羅二梅, 張家文,胡笑軻,唐明喬,宇 麗*
(暨南大學(xué) 1.醫(yī)學(xué)院 生物化學(xué)系; 2.理工學(xué)院 土木工程系, 廣東 廣州 510632)
研究論文
共培養(yǎng)人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(hUC-MSCs)和兔關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)hUC-MSCs分化成軟骨細(xì)胞
羅二梅1, 張家文1,胡笑軻1,唐明喬2*,宇 麗1*
(暨南大學(xué) 1.醫(yī)學(xué)院 生物化學(xué)系; 2.理工學(xué)院 土木工程系, 廣東 廣州 510632)
目的探討兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞和人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(hUC-MSCs)的共培養(yǎng)對(duì)hUC-MSCs成軟骨誘導(dǎo)分化的影響及共培養(yǎng)的最佳比例。方法分離培養(yǎng)hUC-MSCs和兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞并鑒定其特異性。在Transwell體系中,按1∶4,1∶3,1∶2,1∶1,2∶1,3∶1及4∶1 的比例(hUC-MSCs:兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞)共培養(yǎng)。倒置相差顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞的形態(tài)與增殖;甲苯胺藍(lán)染色及免疫熒光染色分別檢測(cè)葡萄糖胺聚糖(GAG)和Ⅱ型膠原(COL2A1)(蛋白水平定性);并對(duì)各組細(xì)胞爬片進(jìn)行GAG、COL2A1定量檢測(cè);同時(shí)用實(shí)時(shí)定量熒光PCR(pPCR)檢測(cè)GAG、COL2A1 mRNA表達(dá),觀察共培養(yǎng)前后細(xì)胞的基質(zhì)分泌情況。結(jié)果共培養(yǎng) 21 d 后,陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞甲苯胺藍(lán)染色及免疫熒光反應(yīng)均呈陽(yáng)性;GAG、COL2A1含量及mRNA表達(dá)量1∶4實(shí)驗(yàn)組均要高于其他實(shí)驗(yàn)組和陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組。結(jié)論hUC-MSCs和兔關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的共培養(yǎng)可明顯促進(jìn)hUC-MSCs向軟骨樣細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化,且最佳共培養(yǎng)比例為1∶4。
Transwell小室;人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞;共培養(yǎng);成軟骨誘導(dǎo)
近年來(lái),細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和生物材料技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展使組織工程在軟骨缺損修復(fù)中的治療應(yīng)用成為可能[1]。目前,軟骨細(xì)胞和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞都被認(rèn)為可用于構(gòu)造新生軟骨組織。但軟骨細(xì)胞表型不易維持,容易去分化,因此,其臨床應(yīng)用性受到限制。有研究表明,與軟骨細(xì)胞相比,人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell, hUC-MSCs)極易分離得到,且患者沒(méi)有創(chuàng)傷,因此是另一種重要的種子細(xì)胞來(lái)源[2-3]。傳統(tǒng)的誘導(dǎo)方法需要生長(zhǎng)因子和(或者)基因運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)來(lái)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),費(fèi)用高,難以有效應(yīng)用于臨床,因此,共培養(yǎng)成為另一種新型的誘導(dǎo)方法[4]。受國(guó)外學(xué)者將Transwell小室用于促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖及用于誘導(dǎo)分化成脂肪細(xì)胞等的啟發(fā)[5-6],本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用Transwell小室進(jìn)行hUC-MSCs和兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的相隔共培養(yǎng),探討hUC-MSCs與兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的最佳比例,為軟骨組織工程研究尋找一種新的種子細(xì)胞獲取方法。
1.1 材料
實(shí)驗(yàn)用新生兒臍帶(n=4),取自暨南大學(xué)華僑醫(yī)學(xué)院,產(chǎn)婦體健,足月剖宮產(chǎn),產(chǎn)婦及其家屬均簽署知情同意書,實(shí)驗(yàn)方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。新西蘭大白兔均由廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,3~4周齡,雄性,清潔型。實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中對(duì)動(dòng)物的處置符合動(dòng)物倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]。主要試劑:膠原蛋白酶Ⅱ、胰蛋白酶、胰島素、轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白、甲苯胺藍(lán)和阿利新藍(lán)(Sigma公司),維生素C(Amrersco公司)、T25培養(yǎng)瓶和Transwell小室(Corning公司),成骨誘導(dǎo)試劑盒和成脂肪誘導(dǎo)試劑盒(CYAGEN公司),DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液、DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液和胎牛血清(Gibco公司),TGF-β1(PeproTech公司),地塞米松,青霉素和鏈霉素(Hyclone公司),總RNA提取試劑盒、反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶試劑盒和real-time PCR試劑盒(TIANGEN公司),引物(Invitrogen公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 hUC-MSCs的原代及傳代培養(yǎng):無(wú)菌條件下,取臍帶3~5 cm,膠原蛋白酶Ⅱ消化,過(guò)濾,離心,收集細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)。待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至80%~90%匯合時(shí),消化離心后加入新的培養(yǎng)基置37 ℃、5% CO2飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)觀察細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)情況。
