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顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測(cè)下尿激酶腦室內(nèi)灌洗在高血壓性腦室內(nèi)血腫治療中的策略探討

2014-12-15 10:23蘇杭州陳春美李華民等
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2014年33期
關(guān)鍵詞:引流術(shù)尿激酶微創(chuàng)

蘇杭州+陳春美+李華民等

[摘要] 目的 探討高血壓腦室內(nèi)出血微創(chuàng)鉆孔穿刺置管尿激酶灌洗外引流的臨床療效。 方法 回顧性分析本院2011年6月~2013年6月收治的高血壓性腦室內(nèi)出血患者52例,根據(jù)不同的尿激酶水平和治療時(shí)間,并設(shè)立對(duì)照組(采用單純雙額骨微創(chuàng)鉆孔穿刺置管外引流手術(shù)),記錄評(píng)估顱內(nèi)血腫的變化情況、血腫變化與尿激酶灌洗的時(shí)間關(guān)系、患者日常生活能力(ADL)分級(jí)評(píng)估、灌洗手術(shù)前后GOS評(píng)分狀況等。 結(jié)果 本組共納入52例患者,術(shù)后3個(gè)月,GOS評(píng)分5分14例,4分23例,3分15例;ADL分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)14例,Ⅱ級(jí)23例,Ⅲ級(jí)14例,Ⅳ級(jí)1例。與對(duì)照組相比,尿激酶腦室內(nèi)灌洗組在術(shù)后顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測(cè)、ADL評(píng)分、GOS評(píng)分等方面具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。 結(jié)論 高血壓腦出血患者出血情況穩(wěn)定后,早期應(yīng)用尿激酶治療組預(yù)后相對(duì)較好,適當(dāng)?shù)哪蚣っ笗r(shí)間劑量組合有助于腦室內(nèi)出血患者的恢復(fù),顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測(cè)下尿激酶腦室內(nèi)灌洗對(duì)高血壓腦出血腦室內(nèi)血腫的治療效果明顯,操作簡(jiǎn)便、創(chuàng)傷小、安全有效、預(yù)后較好。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 顱內(nèi)出血;微創(chuàng);引流術(shù);尿激酶

[中圖分類號(hào)] R651.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2014)11(c)-0007-05

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of the external drainage of urokinase lavage via minimally invasive drilling puncture catheter indwelling in patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods Data of 52 patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage in our hospital from June 2011 to June 2013 treated with different concentrations of urokinase and at different time were retrospectively analysed.The simple external drainage via bilateral frontal minimally invasive drilling puncture catheter indwelling was used in control group.The changes of intracranial hematoma,the relationship between the change of hematoma,the time of urokinase lavage,the patients′ ADL grade,the GOS score before and after the lavage were recorded and evaluated. Results There were 52 patients,after operation of 3 months,the cases of GOS score of 5,4,3 was 14,23,15 cases respectively and 14 cases were ADL grade Ⅰ,23 cases were grade Ⅱ,14 cases were grade Ⅲ,only 1 case was grade Ⅳ.Compare with control group,the group of intraventricular urokinase lavage had certain advantage in ICP,ADL grade and GOS score. Conclusion When patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage are in stable state,the early application of urokinase has a better prognosis.The appropriate urokinase concentration and therapy time can also contribute to the patient′s recovery.Urokinase intraventricular lavage under intracranial pressure monitor has a considerable curative effect for intraventricular hematoma in patients with hypertension cerebral hemorrhage and this kind of operation is easy for handling,little trauma,safe and effective and with a better prognosis.

[Key words] Intracranial hemorrhage;Minimally invasive;External ventricular drainage;Urokinase

