張 超,陳明弟
(廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510182)
·研究論文·
新型姜黃素類似物的微波合成及其抗氧化活性*
張 超,陳明弟
(廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510182)
采用微波法,取代苯甲醛分別與環(huán)戊酮和環(huán)己酮經(jīng)克萊森-斯密特縮合反應(yīng)制得中間體2,6-雙苯亞甲基環(huán)己酮(2a~2e)和2,5-雙苯亞甲基環(huán)戊酮(5a);2a~2e或5a分別與硫脲或尿素經(jīng)Biginelli反應(yīng)合成了8個(gè)新型的姜黃素類似物(3a~3e,4a,4c和6a),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和MS表征。利用DPPH法比較3~6與姜黃素的抗氧化能力。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:3~6的抗氧化能力均比姜黃素母核結(jié)構(gòu)高;3比4和6的自由基清除能力強(qiáng);隨用藥量增大,抗氧化能力呈現(xiàn)先增強(qiáng)后下降的趨勢(shì),并在0.09mg·mL-1~0.12mg·mL-1自由基清除率達(dá)最大。
姜黃素類似物;微波輻射;合成;抗氧化活性
姜黃素(Ⅰ,Chart 1)及其類似物是一種具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌和抗腫瘤等藥理活性的化合物[1-2]。研究表明,Ⅰ對(duì)帕金森和阿爾茲海默病等[3-4]中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病具有良好的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[5],具有改善AD患者的記憶功能和認(rèn)知能力。由于Ⅰ的理化性質(zhì)特點(diǎn),使其難于通過血腦屏障,生物利用度低,限制了其臨床應(yīng)用[6]。因此,對(duì)姜黃素類似物的合成研究具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
本文在前期研究[7]的基礎(chǔ)上,以Ⅰ為先導(dǎo)化合物,采用微波法,以取代苯甲醛(1a~1e)為原料,分別與環(huán)己酮(Ⅱ)和環(huán)戊酮(Ⅴ)經(jīng)克萊森-斯密特縮合反應(yīng)制得中間體2,6-雙苯亞甲基環(huán)己酮(2a~2e)和2,5-雙苯亞甲基環(huán)戊酮(5a);2a~2e或5a分別與硫脲(Ⅲ)或尿素(Ⅳ)經(jīng)Biginelli反應(yīng)合成了8個(gè)新型的姜黃素類似物(3a~3e,4a,4c和6a,Scheme 1),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和MS表征。并利用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法研究了3~6與 Ⅰ 的抗氧化能力[8]。
1.1 儀器與試劑
X-4型數(shù)字顯示顯微熔點(diǎn)儀;VIS-7200A型紫外可見分光光度計(jì)(UV-Vis);Avance Ⅲ型核磁共振儀(CDCl3為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo));Nicolet 700型傅立葉變換紅外光譜儀(KBr壓片);Agilent 6120型液-質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀;MAS-Ⅱ型微波反應(yīng)器;DF-101S型集熱式恒溫加熱反應(yīng)器。
2a~2e和5a按文獻(xiàn)[7]方法合成,其表征數(shù)據(jù)[10]與Scheme 1預(yù)期結(jié)構(gòu)吻合;其余所用試劑均為色譜純或分析純。
1.2 合成
(1)3a~3e,4a,4c和6a的合成(以3a為例)
在反應(yīng)瓶中依次加入2a452.6mg(1mmol)和無水乙醇10mL,攪拌使其溶解;加入Ⅲ 114.2mg(1.5mmol)和適量乙醇鈉溶液,轉(zhuǎn)至微波反應(yīng)器中,于85℃微波輻射(400W)10min。用二氯甲烷(3×10mL)萃取,合并萃取液,用無水NaSO4干燥,濃縮后經(jīng)硅膠柱層析[洗脫劑:V(石油醚)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=50∶1]純化得3a。
用類似方法合成3b~3e。用Ⅳ代替Ⅲ,用類似方法合成4a和4c。用5a代替2,用類似方法合成6a。
3a:米白色固體,收率83%,m.p.186℃;1H NMRδ: 7.60(s,1H,NH),7.25(s,1H,NH),6.94~6.79(m,6H,ArH),6.76(s,1H,CH=C),5.33(s,1H,NCH),4.08~3.67(m,12H,OCH3),2.71~2.44(m,2H,CH2),2.04(s,2H,CH2),1.73(s,2H,CH2);IRν: 3436(NH),3198(Ar-H),2993,2855(CH3),2926,2832(CH2),1496(C=S),1569,1556(C=C),1464(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 453.3{[M+H]+}。
