于錦利+段宏巖
【摘要】 目的:括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺可保護(hù)肛門功能,但其治療效果存在爭議。本文對采用括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述,探討其治療肛瘺的有效性及安全性。方法:檢索Pubmed,OvidSP,Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時(shí)間從建庫至2014年7月,納入文獻(xiàn)為采用括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺的病例報(bào)道。結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括隨訪時(shí)間、手術(shù)成功率、并發(fā)癥、手術(shù)時(shí)間、傷口愈合時(shí)間。結(jié)果:最終納入24篇文獻(xiàn),病例數(shù)8~93例,共787例患者。術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間1周~44個月,平均隨訪時(shí)間2~26個月。手術(shù)成功率40%~95%,平均71.2%(560/787)。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率2.7%,無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。手術(shù)時(shí)間7.5~100 min,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間11~67.5 min。傷口愈合時(shí)間1~36周,平均傷口愈合時(shí)間18 d~8周。結(jié)論:括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)是治療肛瘺的有效方法,是安全的手術(shù)方式。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 肛瘺; 括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù); LIFT
肛瘺的手術(shù)方法有多種,一般復(fù)發(fā)率為10%[1]。切開掛線術(shù)是目前治療肛瘺最確切的手術(shù)方法,但是切開掛線術(shù)不可避免的造成不同程度的肛門括約肌損傷,嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致肛門失禁。隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展和人們對生活質(zhì)量的要求越來越高,提高肛瘺的治愈率已經(jīng)不再是肛瘺治療的唯一目標(biāo),保護(hù)肛門功能的理念已經(jīng)越來越被人們所重視。2007年泰國醫(yī)生Arun Rojanasakul等[2]報(bào)道了括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT),作為一種保護(hù)括約肌的手術(shù)方式,手術(shù)成功率高達(dá)94.4%。2009年其介紹了括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)的具體操作過程,手術(shù)操作簡單[3]。此后應(yīng)用該術(shù)式治療肛瘺的報(bào)道逐漸增多。本文對括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述,探討其治療肛瘺的有效性及安全性。
1 方法
本系統(tǒng)綜述依照系統(tǒng)綜述和薈萃分析優(yōu)先報(bào)告的條目:PRISMA聲明進(jìn)行,沒有進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)薈萃分析[4]。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)檢索Pubmed,OvidSP,Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時(shí)間從建庫至2014年7月,檢索語言包括英文和中文,檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括:肛瘺、括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)、LIFT。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 有英文摘要;有括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺的病例報(bào)道;文獻(xiàn)中至少需包括以下指標(biāo):隨訪時(shí)間,手術(shù)成功率,并發(fā)癥;相同作者或同一機(jī)構(gòu)的系列報(bào)道。我們只納入最近發(fā)表的,涵蓋數(shù)據(jù)最全的文獻(xiàn)。
1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 無個案報(bào)道、手術(shù)技術(shù)介紹、文獻(xiàn)綜述。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)提取 由兩名獨(dú)立的研究員按照上面的檢索詞及數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行獨(dú)立檢索,通過閱讀標(biāo)題、摘要及全文,按照納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定納入的文獻(xiàn)并提取其中的數(shù)據(jù),當(dāng)兩名研究員的意見有分歧時(shí),通過討論達(dá)成一致。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 手術(shù)成功率 24篇文獻(xiàn)共納入患者787例,單純LIFT 548例,BioLIFT 47例,LIFT+BioLIFT 54例,LIFT-plug 36例,LIFT+皮瓣41例,LIFT+活線 20例,LIFT+瘺管剔除41例。術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間1周~44個月,平均隨訪時(shí)間2~26個月。手術(shù)失敗被分為三種形式:內(nèi)口封閉,肛旁竇道不愈合;轉(zhuǎn)為括約肌間瘺;經(jīng)括約肌瘺不愈合或復(fù)發(fā)。手術(shù)成功率40%~95%,平均71.2%(560/787)。
