液透析或輸注多糖類抗腫瘤藥物都可導致出現(xiàn)假陽性。G試驗尚未在實體器官移植和兒童患者中進行過客觀評價。
如能排除影響敏感性和陰性預測值的因素,GM試驗和G試驗聯(lián)合檢測侵襲性曲霉感染的特異性可達100%、陽性預測值為100%。根據(jù)不同真菌所含細胞壁成分的不同,還能依GM試驗和G試驗結果判斷感染真菌的種屬。
2)影像學檢查
影像學檢查對早期診斷IFD很有幫助,尤其是近年來高分辨力CT的應用為早期診斷免疫功能缺陷患者的侵襲性肺部真菌感染提供了必要的手段。IFI患者的肺部通常有結節(jié)樣團塊影、實變、梗死形狀的結節(jié)、空洞、暈環(huán)征和空泡新月征,而暈環(huán)征和空泡新月征往往是侵襲性肺部曲霉病的特征性改變,出現(xiàn)暈環(huán)征的患者對抗真菌治療的反應明顯好于無暈環(huán)征患者[7]。
3)核酸檢測技術
對臨床標本進行真菌核酸檢測、尤其是基于PCR擴增技術的檢測被認為是診斷IFI非常有效的方法。普通的PCR方法易被污染、假陽性率高且無法區(qū)別是定植還是感染,故目前研究較多的是實時PCR技術,后者能對念珠菌屬精確鑒定到種并可定量檢測,速度快、被污染的幾率低。但PCR方法因敏感性過高、容易出現(xiàn)假陽性,同時檢測方法也未標準化,故現(xiàn)尚未被接受用作IFI的診斷依據(jù)。目前有許多用來早期診斷曲霉感染的基于PCR的方法,但由于它們所采用的核酸提取物、引物和探針不同,進行PCR反應的條件也不同,所以很難得出固定的結論。對合計包括1 618例高?;颊叩?6項研究的薈萃分析表明,對確診或臨床診斷患者,無論采用全血還是血清或血漿中的曲霉DNA,檢測的敏感性和特異性分,2次或更多次連續(xù)的PCR檢測的敏感性和特異性分別為75%和87%[8]。同樣,在Barnes等[9]對有曲霉感染高危因素的125例患者進行的一項前瞻性研究中,1次和2次或更多次PCR檢測的確診的敏感性分別為,特異性高達98%。根據(jù)陽性結果采取搶先治療的策略能大大減少抗真菌藥物的使用。
既然影像學、G試驗、GM試驗和真菌核酸PCR檢測對IFI的搶先治療都有著重要的指導意義,那么是否結合使用上述檢測方法就可減少假陽性率和提高確診率、由此增加搶先治療而減少因經(jīng)驗性治療所致抗真菌藥物的使用呢?Barnes等[9]探討了結合使用PCR檢測和GM試驗診斷IFI的敏感性和特異性,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者同時陽性時的敏感性和特異性分別達87.5%和100%。結合使用GM試驗和高分辨力CT檢查對有IFI高危因素的血液疾病患者進行前瞻性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在117例有中性粒細胞減少伴發(fā)熱的患者中,原至少有41例(35%)符合經(jīng)驗性抗真菌治療標準,但結合使用GM試驗和高分辨力CT檢查后只有9例(7.7%)給予了抗真菌治療[10]。搶先治療是建立在如GM試驗或胸部高分辨力CT檢查等基礎上的,建立在結合使用這些方法基礎上的搶先治療可明顯減少抗真菌藥物的使用、節(jié)省醫(yī)療資源。
有研究證實,與經(jīng)驗性治療相比,搶先治療雖使IFI的發(fā)生率明顯增加,但在生存率上卻沒有明顯差別(中性粒細胞減少伴持續(xù)或反復發(fā)熱患者的生存率在經(jīng)驗性治療和搶先治療,而抗真菌藥物使用明顯減少[11]。也就是說,在真菌感染治療的療效上,搶先治療并不優(yōu)于經(jīng)驗性治療
總之,在IFI的分級診斷和分階梯治療中,并沒有足夠的證據(jù)證明經(jīng)驗性治療和搶先治療的策略孰優(yōu)孰劣,但搶先治療可減少治療的盲目性、節(jié)省醫(yī)療資源和減少抗真菌藥物的使用。因此,在臨床上如何處理經(jīng)驗性治療和搶先治療之間的關系,這是每一個治療方案制定者都應認真思考的一個問題。
參考文獻
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[7] Greene RE, Schlamm HT, Oestmann JW, et al. Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical significance of the halo sign [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(3): 373-379.
[8] Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, et al. Use of real-time PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systemic review and meta-analysis [J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009, 9(5): 89-96.
[9] Barnes RA, White PL, Bygrave C, et al. Clinical impact of enhanced diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology and stem cell transplant patients [J]. J Clin Pathol, 2009, 62(1): 64-69.
[10] Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(9): 1242-1250.
[11] Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48(8): 1042-1051.
(收稿日期:2013-09-05)
[6] Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-3)-β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(5): 654-659.
[7] Greene RE, Schlamm HT, Oestmann JW, et al. Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical significance of the halo sign [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(3): 373-379.
[8] Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, et al. Use of real-time PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systemic review and meta-analysis [J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009, 9(5): 89-96.
[9] Barnes RA, White PL, Bygrave C, et al. Clinical impact of enhanced diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology and stem cell transplant patients [J]. J Clin Pathol, 2009, 62(1): 64-69.
[10] Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(9): 1242-1250.
[11] Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48(8): 1042-1051.
(收稿日期:2013-09-05)
[6] Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-3)-β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(5): 654-659.
[7] Greene RE, Schlamm HT, Oestmann JW, et al. Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical significance of the halo sign [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(3): 373-379.
[8] Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, et al. Use of real-time PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systemic review and meta-analysis [J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009, 9(5): 89-96.
[9] Barnes RA, White PL, Bygrave C, et al. Clinical impact of enhanced diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology and stem cell transplant patients [J]. J Clin Pathol, 2009, 62(1): 64-69.
[10] Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(9): 1242-1250.
[11] Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48(8): 1042-1051.
(收稿日期:2013-09-05)