1.2.2 hUC-MSCs的表面標(biāo)志物及hUC-MSCs誘導(dǎo)分化潛能檢測(cè):已發(fā)表文章[8]。
1.2.3 兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的原代及傳代培養(yǎng):無(wú)菌條件下,取新西蘭大白兔(n=4)雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨,胰蛋白酶和膠原酶Ⅱ消化后過(guò)濾,離心,棄上清,收集軟骨細(xì)胞,接種于新的培養(yǎng)瓶。待細(xì)胞達(dá)到80%~90%匯合時(shí),消化、傳代成第1代細(xì)胞,置37 ℃、5% CO2飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.4 hUC-MSCs和兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng):取對(duì)數(shù)增殖期的第3代hUC-MSCs和第2代兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞,接種于放有多聚賴氨酸處理的無(wú)菌蓋玻片的Transwell共培養(yǎng)體系中,上室為兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞,下室為hUC-MSCs,按表1所示比例共培養(yǎng)。以單獨(dú)培養(yǎng)hUC-MSCs為陰性對(duì)照,以hUC-MSCs的基本軟骨誘導(dǎo)為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照。待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至80%~90%匯合時(shí),陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組加入成軟骨基本誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基進(jìn)行培養(yǎng);實(shí)驗(yàn)組用DMEM高糖溶液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng);陰性對(duì)照組仍用DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。
表1 hUC-MSCs和兔關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的共培養(yǎng)比例Table 1 Mixture ratio of hUC-MSCs and Rabbit articular chondrocytes
1.2.5 GAG和COL2A1的定性檢測(cè):共培養(yǎng)21 d后,將細(xì)胞爬片沖洗1次,多聚甲醛固定,甲苯胺藍(lán)染色;PBS 沖洗至背景干凈,晾干,中性樹(shù)脂封片,觀察并拍照。共培養(yǎng)21d后,將細(xì)胞爬片洗2次,多聚甲醛固定,PBS洗3次,Triton X-100透膜處理,PBS洗3次,牛血清白蛋白(BSA)室溫濕盒封閉30 min。PBS洗2次,一抗4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜(溶度為1∶100)。PBS洗3次,二抗室溫避光孵育60 min(溶度為1∶64)。PBS洗3次,去離子水洗3次,熒光抗淬滅劑封片,熒光顯微鏡觀察并拍照。
1.2.6 GAG和COL2A1的定量檢測(cè):收集共培養(yǎng)及基本軟骨誘導(dǎo)7、14和21 d的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液及細(xì)胞進(jìn)行GAG和COL2A1的定量檢測(cè)。GAG定量采用阿利新藍(lán)法[9]。各組標(biāo)本用木瓜蛋白酶消化,消化產(chǎn)物加入阿利新藍(lán)溶液后測(cè)定其吸光度值。羥脯氨酸測(cè)定試劑盒檢測(cè)COL2A1定量,按說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行,最后在酶標(biāo)儀560nm波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)定吸光度值。
1.2.7 定量PCR檢測(cè)GAG和COL2A1 mRNA表達(dá):取第3代hUC-MSCs、共培養(yǎng)前后及誘導(dǎo)分化后的hUC-MSCs用real-time PCR試劑盒進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR 檢測(cè)。先提取總RNA,取1 μg總RNA用反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶試劑盒反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA作為qPCR的模板。用GADPH作為內(nèi)參。所有樣本的結(jié)果以GADPH的表達(dá)做相對(duì)定量分析。數(shù)據(jù)分析采用△△Ct方法[10],相對(duì)表達(dá)量=2-ΔΔCt=2-(△Ct實(shí)驗(yàn)組-△Ct對(duì)照組)=2-[(Ct實(shí)驗(yàn)組-Ct內(nèi)參) - (Ct對(duì)照組-Ct內(nèi)參)],數(shù)據(jù)取4次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值。所使用引物序列見(jiàn)表2。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
hUC-MSCs表面標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)及多向誘導(dǎo)分化潛能結(jié)果表明,我們所分離的干細(xì)胞為臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,見(jiàn)已發(fā)表的文章[8]。
2.2 GAG和COL2A1的定性檢測(cè)
陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組的下室細(xì)胞(原h(huán)UC-MSCs)甲苯胺藍(lán)染色均強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性,胞質(zhì)及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)被染成紫藍(lán)色,而陰性對(duì)照組的下室細(xì)胞沒(méi)有著色 (圖1)。陰性對(duì)照組hUC-MSCs免疫熒光染色呈陰性表達(dá),而陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組的下室細(xì)胞染色均強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性,胞質(zhì)及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)均呈現(xiàn)綠色熒光(圖1)。
2.3 GAG和COL2A1的定量檢測(cè)
誘導(dǎo)7、14和21 d后,陰性對(duì)照組(hUC-MSCs組)GAGA600 nm值在每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)都遠(yuǎn)低于其他組(Plt;0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組1∶4,1∶3和1∶2 GAGA600 nm值明顯高于陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組(hUC-MSCs基本誘導(dǎo)),其中,又以1∶4組最顯著(Plt;0.05) (圖3A)。GAGA600 nm值隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而增加。誘導(dǎo)7、14和21 d后,陰性對(duì)照組(hUC-MSCs組)羥脯氨酸含量均低于其他組。實(shí)驗(yàn)組1∶4,1∶3,和1∶2羥脯氨酸含量均高于陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組(hUC-MSCs基本誘導(dǎo)),其中,1∶4組第21天時(shí)羥脯氨酸含量最顯著(Plt;0.05)(圖3B)。羥脯氨酸含量隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而增加。
與陰性對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組1∶4,1∶3和1∶2其GAGmRNA表達(dá)量均高于陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05)。其中,1∶4 組在第21天時(shí)相對(duì)表達(dá)量最高 (Plt;0.05)(圖4A)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組1∶4和1∶3COL2A1 mRNA表達(dá)量均高于陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05)。同樣,1∶4組在第21天時(shí)相對(duì)表達(dá)量最高(Plt;0.05)(圖4B)。GAG和COL2A1 mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而增加。
表2 GAG和COL2A的實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR引物序列Table 2 Real-time quantitative PCR primer sequence of human GAG and COL2A1
A.hUC-MSCs; B.the basic induction of hUC-MSCs; C.1∶4; D.1∶3; E.1∶2; F.1∶1; G.2∶1; H.3∶1; I.4∶1圖1 共培養(yǎng)21 d后甲苯胺藍(lán)染色結(jié)果Fig 1 The result of Toluidine blue staining after cocutturing for 21 days(×10)
A.hUC-MSCs; B.the basic induction of hUC-MSCs; C.1∶4; D.1∶3; E.1∶2; F.1∶1; G.2∶1; H.3∶1; I.4∶1圖2 共培養(yǎng)21 d后免疫熒光鑒定結(jié)果Fig 2 The result of immunofluorescece staining of coculturing for 21 days(×100)
本研究的hUC-MSCs通過(guò)Ⅱ型膠原酶消化臍帶得到,高表達(dá)CD29、CD44和CD105,而其CD31、CD34、CD40、CD45和HLA-DR均低表達(dá)或不表達(dá),且前期的流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)周期結(jié)果顯示[8],大部分hUC-MSCs處于G0/G1期,其余hUC-MSCs均處于增殖分裂期,說(shuō)明hUC-MSCs處于為分化的狀態(tài)。茜素紅染色、油紅O染色以及Alcian blue 染色進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明hUC-MSCs具有向成骨、成脂肪和成軟骨誘導(dǎo)分化的能力,和骨髓來(lái)源的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞一致,符合間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的特性[11]。
軟骨細(xì)胞具有分泌作用,可分泌骨形態(tài)蛋白、堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子、血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子等[12]。早有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,其分泌的細(xì)胞因子可以促進(jìn)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向成軟骨細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化[13]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)將兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞與hUC-MSCs共培養(yǎng),結(jié)果顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組上層細(xì)胞Alcian blue染色和甲苯胺藍(lán)染色檢測(cè)成陽(yáng)性,提示實(shí)驗(yàn)組上層細(xì)胞能夠分泌成軟骨細(xì)胞特異性表達(dá),證實(shí)是軟骨細(xì)胞。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)引進(jìn)Transwell膜、通過(guò)Transwell小室實(shí)現(xiàn)軟骨細(xì)胞與hUC-MSCs的共培養(yǎng)。Transwell膜,聚酯材料,孔徑≤3.0 μm,這種膜允許生物大分子自由通過(guò)膜的微孔隙,而細(xì)胞不可能通過(guò)膜的微孔隙,而且選用的聚酯膜為鏡下透明膜,故對(duì)鏡下的直接觀察不產(chǎn)生影響[7-8]。所以Transwell膜的引進(jìn),完全可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞與hUC-MSCs的共培養(yǎng),又可以清晰、明了、簡(jiǎn)單地獲取實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