2.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥 共9篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了21例術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(2.7%)。術(shù)后傷口少量出血2例,局部血腫1例,皮下感染1例,血栓痔1例,肛裂3例,肛門疼痛1例,陰道真菌感染2例,失禁10例(9例量表排氣失禁,1例直腸測壓失禁)。無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥需手術(shù)治療,參照文獻(xiàn)[7,8,10,13,14,20,21,22,24]。
2.3 手術(shù)時(shí)間 共8篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了220例患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間,手術(shù)時(shí)間7.5~100 min,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間10~67.5 min,參照文獻(xiàn)[25,12,14,19,20,21,26]。單純LIFT 143例,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間10~67.5 min,LIFT聯(lián)合其他手術(shù)方法77例,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間17~42 min。
2.4 傷口愈合時(shí)間 共11篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了390例患者的傷口愈合時(shí)間,傷口愈合時(shí)間1~17周,平均傷口愈合時(shí)間18 d~8周,參照文獻(xiàn)[2,6,8,9,12,14,16,19,20,22,23]。
2.5 失敗患者情況 24篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道共217例失敗手術(shù),包括術(shù)后傷口持續(xù)不愈合及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),其中21篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了212例患者失敗后瘺管分類情況,具體見圖3所示。58例(27.4%,58/212)手術(shù)失敗患者由經(jīng)括約肌瘺轉(zhuǎn)為括約肌間瘺。
3 討論
括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)作為一種保護(hù)括約肌的手術(shù)方式,本系統(tǒng)綜述顯示其是治療肛瘺的有效方法。平均隨訪2~26個月,手術(shù)成功率平均71.2%(560/787)。此手術(shù)成功率僅為初次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療的成功率,不包括失敗后再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)的情況,Wallin等[13]將失敗后再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)或行括約肌間瘺切開術(shù)手術(shù)成功的情況進(jìn)行了單獨(dú)統(tǒng)計(jì)。如果加上失敗后再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療成功的病例,總的手術(shù)成功率為74.3%(585/787)。如果將轉(zhuǎn)為括約肌間瘺的情況合并統(tǒng)計(jì),總的手術(shù)成功率為80.3%(632/787)。類似的系統(tǒng)綜述中括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)的成功率為71%~81.37%(27~31)。本系統(tǒng)綜述的局限性在于檢索的文獻(xiàn)多為回顧性或前瞻性研究,僅1篇文獻(xiàn)為隨機(jī)對照研究。未對患者的基礎(chǔ)疾病、瘺管形態(tài)、既往手術(shù)史、手術(shù)操作及圍手術(shù)期處理等進(jìn)行規(guī)范,未進(jìn)行薈萃分析。14項(xiàng)研究未區(qū)分術(shù)前患者肛瘺類型,1項(xiàng)研究為低位經(jīng)括約肌瘺[21],9項(xiàng)研究為復(fù)雜瘺或高位瘺,參照文獻(xiàn)[5,7,8,11,14,17,21,22,26]。Mushaya等[14]的隨機(jī)對照研究顯示括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)與推移皮瓣相比,治療復(fù)雜肛瘺的復(fù)發(fā)率無顯著性差異。但由于病例數(shù)量較少,今后需要更多的隨機(jī)對照研究觀察來證實(shí)括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺的有效性。endprint