3b:淡黃色固體,收率82%,m.p.172℃;1H NMRδ: 9.25(s,1H,NH),8.89(s,1H,NH),7.29~7.09(m,8H,ArH),7.05(s,1H,C=CH),5.11(s,1H,NCH),2.26(s,6H,CH3),2.01(d,J=17.1Hz,2H,CH2),1.65(dd,J=16.9Hz,6.1Hz,2H,CH2),1.50(s,2H,CH2);13C NMRδ: 173.52,140.88,136.33,135.41,130.47,129.67,129.11,127.98,127.69,127.05,126.60,125.20,122.10,113.82,55.78,26.60,25.81,21.97,19.70,18.82,18.49;IRν: 3446(NH),3196(Ar-H),2859(CH3),2922,2825(CH2),1498(C=S),1558(C=C),1197(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 361.4{[M+H]+}。
3c:淡黃色固體,收率86%,m.p.174℃;1H NMRδ: 9.20(s,1H,NH),9.00(s,1H,NH),7.17~7.04(m,8H,ArH),6.09(s,1H,CH=C),4.75(s,1H,NCH),2.31(d,J=2.5Hz,6H,CH3),2.06(s,2H,CH2),1.93~1.76(m,2H,CH2),1.63~1.43(m,2H,CH2);13C NMRδ: 173.92,142.57,137.70,137.11,136.90,129.75,128.50,127.97,127.27,126.22,123.90,122.82,114.21,79.13,58.90,26.42,26.06,21.94,21.04;IRν: 3177(NH),3103(Ar-H),2999,2861(CH3),2930,2827(CH2),1499(C=S),1577(C=C),1600,1382(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 361.3{[M+H]+}。
3d:米黃色顆粒固體,收率84%,m.p.182℃;1H NMRδ: 9.23(s,1H,NH),9.02(s,1H,NH),7.34~7.25(m,8H,ArH),7.00(s,1H,C=CH),4.77(s,1H,NCH),3.76(s,6H,OCH3),2.11(d,J=17.5Hz,2H,CH2),1.90(d,J=17.2Hz,2H,CH2),1.57(s,2H,CH2);13C NMRδ: 174.07,159.42,158.98,144.06,138.33,129.81,129.09,127.42,122.73,121.44,118.79,114.48,112.92,112.66,112.36,58.67,54.99,26.44,26.08,21.94;IRν: 3404(NH),3024(Ar-H),2954(CH3),2928,2835(CH2),1488(C=S),1602,1571(C=C),1457,1438(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 393.3{[M+H]+}。
3e:淡黃色固體,收率71%,m.p.198℃;1H NMRδ: 9.50(s,1H,NH),9.01(s,1H,NH),7.48(dd,J=93.7Hz,29.2Hz,7H,ArH,C=CH),5.31(s,1H,NCH),1.77(s,2H,CH2),1.54(s,2H,CH2),1.23(s,2H,CH2);IRν: 3373(NH),3178(Ar-H),2965(CH2),1469(C=S),1608,1559(C=C),1406(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 471.6{[M+H]+}。
4a:白色固體,收率87.5%,m.p.221℃;1H NMRδ: 9.35(s,1H,NH),7.84(s,1H,NH),7.15~6.90(m,6H,ArH),6.80(s,1H,CH=C),5.68(s,1H,NCH),3.73(d,J=19.4Hz,12H,OCH3),3.33(s,4H,CH2CCH2),2.28(s,2H,CCH2C);IRν: 3364(NH),3164(Ar-H),2977(CH3),2834(CH2),1633(C=O),1647(C=C),1610,1498(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 437.2{[M+H]+}。
4c:白色固體,收率76%,m.p.246℃;1H NMRδ: 8.03(s,1H,NH),7.25(s,1H,NH),7.15~7.02(m,8H,ArH),6.85(s,1H,CH=C),4.72(s,1H,NCH),2.30(d,J=3.4Hz,6H,CH3),2.03(d,J=17.3Hz,2H,CH2),1.82~1.72(m,2H,CH2),1.59~1.47(m,2H,CH2);IRν: 3234(NH),3092(Ar-H),2925(CH2),2862(CH3),1686(C=O),1604(C=C),1484(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 345.2{[M+H]+}。
6a:淡黃色固體,收率81%,m.p.138℃;1H NMRδ: 8.12(s,1H,NH),7.05~6.88(m,6H,ArH),6.79(s,1H,NH),3.78~3.66(m,12H,OCH3),3.03(s,2H,CH2),2.85(d,J=7.0Hz,2H,CH2);IRν: 3439(NH),3011(Ar-H),2850(CH3),2921,2828(CH2),1669(C=O),1622(C=C),1498,1463(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 423.6{[M+H]+}。
1.3 抗氧化活性測(cè)試
以無水乙醇為溶劑,Ⅰ為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照,配制c為2mg·mL-1的待測(cè)藥液。取c為0.04mg·mL-1的DPPH無水乙醇1.0mL,分別加入(0,30,60,90,120,150,180,210,240,270和300)μL待測(cè)藥液,加無水乙醇溶液至總體積為2.0mL?;靹蚝笫覝胤胖?,分別在3h,14h和24h用UV-Vis測(cè)定其在517nm處的吸光度(Ai)。同法測(cè)定DPPH與1mL無水乙醇混合后的吸光度(A0),以及待測(cè)藥液(0,30,60,90,120,150,180,210,240,270和300)μL與無水乙醇混合后的吸光度(Aj),計(jì)算自由基清除率[(CL)/%=1-(Ai-Aj)/A0×100%]。
2.1 微波合成法與傳統(tǒng)合成法比較
研究表明[9],在傳統(tǒng)合成反應(yīng)中,化合物活性較低,第一步反應(yīng)時(shí)間超過24h,副產(chǎn)物多,中間體2a~2e和5a收率僅20%。第二步反應(yīng)數(shù)天仍不能反應(yīng)完全,而且隨反應(yīng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),新的副產(chǎn)物不斷生成,增加分離純化的難度,收率約30%~35%。本文采用的微波輻射法合成,反應(yīng)時(shí)間只需6min~9.6min,第一步反應(yīng)收率達(dá)65%以上;第二步反應(yīng)中尿素比硫脲所需時(shí)間稍長(zhǎng),收率較高。綜合對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法的研究,得出合成新型姜黃素類似物的最適條件為:于80℃~85℃微波照射(400W)6min~9.6min。
2.2 抗氧化能力比較
DPPH作為一種穩(wěn)定的有機(jī)自由基,物質(zhì)對(duì)DPPH的清除率常用于評(píng)價(jià)該物質(zhì)的抗氧化能力。3,4和6及Ⅰ在不同時(shí)間的自由基清除率見表1。由表1可見,3的自由基清除能力比4和6強(qiáng)。表明在姜黃素母核結(jié)構(gòu)羰基位置增加含氮、含硫基團(tuán),可使其共軛效應(yīng)更強(qiáng),與兩側(cè)苯環(huán)具有更好的共平面性,有效地提高了化合物的抗氧化能力。
表1 化合物在不同時(shí)間的自由基清除率(n=3)Table1 The antioxidant capacities of the compounds at different time (n=3)
c*mg·mL-1
從表1還可以看出,隨用藥量的增大,化合物的抗氧化能力呈現(xiàn)先增強(qiáng)后下降的趨勢(shì),并在用藥量為0.09mg·mL-1~0.12mg·mL-1時(shí)自由基清除率達(dá)最大;隨著抗氧化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),藥物對(duì)自由基清除率不斷提高。
采用微波法合成了8個(gè)新型的姜黃素類似物(3a~3e,4a,4c和6a)。與傳統(tǒng)合成方法相比,該方法縮短了反應(yīng)時(shí)間,提高了反應(yīng)收率。
抗氧化活性研究結(jié)果表明,3的自由基清除能力比4和6強(qiáng);隨用藥量的增大,抗氧化能力先增強(qiáng)后下降,并在用量為0.09mg·mL-1~0.12mg·mL-1時(shí)自由基清除率達(dá)最大。
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[10]2a:黃色晶體,收率90%,m.p.146℃;1H NMRδ: 7.93(s,2H,CH=C),7.02~6.68(m,6H,ArH),3.80(d,J=9.2Hz,12H,OCH3),2.83(d,J=5.2Hz,4H,CH2CCH2),1.84~1.64(m,2H,CCH2C);IRν: 3063(Ar-H),2999,2987(CH3),2946,2832(CH2),1662,1602(C=O),1582(C=C),1493,1464(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 395.2{[M+H]+}.2b:黃色方晶,收率92%,m.p.143℃;1H NMRδ: 7.90(s,2H,CH=C),7.26~7.19(m,8H,ArH),2.79~2.71(m,4H,CH2CCH2),2.34(s,6H,CH3),1.75~1.67(m,2H,CCH2C);IRν: 