高血壓腦出血是常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病,而且其致殘率、病死率均高,尤其是血腫破入腦室出現(xiàn)腦室內(nèi)出血,病死率極高[1]。腦室內(nèi)出血占腦出血的3%~5%,其病殘率和病死率高,尤其是兩個(gè)腦室以上的出血,保守治療病死率高達(dá)99%[2]。在短時(shí)間內(nèi)清除腦室內(nèi)積血是降低病死率和殘疾率的關(guān)鍵所在,但目前尿激酶在臨床的應(yīng)用方式尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一方案[3]。選取本院收治的高血壓性腦室內(nèi)出血患者52例采用微創(chuàng)鉆孔穿刺置管尿激酶灌洗外引流手術(shù)治療,并設(shè)立對(duì)照組采用單純雙額骨微創(chuàng)鉆孔穿刺置管外引流手術(shù)治療,探討尿激酶腦室內(nèi)灌洗的適宜手術(shù)策略和并發(fā)癥防治,探究尿激酶在治療高血壓顱內(nèi)出血應(yīng)用中的合理時(shí)機(jī)和時(shí)間劑量組合。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取本院2011年6月~2013年6月收治的高血壓性腦室內(nèi)出血患者52例,男29例,女23例;年齡36~82歲,平均(60.78±13.01)歲;其中31~50歲11例,~65歲17例,~82歲24例;有明顯高血壓病史43例,病史敘述不清或無(wú)高血壓病史9例;深昏迷18例,淺昏迷13例,嗜睡16例,神志清楚9例;入院時(shí)伴有頭痛、惡心、嘔吐23例,偏癱13例,失語(yǔ)16例;GCS評(píng)分:6~8分17例,9~12分35例;發(fā)病時(shí)間:<6 h為7例,6~12 h為28例,~24 h為17例。52例均經(jīng)頭顱CT平掃,CT平掃結(jié)果示:?jiǎn)渭兡X室出血25例,伴有腦實(shí)質(zhì)出血27例,出血限于兩側(cè)腦室者39例,兩個(gè)以上腦室者13例;根據(jù)多田公式計(jì)算出血量:20~30 ml 4例,~40 ml 34例,~50 ml 9例,~60 ml 5例。

1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往高血壓病史或既往未檢查血壓但入院時(shí)血壓明顯升高,符合危重型高血壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②頭顱CT提示腦室內(nèi)出血,范圍涉及雙側(cè)腦室或多個(gè)腦室內(nèi)出血;③所有病例均有鉆孔置管外引流的必要性。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①因顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤、動(dòng)靜脈畸形、顱底血管畸形等血管性疾病腦室內(nèi)出血;②術(shù)前雙側(cè)瞳孔散大固定、深昏迷,呼吸和(或)循環(huán)異常無(wú)法糾正,腦干功能衰竭;③凝血機(jī)制障礙,伴有嚴(yán)重的出血傾向,如血友病等;④明確的顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈及動(dòng)靜脈畸形引起的血腫;⑤患者拒絕手術(shù)治療。

1.3 分組方式

綜合目前國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)表文章和專著,目前腦室內(nèi)尿激酶劑量使用范圍為10 000~50 000 U/次,使用頻率1~2次/24 h,腦室內(nèi)保留時(shí)間1~4 h,結(jié)合尿激酶藥效濃度和作用時(shí)間,設(shè)立不同的治療組。根據(jù)患者具體情況判斷是否納入本研究,納入后隨機(jī)分配入不同治療組(表1)。

1.4 手術(shù)治療及尿激酶應(yīng)用方案實(shí)施

患者入院后完善病例資料和檢查并即予以甘露醇、呋塞米脫水及控制血壓、保持呼吸道通暢等對(duì)癥治療,備皮,消毒,并根據(jù)頭顱CT參考定位,局部麻醉或氣管插管全身麻醉成功后行雙側(cè)額骨、顱骨鉆孔,沿著側(cè)腦室額角穿刺方向插入直徑為12~14號(hào)多孔硅膠管,插入深度6~8 cm,可見(jiàn)緩慢放出血性腦脊液,外接無(wú)菌引瓶置于枕旁,硅膠管另一端接有三通開關(guān)的滅菌引流袋,引流管高度平行腦室外引流,放置顱內(nèi)壓探頭。術(shù)后觀察12 h,復(fù)查頭顱CT明確引流位置、腦室內(nèi)出血情況及腦室剩余積血情況。確定病情無(wú)明顯惡化后,確定引流管通暢,根據(jù)方案設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)引流管注入不同劑量的尿激酶(天津生化,批號(hào):041404032),并用5 ml生理鹽水稀釋,夾管不同作用時(shí)間,執(zhí)行不同灌洗頻率。治療過(guò)程密切關(guān)注患者神志、瞳孔和肢體活動(dòng)等臨床表現(xiàn),注意顱內(nèi)壓(ICP)監(jiān)測(cè)儀數(shù)值改變,配合脫水、控制血壓、營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)以及防治并發(fā)癥等處理,頭顱CT掃描。準(zhǔn)備拔除腦室外引流管前先夾閉引流,觀察24 h,觀察引流量和引出腦脊液顏色情況,證實(shí)臨床癥狀無(wú)惡化且持續(xù)好轉(zhuǎn)、無(wú)顱內(nèi)高壓征,予以拔出。