A.the quantitative detection of the content of glycosaminoglycan; B.the quantitative detection of the content of hyelroxy proline;*Plt;0.05 compared with the basic induction group (positive group)
A.the expression level of GAG; B.the expression level of COL2A1;*Plt;0.05 compared with the basic induction group (positive group)
在本研究中,甲苯胺藍(lán)染色和免疫熒光染色表明各實(shí)驗(yàn)組中均有GAG和COL2A1的分。GAG和COL2A1為軟骨細(xì)胞特異性細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),兩者的存在說(shuō)明有成軟骨樣細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生。GAG和COL2A1的含量檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組1∶4其GAG和COL2A1的含量顯著高于陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組和其他實(shí)驗(yàn)組。qPCR檢測(cè)軟骨細(xì)胞GAG、COL2A1 mRNA的表達(dá),提示實(shí)驗(yàn)組與陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組細(xì)胞GAG、COL2A1表達(dá)成陽(yáng)性,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)組hUC-MSCs已向軟骨細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,實(shí)驗(yàn)組1∶4的GAG、COL2A1含量顯著高于陰性對(duì)照組。
綜上所述,一定比例的Transwell 共培養(yǎng)可明顯增強(qiáng)hUC-MSCs的成軟骨誘導(dǎo)分化的能力。而且,從本研究中可知hUC-MSCs與兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的最佳Transwell 共培養(yǎng)比例為1∶4。但hUC-MSCs分化為軟骨細(xì)胞的具體機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究。
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are inducedto differentiate into chondrocytes by co-culture with rabbit chondrocytes
LUO Er-mei1, ZHANG Jia-wen1, HU Xiao-ke1, TANG Ming-qiao2*, YU Li1*
(1.Dept. of Biochemistry, Medical College;2.Dept.of Civil Engineering College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China)
ObjectiveTo determine if the co-culture of rabbit articular chondrocytes and hUC-MSCsinvitrocan affect differentiation of hUC-MSCs into cartilage-like cells, especially chondrocytes, and if so, what the optimal ratio of the two cell types is.MethodsTo co-culture rabbit articular chondrocytes and hUC-MSCs at a chondrocyte: hUC-MSCs ratio of 4∶1, 3∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3,1∶4 for 21 days and cultured in DMEM high glucose medium. Type Ⅱcollagen (COL2A1) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were analyzed qualitatively by toluidine blue and immunofluorescence technique, respectively. The contents of COL2A1 and GAG were estimated from the determination of hydroxyproline content and Alcian Blue method separately. The mRNA expressions ofGAGandCOL2A1 were assayed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.ResultsThe expression ofCOL2A1 andGAGon day 21 was much higher in the 4∶1, 2∶1, and 1∶1 groups than in other the experimental group or the induced hUC-MSCs group. Also on day 21, the expression of COL2A1 and GAG proteins in the 4∶1 group was much higher than that in all other groups.ConclusionsThe optimal cell ratio in Transwell co-culture system appears to be 1∶4 (hUC-MSCs:chondrocytes).
transwell co-culture system; human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; rabbit knee articular chondrocytes; co-culture; chondrogenic induction
2013-03-08
2013-06-17
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(9151008901000050)
*通信作者(correspondingauthor): doctoryuli@yahoo.com.cn; tmqtmq@jnu.edu.cn
1001-6325(2014)01-0082-06
Q 254
A