3022(Ar-H),2983,2858(CH3),2933,2838(CH2),1666,1613,1601(C=C),1582,1480(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 303.2{[M+H]+}.2c:黃色片狀固體,收率91.5%,m.p.90℃;1H NMRδ: 7.77(s,2H,CH=C),7.33~7.16(m,8H,ArH),2.96~2.89(m,4H,CH2CCH2),2.39(s,6H,CH3),1.78(dt,J=12.4Hz,6.3Hz,2H,CCH2C);IRν: 3004(Ar-H),2937,1863(CH3),2916,2836(CH2),1662(C=C),1600(C=O),1579,1482(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 303.3{[M+H]+}.2d:黃色固體,收率91.5%,m.p.146℃;1H NMRδ: 7.77(s,2H,C=CH),7.08~6.87(m,8H,ArH),3.84(dd,J=6.0Hz,1.4Hz,6H,OCH3),2.97~2.89(m,4H,CH2CCH2),1.85~1.76(m,2H,CCH2C);IRν: 3072(ArH),2864(CH3),2937,2834(CH2),1662,1602(C=O),1576(C=C),1488,1455(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 335.3{[M+H]+}.2e:黃色固體,收率53%,m.p.128℃;1H NMRδ: 7.78(s,2H,C=CH),7.49~7.28(m,6H,ArH),2.90(d,J=7.7Hz,6H,CH2CH2CH2);IRν: 3057(Ar-H),2924,2837(CH2),1606(C=O),1667,1576(C=C),1559,1489(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 412.1{[M+H]+}.5a:橘黃色針狀固體,收率91%,m.p.125℃;1H NMRδ: 7.96(s,2H,CH=C),6.86(d,J=9.0Hz,6H,ArH),3.82(d,J=14.3Hz,12H,OCH3),3.03(s,4H,CH2CH2);IRν: 3002(Ar-H),2909(CH3),2935,2834(CH2),1617(C=O),1687,1597(C=C),1580,1491(Ar,C=C)cm-1;MSm/z: 381.2{[M+H]+}.
MicrowaveSynthesisandAntioxidantActivitiesofNovelCurcuminAnalogues
ZHANG Chao,CHEN Ming-di
(School of Pharmacy,Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou 510182,China)
The intermediate analogues,2,6-diphenyl methylene cyclohexyl ketone(2a~2e)or 2,5-diphenyl methylene cyclopentl ketone(5a),were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction of aromatic aldehyde with cyclohexanone or cyclopentanone.Eight novel curcumin analogues(3a~3e,4a,4cand6a)were synthesized by Biginelli reaction of2a~2eor5awith urea or thiourea under microwave irradiation.The structures were characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR,IR and MS.The antioxidant activities of3~6were investigated by DPpHmethod.The results showed that the antioxidant abilities of3~6were higher than curcumin mother structure,and3was higher than4and6.The antioxidant abilities increase at first and then decrease with increasing of the dosage,and reach the maximal value at 0.09mg·mL-1~0.12mg·mL-1.
curcumin analogues;microwave irradiation;synthesis;antioxidant activity
2014-05-07
廣東省高等學(xué)校學(xué)科建設(shè)專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(2013KJCX0151)
張超(1964-),男,漢族,廣東興寧人,副教授,主要從事藥物化學(xué)和天然藥物化學(xué)的研究。Tel.020-81340672,E-mail: chao-zh@163.com
O626.4
A
1005-1511(2014)05-0582-05