1.5 療效評(píng)估

①頭顱CT復(fù)查:一般盡可能安排1~2 d復(fù)查頭顱CT,動(dòng)態(tài)觀察腦室內(nèi)血腫量變化。②記錄患者從灌洗到CT復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)血腫消失的時(shí)間。③采用日常生活能力(ADL)分級(jí)法判斷患者灌洗術(shù)后24 h、2周、3個(gè)月的療效。ADL分級(jí)為Ⅰ級(jí):完全恢復(fù)日常生活;Ⅱ級(jí):部分恢復(fù)或可獨(dú)立生活;Ⅲ級(jí):需人幫助,扶拐行走;Ⅳ級(jí):臥床,但意識(shí)清楚;Ⅴ級(jí):植物狀態(tài)。④GOS評(píng)分:同樣取灌洗術(shù)后24 h、2周、3個(gè)月3個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)進(jìn)行GOS評(píng)分。GOS評(píng)分5分:恢復(fù)良好;4分:輕度殘疾;3分:重度殘疾;2分:植物狀態(tài);1分:死亡。⑤記錄術(shù)后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、3 d、4 d、5 d的ICP監(jiān)測(cè)值。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和處理,計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,采用方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果

本組病例共納入52例患者,術(shù)后ICP監(jiān)測(cè)值不同程度下降,術(shù)后3個(gè)月時(shí),GOS評(píng)分5分14例,4分23例,3分15例;ADL分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)14例,Ⅱ級(jí)23例,Ⅲ級(jí)14例,Ⅳ級(jí)1例。

2.2 各組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間ADL評(píng)分的比較

隨著術(shù)后時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),治療組八的ADL評(píng)分明顯降低;術(shù)后2周~術(shù)后3個(gè)月,治療組四~八的ADL評(píng)分較對(duì)照組低(圖1)。

3 討論

腦室內(nèi)出血是指由于非外傷因素所導(dǎo)致的顱內(nèi)血管破裂,血液進(jìn)入腦室系統(tǒng)而引起的綜合征,發(fā)病率占自發(fā)顱內(nèi)出血的20%~60%[4]。高血壓性腦室內(nèi)出血是自發(fā)性腦室出血的主要原因,常繼發(fā)于腦深部血腫或腦內(nèi)巨大血腫,常常急性危重起病,由于腦內(nèi)血腫壓迫、丘腦下部及腦干受壓損傷、血性腦脊液刺激、急性梗阻性腦積水發(fā)生、ICP急劇升高、腦深部結(jié)構(gòu)遭受破壞等,其死亡率高,尤其是腦室內(nèi)鑄型出血及惡性顱內(nèi)高壓,使病情惡化,甚至死亡[1,5-6]。有研究表明,高血壓腦出血的預(yù)后與腦室擴(kuò)大程度、出血量和ICP升高均有一定關(guān)聯(lián)[7]。因此,及時(shí)清除腦室內(nèi)血塊,盡早降低腦室內(nèi)壓和ICP,是高血壓性腦室內(nèi)出血搶救成功的關(guān)鍵[8]。高血壓腦室內(nèi)出血往往影響腦脊液通路,早期出現(xiàn)腦室內(nèi)壓升高,而且,腦室內(nèi)血塊在溶解過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生炎癥介質(zhì)易引起大腦皮質(zhì)表面動(dòng)脈及基底動(dòng)脈廣泛痙攣,刺激腦室周圍的腦組織,出現(xiàn)血腫周圍的腦水腫,加重顱高壓,導(dǎo)致病情惡化[9],所以單靠藥物治療往往很難奏效。有學(xué)者提出,早期腦室擴(kuò)張的原因在于腦室內(nèi)血凝塊的占位效應(yīng),而后期(2~3周后)主要是由于腦脊液吸收障礙所導(dǎo)致,早期腦室擴(kuò)張引起的室管膜損傷、室管膜下角質(zhì)增生,血凝塊降解釋放產(chǎn)物釋放的因子協(xié)同作用,使腦室周圍組織的順應(yīng)性下降,促進(jìn)腦室擴(kuò)張的惡化[10]。目前治療高血壓性腦室內(nèi)出血的方式主要有開顱血腫清除、單純腦室內(nèi)置管外引流等手術(shù)方式,近年來(lái)神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡也應(yīng)用于腦室內(nèi)血腫清除手術(shù)中[11],不同手術(shù)方式有不同適應(yīng)證和并發(fā)癥。