所有患者術(shù)后均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重肛門失禁,但僅2項(xiàng)研究應(yīng)用了肛門功能量表,發(fā)現(xiàn)9例術(shù)后排氣失禁[13,20]。Tomiyoshi等[24]的研究進(jìn)行了肛門直腸測壓檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)1例術(shù)后失禁。括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)治療肛瘺術(shù)后肛門功能下降的發(fā)生率可能比報(bào)道的高,但所有研究并沒有報(bào)道隨時(shí)間延長,肛門功能的改善情況。其他并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率較低,多與手術(shù)操作及括約肌間切口有關(guān),如肛裂、血栓痔、肛門疼痛、出血、血腫、傷口裂開及皮下感染,均無需手術(shù)治療。改進(jìn)術(shù)中、術(shù)后處理有可能降低這些并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。術(shù)中良好的麻醉及改進(jìn)肛門鏡的口徑可減輕術(shù)中組織損傷。Rojanasakul[3]描述術(shù)后無需特殊處理,每天可沖洗肛門。如果術(shù)后傷口局部加壓,控制術(shù)后排便,保持肛門局部清潔,對促進(jìn)括約肌間切口愈合,減少并發(fā)癥應(yīng)該是有利的。24項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道的平均手術(shù)時(shí)間10~67.5 min,單純LIFT與LIFT聯(lián)合其他手術(shù)方法相比手術(shù)時(shí)間無明顯差別。括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)手術(shù)操作的關(guān)鍵步驟是于括約肌間游離瘺管并結(jié)扎。王振軍[32]認(rèn)為括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)適用于瘺管已經(jīng)形成的經(jīng)括約肌瘺,不適于沒有形成瘺管的早期瘺。對于未形成瘺管或瘺管不規(guī)則的肛瘺,建議引流后再行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT),可降低手術(shù)難度,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間。術(shù)后傷口平均愈合時(shí)間18 d~8周,括約肌間切口多在4周內(nèi)愈合,外口愈合時(shí)間與瘺管具體情況有關(guān)。Campbell等[33]報(bào)道復(fù)雜肛瘺LIFT術(shù)后1個月和術(shù)后3個月的成功率分別為70%(14/20)和80%(16/20),其中9例患者為既往治療失敗患者,LIFT術(shù)后1個月和術(shù)后3個月的成功率分別為67%和89%,隨觀察時(shí)間延長,成功率增加,可能與復(fù)雜肛瘺外口逐漸愈合有關(guān)。LIFT-plug避免了將瘺管外口開放,愈合時(shí)間長的缺點(diǎn),但費(fèi)用較高,且不利于引流,有發(fā)生感染的可能。括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)手術(shù)失敗被分為三種類型:(1)內(nèi)口封閉,肛旁竇道不愈合。(2)轉(zhuǎn)為括約肌間瘺。(3)經(jīng)括約肌不愈合或復(fù)發(fā)。肛旁竇道及括約肌間瘺可直接切開引流治療,不會造成外括約肌損傷,不影響肛門功能。經(jīng)括約肌瘺可再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT),8項(xiàng)研究中31例初次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)失敗患者再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT),占失敗患者的35.6%(31/87),手術(shù)成功率80.6%(25/31),參照文獻(xiàn)[6,9,10,11,13,18,22,23]。初次手術(shù)失敗后再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)因局部炎癥反應(yīng)會增加手術(shù)難度,但報(bào)道的成功率仍很高,可能與病例選擇有關(guān)。初次手術(shù)失敗后多需局部切開掛線,引流后再行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)。Guillermo等[34]報(bào)道術(shù)后2例失敗,1例重復(fù)LIFT,1例掛線引流后行LIFT加BioLIFT,再次手術(shù)均成功。Sirikurnpiboon等[23]報(bào)道1例失敗患者再次手術(shù)時(shí)證實(shí)為臨近部位新發(fā)生的瘺管,與原手術(shù)瘺管無關(guān)。部分手術(shù)失敗患者仍處于觀察中,不知是否還存在這種情況。
綜上所述,經(jīng)括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT)是治療肛瘺的有效方法,手術(shù)成功率71.2%。LIFT手術(shù)時(shí)間短,可與其他手術(shù)方法聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,失敗后可轉(zhuǎn)為肛旁竇道或括約肌間瘺,失敗后可再次行括約肌間瘺管結(jié)扎術(shù)(LIFT),是安全的手術(shù)方式。
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[20] Han J G,Yi B Q,Wang Z J,et al.Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract plus a bioprosthetic anal fistula plug (LIFT-Plug): a new technique for fistula-in-ano[J].Colorectal Dis,2012,15(10):582-586.
