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“自由寫作”在2014年考研英語大作文中的體現(xiàn)

2014-08-20 15:14AlexHuang
新東方英語 2014年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:出題作文題目考研

Alex+Huang

縱觀2014年的考研英語大作文題目,筆者有一種感受,那就是命題者允許考生在寫作時(shí)有限度地“自由寫作”,這種出題思路日趨明顯,值得引起廣大考生的注意。本文將以此為出發(fā)點(diǎn),探討“自由寫作”在2014年考研英語寫作真題中的體現(xiàn),以及考生在復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)采取何種對(duì)策。

什么是“自由寫作”

廣義上來說,自由寫作是一種寫作構(gòu)思技巧。一個(gè)人連續(xù)書寫一段文字,而不在乎拼寫、文法或者主題,就稱為自由寫作。就考試作文來說,“自由寫作”不能像定義中描述的那么自由,它受考試要求的限制和約束,但也在某種程度上為考生提供了自由發(fā)揮的空間。在考研英語大作文中,適合這種寫作方法的作文題目往往具有以下特點(diǎn):①作文題目的設(shè)定范圍較為寬泛,無太強(qiáng)的知識(shí)背景;②從解析角度而言,命題者給予考生一定的自由,考生對(duì)于題目可以有自己的理解,提出不同的主題;③允許考生對(duì)同一個(gè)主題從不同的角度發(fā)表看法。

有些讀者可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生疑問:無知識(shí)背景并允許考生暢所欲言,難道不是所有應(yīng)試作文題目的出題特點(diǎn)嗎?這種提問有一定道理,畢竟命題者在設(shè)置作文題目時(shí)需考慮到考生的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),并讓考生做到有話可說。但是具體到考研英語寫作中,在其獨(dú)特的圖畫命題設(shè)定中,考生有時(shí)就未必可以暢所欲言。請(qǐng)看下面兩幅圖畫。

左圖為2005年考研英語寫作考題“養(yǎng)老‘足球賽”,圖畫情景為四個(gè)成年子女圍著一個(gè)老人,將其踢來踢去。文章從批評(píng)兒女不孝順、不尊敬老人、不履行家庭職責(zé)等方面論述較為合理,如果從愛心角度寫就很牽強(qiáng)。右圖為2014年考研英語寫作考題“相攜”,圖畫為母親和女兒彼此扶攜,這道題目既可以從子女的角度來論述,寫孝順老人、尊敬老人、履行職責(zé),也可以從愛心的角度寫母女的彼此關(guān)愛。由此,我們可以得出結(jié)論,同樣涉及養(yǎng)老話題,2014年考研英語作文題目的自由度略大于2005年。

“自由寫作”對(duì)考生的影響

筆者認(rèn)為,允許考生在寫作時(shí)“自由寫作”的出題思路對(duì)考生有以下影響。

增加了考生的寫作自由度。因?yàn)樽魑念}目的主題簡(jiǎn)單明了,考生看到作文題目后,既不會(huì)有陌生感,也不會(huì)覺得無話可說。在這種情況下,基礎(chǔ)好一些的考生能充分展示自己的寫作水平,而基礎(chǔ)相對(duì)薄弱的考生也能依據(jù)題目要求有所發(fā)揮。

增加了考生的出錯(cuò)率。命題者這么出題也有其“陰險(xiǎn)”的一面。題目看似簡(jiǎn)單,因此很多考生就會(huì)越寫越多、越寫越亂。最終結(jié)果是,寫得越多,錯(cuò)誤越多;控制不住自己的思想,導(dǎo)致論證層次混亂。這方面需要引起考生的高度重視。

“自由寫作”在大作文中的體現(xiàn)

接下來,筆者就以2014年考研英語(一)大作文真題“相攜”為例,為考生講解“自由寫作”在寫作中的體現(xiàn)。

真題回放

Directions: Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

題目圖畫參13頁右欄的右圖。

按照“自由寫作”的方式來寫,“相攜”這道題可以有四種不同的寫作模式。

寫作模式一

考生在首段對(duì)圖畫內(nèi)容進(jìn)行描述之后,可以在敘述段從孝心、責(zé)任的角度展開論述,指出孝心帶給老年人的不僅僅是物質(zhì)上的支持,實(shí)際上它還象征著情感撫慰和精神支撐。比如考生可以這樣寫:“Filial fidelity endows elders with more than material support. In fact, it also symbolizes mental comfort and spiritual backup.”然后從責(zé)任角度強(qiáng)調(diào)照顧父母是孩子的義務(wù):“When a child is young, his parents provide him with daily necessities such as food and clothes, guaranteeing him a happy childhood. Eventually, his parents get old, and may suffer from loneliness, depression, and anxiety. So it is the childrens responsibility to extend a helping hand and show their abiding love and genuine sincerity.”

寫作模式二

文章的題目為“相攜”,考生可以從愛心和關(guān)注的角度入手,寫兩代人彼此的關(guān)愛??忌梢栽跀⑹龆蜗葟?qiáng)調(diào)父母對(duì)孩子的愛心和關(guān)注,例如可以寫成:“Abiding love and intense devotion are mutual and lasting. Because of these feelings, children receive material support and mental security until they grow into their adulthood.”然后轉(zhuǎn)而強(qiáng)調(diào)愛心和關(guān)注對(duì)老人情感世界的積極意義,可以寫成:“As they step into maturity, their parents are entering their sunset years. In this situation, the childrens sincere love and deep devotion are like bright sunshine that dispels old peoples solitude, depression, and anxiety.”

值得注意的是,如果從愛心和關(guān)注的角度寫,一些文學(xué)素養(yǎng)較高的考生可以寫得“煽情”一些,“唯美”一點(diǎn),例如可以這樣寫:“With love and devotion, old people walk through their final years until that inevitable hour comes, and their souls are not in torment in the kingdom of heaven.”考生甚至可以寫得詩意一點(diǎn),比如可以在結(jié)尾段這樣總結(jié)關(guān)愛的意義:“The price of love is above rubies, and it is the mightiest of the mighty. For an elder, it is a gentle rain from heaven, blessing those who receive it.”

寫作模式三

如果考生的詞匯儲(chǔ)備有限,是不是就無法寫好“相攜”這道作文題呢?筆者認(rèn)為,考生大可不必為此擔(dān)憂,在“自由寫作”的前提下,即使考生擁有的詞匯量有限,同樣可以用通俗易懂的詞匯,以較少的字?jǐn)?shù)完成文章。如下文所示:

In the picture on the left there stands a child and her mother. In the other picture, the child has grown up to be a young woman, taking hold of her mothers arm. Clearly, she is ready to carry out her duty of taking care of her parents.

True love between parents and children is deep and great. The major reason is that parents pay for their children and raise them. Meanwhile, in this process, the parents give much of their time and energy, so when they are getting old, their children should fully shoulder their family and moral obligation, improve the living standards of the elderly, and give them a happy retirement.

Therefore, it is advised that grown-up children raise their awareness of taking care of their parents. It is important that they pay attention to the mental status of the elderly. By doing this, these children can truly take their responsibility and give their parents a happy life.

寫作模式四

考生還可以從批判的角度來寫,探討“相攜”在當(dāng)今社會(huì)的可行性,從國家養(yǎng)老和社會(huì)養(yǎng)老的角度展開論述。盡管有些考生可能覺得這樣寫有些“跑題”,但由于圖畫作文的題目要求為“描述”“闡述”“表達(dá)看法”,所以如果考生處理得當(dāng),同樣可以寫出一篇觀點(diǎn)新穎的短文,只不過很少有考生敢于冒這樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

考生可以在開篇就指出“相攜”在當(dāng)今社會(huì)的不現(xiàn)實(shí)性,例如可以這樣寫:“Behind the seemingly romantic picture, the cartoonist tends to ignore the other side of a social problem; that is, it is unrealistic to leave the health and happiness of the elderly entirely to their children.”然后從子女壓力大、無法顧及養(yǎng)老問題展開論述,例如寫成:“After all, their sons and daughters take up much of their time and energy on their own work. They also have to cope with intense social competition or support their families.”考生還可以從社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)入手,從房?jī)r(jià)飛漲的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象展開論述,如:“Or suppose that two generations live under the same roof. In an era of soaring house prices, how could it be possible for the elderly to be better-off than in their youth, especially when people of different ages share a shabby apartment of less than 60 square meters?”在文章結(jié)尾處,考生可以表現(xiàn)得“憤青”一點(diǎn),如可以寫成:“In this pleasant and romantic ambience, where is the duty of the government? Isnt it the role of that government to provide senior citizens with a social security system, medical insurance, and nursing homes?”

給2015年考生的建議

審題和背誦一樣重要?!白杂蓪懽鳌睂?duì)于考生的有利之處在于,無論考生的英文水平高低,在拿到寫作題目后,大都能根據(jù)題目暗示寫出一些內(nèi)容。但是對(duì)于不愛審題、只愛生搬硬套的考生來說,就很容易出問題。例如題目要求寫孝心、責(zé)任、關(guān)愛,而考生卻寫“我們社會(huì)上就有一些人虐待老人,屬于違法現(xiàn)象”,并由此得出結(jié)論:“應(yīng)該對(duì)此種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行曝光和嚴(yán)懲。”這樣的寫法看似與話題相關(guān),但和“相攜”的主題立意相反、與圖畫內(nèi)涵不符,因此會(huì)被判定為跑題。從表面上看,似乎是考生范文背得不夠,但其實(shí)是因?yàn)榭忌车枚?,沒有仔細(xì)看題目的要求就想當(dāng)然地將背過的內(nèi)容生搬過來,導(dǎo)致在內(nèi)容上跑題。其實(shí),考生只要仔細(xì)審題,先確認(rèn)一下主題方向,再確定論述角度和層次,就能選擇合理的內(nèi)容來寫。

避重就輕。雖然目前的作文題目有一定的限定范圍,不能給予考生完全的寫作自由,但依然為考生留出了不少發(fā)揮空間。考生如果善于發(fā)現(xiàn)這些空間,就可能將自己會(huì)寫的內(nèi)容發(fā)揮到極致,同時(shí)又能避免寫自己不擅長的方面。如上述的寫作方式所示,如果考生覺得從孝心、責(zé)任的角度寫有一定難度,那么就可以從關(guān)愛的角度寫。考生可以在一個(gè)設(shè)定的范圍內(nèi),用自己較為熟悉的論證方法展開論述,只要完成題目要求即可。

注意歸納總結(jié)。在復(fù)習(xí)過程中,考生最好將范文中的好詞好句摘錄下來,進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和背誦。例如,在上文的寫作模式二中就有以下常用詞句可選:lend a helping hand towards other people (向他人伸出援助之手)、provide people with emotional support and spiritual comfort (為人們提供情感支持和精神撫慰)、relieve them in a difficult situation (幫助他們脫離困境)、endow people with optimism, courage, and faith (賦予人們樂觀、勇氣和信念)、strengthen mutual support among different social groups (增強(qiáng)不同社會(huì)團(tuán)體的互助)、consolidate social stability (增強(qiáng)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定)??忌W鰵w納總結(jié)有兩個(gè)好處:其一,平時(shí)多多積累各種題材的常用表達(dá),考試時(shí)就可以從容應(yīng)對(duì);其二,復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)從背誦模板句變?yōu)榭偨Y(jié)有效表達(dá),這樣能保證語言表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性。語言的準(zhǔn)確性恰恰是作文評(píng)分的重要依據(jù)之一,如果考生在備考階段多積累有效表達(dá),出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的可能性就小,也就更容易得到高分。

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