單純腦室外引流是治療高血壓腦出血的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,引流可盡快清除腦室內(nèi)積血,減少血腫分解產(chǎn)物,減少其對(duì)腦組織的毒性作用,有助于減輕和防止腦血管痙攣[12]。單純腦室外引流并不能促進(jìn)血凝塊溶解,可能存在凝血塊堵塞引流管、ICP控制不理想、感染等問(wèn)題[13-15]。腦室內(nèi)出血一般血腫吸收需要3周左右的時(shí)間,治療效果不佳,病死率高達(dá)60%~90%[16]。腦室外引流時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)和血凝塊降解產(chǎn)物釋放的相關(guān)因子可能引起腦室炎癥的發(fā)生[17]。有研究表明,纖溶治療可以降低引流管堵塞的發(fā)生率并縮短腦室系統(tǒng)的廓清時(shí)間,腦室內(nèi)給予尿激酶能加速腦室系統(tǒng)凝血塊溶解,有效降低ICP,有利于防止蛛網(wǎng)膜顆粒的機(jī)化粘連,阻止交通性腦積水的發(fā)生[8,18-20],這為早期治療腦室內(nèi)出血提供了有力的依據(jù),將腦室外引流和尿激酶聯(lián)合使用,不僅可以降低ICP,還可以有效溶解血塊,迅速恢復(fù)腦脊液循環(huán)通路。

目前對(duì)于尿激酶在高血壓腦葉血腫使用劑量、使用時(shí)間和頻率以及療效均有比較統(tǒng)一的規(guī)定,但是對(duì)于尿激酶在腦室內(nèi)出血應(yīng)用策略及療效并沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且在使用方法上存在一定爭(zhēng)議[3,16,21]。同時(shí),由于尿激酶能增加纖溶酶活性,降低血液循環(huán)中未結(jié)合型纖溶酶原和與纖維蛋白結(jié)合的纖溶酶原,可能出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的出血危險(xiǎn)[22]。術(shù)后均在CT復(fù)查無(wú)再發(fā)出血及出血穩(wěn)定后應(yīng)用。在注入尿激酶灌洗時(shí),動(dòng)作要緩慢輕柔,注入后要密切觀察意識(shí)及瞳孔的改變,注意ICP監(jiān)測(cè)的數(shù)值變化;灌注尿激酶后夾管期間要密切觀察病情變化,做好心電監(jiān)護(hù)和血氧監(jiān)測(cè),注意有無(wú)ICP增高的現(xiàn)象,如有明顯變化應(yīng)及時(shí)開放引流;開放引流時(shí)應(yīng)逐漸放開,保證ICP相對(duì)平穩(wěn)緩慢地下降,避免ICP波動(dòng)過(guò)大造成腦室塌陷,引起繼發(fā)性出血。若夾管過(guò)程中或引流過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性意識(shí)障礙、呼吸心跳功能改變,提示患者可能發(fā)生急性ICP增高。早期ICP增高患者常表現(xiàn)為煩躁不安、頭痛、頭暈,可伴有嘔吐,心電監(jiān)護(hù)提示患者呼吸加深加快,血壓突然升高,特別是收縮壓的突然增高;ICP增高后期反而出現(xiàn)心率減緩,甚至<60/min,呼吸深慢<16/min,血壓、體溫明顯升高,提示顱內(nèi)再出血的發(fā)生和腦疝的形成。因此,在ICP增高的整個(gè)治療過(guò)程當(dāng)中,都應(yīng)時(shí)刻注意ICP的變化,有條件的情況下建議使用ICP監(jiān)測(cè)。在尿激酶灌注時(shí),如發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP增高的現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)提前緩慢逐步開放引流管;在單純腦室灌注引流治療時(shí),如發(fā)現(xiàn)引流管液面波動(dòng)改變,應(yīng)注意是否有引流不暢的發(fā)生,及時(shí)處理。同時(shí),肺部感染、急性腎衰竭、應(yīng)激性潰瘍、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血等相關(guān)一系列并發(fā)癥往往與腦室內(nèi)出血相伴發(fā)生,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)引起重視;術(shù)后患者臥床期間在保證臥床休息的同時(shí),需要特別注意患者肢體的活動(dòng)和護(hù)理,長(zhǎng)期臥床的患者要注意下肢深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生,以免前功盡棄。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,一定范圍內(nèi)較大時(shí)間劑量治療方案患者的預(yù)后具有有利的作用;GOS評(píng)分結(jié)果的改變與ADL評(píng)分相似,短時(shí)間內(nèi)的效果可能不容易察覺(jué),術(shù)后至3個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)間內(nèi),在一定范圍內(nèi)較大時(shí)間劑量尿激酶的應(yīng)用有利于高血壓腦室內(nèi)出血患者的術(shù)后恢復(fù),與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果相同[8,18-20];ICP監(jiān)測(cè)相對(duì)于ADL評(píng)分和GOS評(píng)分在患者住院治療期間(顱內(nèi)高壓期)可能更具有指導(dǎo)意義,同樣,在有條件的單位應(yīng)用尿激酶治療腦室內(nèi)出血時(shí)應(yīng)盡量采用ICP監(jiān)測(cè);腦功能在腦室內(nèi)出血壓迫情況下,雖然引流手術(shù)和尿激酶治療能迅速緩解癥狀,短期內(nèi)的ADL評(píng)分和GOS評(píng)分不一定會(huì)迅速改善,但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,尿激酶和引流術(shù)的配合存在顯著優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)改善患者的預(yù)后有較大幫助,值得提倡。本研究所采用最大劑量的治療組七、八在術(shù)后6~12 h的ICP下降速度相對(duì)較快,仍在5~15 mm Hg范圍內(nèi),提示在臨床工作中需要特別重視尿激酶應(yīng)用之后的密切監(jiān)護(hù),顱內(nèi)高壓得不到及時(shí)緩解不利于術(shù)后恢復(fù),但過(guò)快的ICP下降所引起的不利因素也是臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)該重視的[22]。

ICP監(jiān)測(cè)下尿激酶腦室內(nèi)灌洗對(duì)高血壓腦出血腦室內(nèi)血腫的治療效果明顯,操作簡(jiǎn)便、創(chuàng)傷小、安全有效,高血壓腦出血患者出血情況穩(wěn)定之后,早期應(yīng)用尿激酶治療有助于預(yù)后改善,更加合理的治療方案需要更多的臨床病例支持。

4 不足與展望

①本研究的時(shí)間跨度較短,隨訪時(shí)間相對(duì)不足,最短隨訪病例只有3個(gè)月,雖然臨床效果較好,但更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪病例將更具有說(shuō)服力;②本研究相對(duì)保守、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),嚴(yán)格按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行,研究結(jié)果對(duì)于動(dòng)脈瘤破裂出血破入腦室、腦干功能衰竭、嚴(yán)重的出血傾向以及其他危重病患者并不適用;③出于大劑量尿激酶使用的安全性考慮,常規(guī)放置ICP監(jiān)測(cè)探頭,視患者情況術(shù)后12~24 h均由手術(shù)醫(yī)師監(jiān)護(hù),研究結(jié)果與未行ICP監(jiān)測(cè)的研究可能有所差別;④本研究的病例數(shù)有限(共52例),分析時(shí)將尿激酶的劑量、每日使用次數(shù)、夾管時(shí)間三個(gè)控制因素作為單一變量進(jìn)行分析,至文章發(fā)表前,只能證明治療組八在本研究中具有良好的臨床價(jià)值,后續(xù)的研究工作已在進(jìn)行中,待一定病例數(shù)量時(shí)將分析這三個(gè)控制因素之間的相互關(guān)系。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.

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[13] Mohr G,F(xiàn)erguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.

[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.

[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.

[16] 張建黨,周漢光,劉睿.58例高血壓腦室內(nèi)出血治療體會(huì)[J].中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,2004,19(3):173.

[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.

[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.

[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.

[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.

[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.

[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.

(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文編輯:李亞聰)

[4] 王忠誠(chéng).王忠誠(chéng)神經(jīng)外科學(xué)[M].武漢:湖北科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2005.

[5] Stein M,Luecke M,Preuss M,et al.Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus:the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(5):1243-1252.

[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.

[7] Mayfrank L,Lippitz B,Groth M,et al.Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1993,122(1-2):32-38.

[8] Naff NJ,Hanley DF,Keyl PM,et al.Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution:results of a pilot,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled trial[J].Neurosurgery,2004,54(3):577-584.

[9] Stemer A,Ouyang B,Lee VH,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2010,30(3):302-307.

[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.

[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.

[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.

[13] Mohr G,F(xiàn)erguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.

[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.

[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.

[16] 張建黨,周漢光,劉睿.58例高血壓腦室內(nèi)出血治療體會(huì)[J].中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,2004,19(3):173.

[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.

[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.

[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.

[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.

[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.

[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.

(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文編輯:李亞聰)

[4] 王忠誠(chéng).王忠誠(chéng)神經(jīng)外科學(xué)[M].武漢:湖北科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2005.

[5] Stein M,Luecke M,Preuss M,et al.Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus:the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(5):1243-1252.

[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.

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(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文編輯:李亞聰)

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