[21] Lehmann J P,Graf W.Efficacy of LIFT for recurrent anal fistula[J].Colorectal Dis,2013,28(15):592-595.endprint
[22] Sirikurnpiboon S,Awapittaya B,Jivapaisarnpong P.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and its modification: Results from treatment of complex fistula[J].World J Gastrointest Surg,2013,5(5):123-128.
[23] Liu W Y,Aboulian A,Kaji A H,et al.Long-term results of ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for fistula-in-ano[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2013,56(3):343-347.
[24] Tomiyoshi Sergio Danilo Tanahara,Santos Carlos Henrique Marques Dos.Effectiveness of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) in the treatment of anal fistula: initial results[J].Arquivos Brasileiros De Cirurgia Digestiva:ABCD,2014,27(2):101-103.
[25] Tan K K,Lee P J.Early experience of reinforcing the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract procedure with a bioprosthetic graft (BioLIFT) for anal fistula[J].ANZ Journal of Surgery,2014,84(10):280-283.
[26] Daniel S Gingold,Zuri A Murrell,Phillip R Fleshner.A prospective evaluation of the ligation of the intersphincteric tract procedure for complex anal fistula in patients with crohn disease annals of surgery[J].Annals of Surgery,2013,259(3):1-5.
[27] N A Yassin,T M Hammond,P J Lunniss,et al.Phillips Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract in the management of anal fistula[J].A Systematic Review Colorectal Dis,2013,15(5):527-535.
[28] S Alasari S,Kim N K.Overview of anal fistula and systematic review of ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT)[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(1):13-22.
[39] Hong K D,Kang S,Kalaskar S,et al.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) to treat anal fistula: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(8):685-91.
[30] Jothi Murugesan,Isabella Mor,Stephen Fulham,et al.Systematic review of efficacy of LIFT procedure in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano[J].J Coloproctol,2014,34(2):109-119.
[31] Vergara-Fernandez O, Espino-Urbina L A.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract: What is the evidence in a review?[J].World J Gastroenterol.2013,19(40):6805-6813.
[32]王振軍.肛瘺治療新手術(shù):LIFT-Plug術(shù)[J].中國臨床醫(yī)生,2011,39(8):8-9.
[33] Campbell M L,Abboud E C,Dolberg M E,et al.Treatment of Refractory Perianal Fistulas with Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract: Preliminary Results[J].American Surgeon,2013,79(7):723-727.
[34] Guillermo R,Carina C,Esteban G,et al.Anal fistulas: what's new? Lift procedure.XXV Biennal Congress Of The International Society Of University Colon & Rectal Surgeons-ISUCRS: X National Congress Of Italian Society Of University Surgeons-SICU[C].2012:77-82.
(收稿日期:2014-08-18) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint
[22] Sirikurnpiboon S,Awapittaya B,Jivapaisarnpong P.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and its modification: Results from treatment of complex fistula[J].World J Gastrointest Surg,2013,5(5):123-128.
[23] Liu W Y,Aboulian A,Kaji A H,et al.Long-term results of ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for fistula-in-ano[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2013,56(3):343-347.
[24] Tomiyoshi Sergio Danilo Tanahara,Santos Carlos Henrique Marques Dos.Effectiveness of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) in the treatment of anal fistula: initial results[J].Arquivos Brasileiros De Cirurgia Digestiva:ABCD,2014,27(2):101-103.
[25] Tan K K,Lee P J.Early experience of reinforcing the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract procedure with a bioprosthetic graft (BioLIFT) for anal fistula[J].ANZ Journal of Surgery,2014,84(10):280-283.
[26] Daniel S Gingold,Zuri A Murrell,Phillip R Fleshner.A prospective evaluation of the ligation of the intersphincteric tract procedure for complex anal fistula in patients with crohn disease annals of surgery[J].Annals of Surgery,2013,259(3):1-5.
[27] N A Yassin,T M Hammond,P J Lunniss,et al.Phillips Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract in the management of anal fistula[J].A Systematic Review Colorectal Dis,2013,15(5):527-535.
