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幾組近似詞辨析

2014-07-03 14:34楊劍
高中生學(xué)習(xí)·高二版 2014年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:語意西班牙語連詞

楊劍

1. anyway與any way

這一對(duì)詞的意思并不一樣。anyway和anyhow同義,但前者多用于美國英語,后者多用于英國英語。anyway在句中用作副詞和連接詞,意為“無論如何;不管怎樣”,相當(dāng)于in any case和at any rate。例如:

Anyway,we can try.不管怎樣,我們可以試試看。

I will not change my mind anyway.無論如何我都不愿意改變我的想法。

“I can give you a lift if you wait.”—“No,Ill walk. Thanks,anyway.”“如果你等一下,我可以開車送你去?!薄安挥昧?,我步行好了。謝謝你(盡管我不坐你的車)!”

Any way的意思是“任何方法;任何方式”,way是名詞,any是修飾它的定語。例如:

He could not find the way to the village in any way.他怎么也找不到那條通向村莊的路。

I cannot manage it any way.我無法做到此事。

2. as well as與as well

作為習(xí)語用作介詞時(shí),as well as的涵義是“還有;不但……而且……”。值得注意的是,在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里,語意的重點(diǎn)在A,不在B。因此,“He can speak Spanish as well as English.”的譯文應(yīng)該是:“他不但會(huì)說英語,而且會(huì)講西班牙語”,決不能譯作:“他不但會(huì)說西班牙語,而且會(huì)講英語”。如果這樣翻譯,就本末倒置了。as well as和 not only... but also...同義,但前者的語意重點(diǎn)和后者的語意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。

如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句,則意為“和……一樣好”。因此,“He speaks Spanish as well as English.”應(yīng)譯作:“他說西班牙語和說英語一樣好”。語意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部,不在后半部。

請注意as well as的以下用法:

She called on you as well as I.不但我來看你,她也拜訪了你。

She called on you as well as me.她不但拜訪了我,也拜訪了你。

在下列句中,as well as表示“像……一樣”:

She as well as you is an English teacher.她像你一樣也是英文教師。

這里的謂語動(dòng)詞用is,不用are,因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z是she,不是she和you。

As well則是副詞短語,其義為“也”,相當(dāng)于too,它一般放在句末,有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例如:

He is a worker,and a poet as well.他是工人,也是詩人。

China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well.中國擁有大量煤炭,其他的礦藏也很豐富。

3. asleep與sleeping

這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡;睡著”,但用法各異,主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn):

asleep是表語形容詞,在句中放在動(dòng)詞之后;它不能放在名詞之前,例如我們不可以說:Look at the asleep baby,應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例如:

She was fast asleep;I couldnt wake her up.她睡得很熟,我喊不醒她。

The old man has fallen asleep.那個(gè)老人睡著了。

sleeping 是定語形容詞,它放在它所修飾的名詞之前,如the sleeping baby。例如:

Who is that sleeping man?那個(gè)在睡覺的人是誰?

Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹事生非。

sleeping一詞有構(gòu)詞能力,它能和另一些詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞。如:sleeping-bag(睡袋);sleeping-car(臥鋪車);sleeping-pill(安眠藥);sleeping-sickness(昏睡癥);sleeping-partner(不參與經(jīng)營的匿名合伙人)。

sleeping有一近義詞,即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語,又可作定語。作表語時(shí)意為“困倦;想睡覺”,用作定語時(shí)意為“貪睡;寂靜的”。例如:

The children fell sleepy;put them to bed.孩子們困了,把他們放到床上睡吧。

Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon.Do you like this sleepy valley?這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎?

4. at ease與with ease

這兩個(gè)介詞短語的詞義范圍和使用場合并不相同。at ease的意思是“安逸地;安心地;自在地”(feeling confident or relaxed),其反義短語為ill at ease;with ease的意思是“輕松地;容易地”(easily or without difficulty)。

就使用場合而言,at ease既可作表語,又可作狀語;with ease只能用作狀語。例如:endprint

The old couple are now quite at ease as their son is out of danger.這一對(duì)老夫妻現(xiàn)在可以安心了,因?yàn)樗麄兊膬鹤右呀?jīng)脫離危險(xiǎn)。

With good social security,the aged can live at ease.有好的社會(huì)保障,老年人都過得很安逸。

I dont know why he is ill at ease.我不知道為什么他心神不寧。

They fulfilled the task with ease.他們輕松地完成了任務(wù)。

Everyday we marched twenty miles with ease.每天我們毫不費(fèi)力地行進(jìn)二十英里。

注:stand at ease是軍事術(shù)語,意為“稍息”;take ones ease意為“休息”或“無拘無束”。例如:

The soldiers are standing at ease now.士兵們現(xiàn)在在立正稍息。

We are now taking our ease.我們現(xiàn)在是優(yōu)哉游哉。

Please sit and take your ease while enjoying a cup of coffee.請坐下來舒舒服服地喝杯咖啡。

5. at heart與by heart

這一組短語的涵義也各不相同。

At heart 的意思是“在心里;心底里”或“本質(zhì)上”(from the heart,from the bottom of ones heart or essentially)。by heart 的意思是“背誦;熟記”(by rote;to learn so well that one can remember it perfectly)。例如:

That socialite is a rascal at heart.那個(gè)知名人士實(shí)質(zhì)上是個(gè)壞蛋。

A councillor should have the collective interest of society at heart.議員應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)心大眾的利益。

Mr Wang looks stem,but he is kind at heart.王先生看來嚴(yán)肅,但實(shí)質(zhì)上他很仁慈。

I know this poem by heart.我能背誦這首詩。

I dont see the point of learning by heart all the dates in the history book!我真不明白為什么要把歷史書里所有的日期都記下來!

請注意下列短語的意思:

in ones heart of hearts 在內(nèi)心深處

take something to heart 認(rèn)真考慮/關(guān)注某事

set ones heart on something 決心做/得到某事/物

cut(or touch)sb to the heart 觸及某人痛處

ones heart is in something 把整個(gè)心放在某事上

與此類似區(qū)別的詞語有:

in demand 非常需要的,受歡迎的

on demand 一經(jīng)要求

at fault 有過失的;有錯(cuò)

to a fault 過份地endprint

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