[28] S Alasari S,Kim N K.Overview of anal fistula and systematic review of ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT)[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(1):13-22.
[39] Hong K D,Kang S,Kalaskar S,et al.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) to treat anal fistula: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(8):685-91.
[30] Jothi Murugesan,Isabella Mor,Stephen Fulham,et al.Systematic review of efficacy of LIFT procedure in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano[J].J Coloproctol,2014,34(2):109-119.
[31] Vergara-Fernandez O, Espino-Urbina L A.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract: What is the evidence in a review?[J].World J Gastroenterol.2013,19(40):6805-6813.
[32]王振軍.肛瘺治療新手術(shù):LIFT-Plug術(shù)[J].中國臨床醫(yī)生,2011,39(8):8-9.
[33] Campbell M L,Abboud E C,Dolberg M E,et al.Treatment of Refractory Perianal Fistulas with Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract: Preliminary Results[J].American Surgeon,2013,79(7):723-727.
[34] Guillermo R,Carina C,Esteban G,et al.Anal fistulas: what's new? Lift procedure.XXV Biennal Congress Of The International Society Of University Colon & Rectal Surgeons-ISUCRS: X National Congress Of Italian Society Of University Surgeons-SICU[C].2012:77-82.
(收稿日期:2014-08-18) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint
[22] Sirikurnpiboon S,Awapittaya B,Jivapaisarnpong P.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and its modification: Results from treatment of complex fistula[J].World J Gastrointest Surg,2013,5(5):123-128.
[23] Liu W Y,Aboulian A,Kaji A H,et al.Long-term results of ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for fistula-in-ano[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2013,56(3):343-347.
[24] Tomiyoshi Sergio Danilo Tanahara,Santos Carlos Henrique Marques Dos.Effectiveness of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) in the treatment of anal fistula: initial results[J].Arquivos Brasileiros De Cirurgia Digestiva:ABCD,2014,27(2):101-103.
[25] Tan K K,Lee P J.Early experience of reinforcing the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract procedure with a bioprosthetic graft (BioLIFT) for anal fistula[J].ANZ Journal of Surgery,2014,84(10):280-283.
[26] Daniel S Gingold,Zuri A Murrell,Phillip R Fleshner.A prospective evaluation of the ligation of the intersphincteric tract procedure for complex anal fistula in patients with crohn disease annals of surgery[J].Annals of Surgery,2013,259(3):1-5.
[27] N A Yassin,T M Hammond,P J Lunniss,et al.Phillips Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract in the management of anal fistula[J].A Systematic Review Colorectal Dis,2013,15(5):527-535.
[28] S Alasari S,Kim N K.Overview of anal fistula and systematic review of ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT)[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(1):13-22.
[39] Hong K D,Kang S,Kalaskar S,et al.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) to treat anal fistula: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(8):685-91.
[30] Jothi Murugesan,Isabella Mor,Stephen Fulham,et al.Systematic review of efficacy of LIFT procedure in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano[J].J Coloproctol,2014,34(2):109-119.
[31] Vergara-Fernandez O, Espino-Urbina L A.Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract: What is the evidence in a review?[J].World J Gastroenterol.2013,19(40):6805-6813.
[32]王振軍.肛瘺治療新手術(shù):LIFT-Plug術(shù)[J].中國臨床醫(yī)生,2011,39(8):8-9.
[33] Campbell M L,Abboud E C,Dolberg M E,et al.Treatment of Refractory Perianal Fistulas with Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract: Preliminary Results[J].American Surgeon,2013,79(7):723-727.
[34] Guillermo R,Carina C,Esteban G,et al.Anal fistulas: what's new? Lift procedure.XXV Biennal Congress Of The International Society Of University Colon & Rectal Surgeons-ISUCRS: X National Congress Of Italian Society Of University Surgeons-SICU[C].2012:77-82.
(收稿日期:2014-08-18) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint