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中青年急性心肌梗死患者臨床特征分析

2015-01-05 09:30范麗勇
實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志 2015年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:心肌梗死心功能年齡

范麗勇,楊 潔

·診治分析·

中青年急性心肌梗死患者臨床特征分析

范麗勇,楊 潔

目的 分析中青年急性心肌梗死患者(AMI)臨床特征。方法 選取2010—2013年南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院收治的AMI患者407例,根據(jù)年齡分為中青年組91例(<60歲)和老年組316例(≥60歲),比較兩組患者一般資料、心電圖表現(xiàn)、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影及超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查結(jié)果、心功能Killip分級(jí)。結(jié)果 兩組患者性別比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者糖尿病、高血壓發(fā)生率及有起病誘因者所占比例高于中青年組,首發(fā)表現(xiàn)為呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀、肩背部疼痛、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、胃腸道癥狀及其他癥狀者所占比例高于中青年組,首發(fā)表現(xiàn)為胸痛、胸悶者所占比例低于中青年組,上消化道出血、休克、心力衰竭及心律失常發(fā)生率高于中青年組,急性腦血管意外發(fā)生率低于中青年組(P<0.05)。兩組患者心房梗死、后壁梗死及前間壁梗死發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者高側(cè)壁梗死、下壁梗死及≥2個(gè)部位梗死、非ST段抬高發(fā)生率高于中青年組,右心室梗死、廣泛前壁梗死發(fā)生率低于中青年組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者左主干病變發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者前降支病變、回旋支病變、右冠狀動(dòng)脈病變及≥2支病變發(fā)生率高于中青年組,血管正常率低于中青年組(P<0.05)。兩組患者左心房?jī)?nèi)徑、左心室舒張期末徑及室間隔厚度比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、左房室瓣口舒張?jiān)缙诜逯笛魉俣?E值)低于中青年組,左房室瓣口舒張晚期峰值血流速度(A值)高于中青年組,心功能Killip分級(jí)差于中青年組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 中青年AMI患者多存在起病誘因、首發(fā)表現(xiàn)較典型、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度較輕、心功能較好,應(yīng)積極予以治療以改善其預(yù)后。

心肌梗死;中年人;青年人;老年人;心功能;心室功能

范麗勇,楊潔.中青年急性心肌梗死患者臨床特征分析[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2015,23(11):99-102.[www.syxnf.net]

Fan LY,Yang J.Clinical features of middle-aged and young patients with acute myocardial infarction[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2015,23(11):99-102.

急性心肌梗死(AMI)是臨床常見(jiàn)病和多發(fā)病,易導(dǎo)致心力衰竭、心絞痛、心律失常等,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可危及患者生命安全。老年人為AMI的高發(fā)人群,但近年來(lái)中青年AMI發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)明顯增高趨勢(shì)[1]。既往研究報(bào)道,不同年齡段AMI患者臨床特征存在一定差異[2]。本研究旨在分析中青年AMI患者臨床特征,為中青年AMI的防治提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2010—2013年南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院收治的AMI患者407例,其中男310例,女97例;年齡29~87歲,平均年齡(61.7±10.2)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合“2001年急性心肌梗死診斷和治療指南”中AMI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],并經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查確診;(2)病歷資料完整;(3)初發(fā)AMI;(4)年齡>18歲;(5)治療依從性好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并肝、腎功能不全者;(2)伴有免疫系統(tǒng)疾病或惡性腫瘤者;(3)因多發(fā)性大動(dòng)脈炎、川崎病、冠狀動(dòng)脈畸形等導(dǎo)致的AMI者。

1.2 方法 根據(jù)年齡將所有患者分為中青年組91例(<60歲)和老年組316例(≥60歲),比較兩組患者一般資料、心電圖表現(xiàn)、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影及超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查結(jié)果、心功能Killip分級(jí)。一般資料包括性別、糖尿病及高血壓發(fā)生情況、誘因、首發(fā)表現(xiàn)、并發(fā)癥等。兩組患者出院后均進(jìn)行1~3年的隨訪,以患者出現(xiàn)心源性死亡作為終點(diǎn)事件。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 一般資料 兩組患者性別比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者糖尿病、高血壓發(fā)生率及有起病誘因者所占比例高于中青年組,首發(fā)表現(xiàn)為呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀、肩背部疼痛、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、胃腸道癥狀及其他癥狀者所占比例高于中青年組,首發(fā)表現(xiàn)為胸痛、胸悶者所占比例低于中青年組,上消化道出血、休克、心力衰竭及心律失常發(fā)生率高于中青年組,急性腦血管意外發(fā)生率低于中青年組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表1)。

2.2 心電圖表現(xiàn) 兩組患者心房梗死、后壁梗死及前間壁梗死發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者高側(cè)壁梗死、下壁梗死及≥2個(gè)部位梗死、非ST段抬高發(fā)生率高于中青年組,右心室梗死、廣泛前壁梗死發(fā)生率低于中青年組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。

2.3 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查結(jié)果 兩組患者左主干病變發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者前降支病變、回旋支病變、右冠狀動(dòng)脈病變及≥2支病變發(fā)生率高于中青年組,血管正常率低于中青年組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表3)。

2.4 超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查結(jié)果及心功能Killip分級(jí) 兩組患者左心房?jī)?nèi)徑、左心室舒張期末徑及室間隔厚度比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);老年組患者左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、左房室瓣口舒張?jiān)缙诜逯笛魉俣?E值)低于中青年組,左房室瓣口舒張晚期峰值血流速度(A值)高于中青年組,心功能Killip分級(jí)差于中青年組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表4)。

表3 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查結(jié)果比較〔n(%)〕

Table 3 Comparison of coronary angiography results between the two groups

組別例數(shù)左主干病變前降支病變回旋支病變右冠狀動(dòng)脈病變≥2支病變血管正常中青年組912(2.2)69(75.8)36(39.6)13(14.3)26(28.6)6(6.6)老年組31615(4.8)271(85.8)213(67.4)157(49.7)246(77.8)2(0.6)χ2值1.1475.07123.06536.39877.39313.026P值0.2840.024<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001

3 討論

隨著人們生活方式的改變及生活節(jié)奏的加快,中青年AMI發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年增高趨勢(shì),AMI發(fā)病年齡趨于年輕化。張穎等[4]研究報(bào)道,AMI患者最低年齡為23歲,本組AMI患者中年齡最低者為29歲,中青年組患者均有起病誘因,僅43.7%的老年組患者有起病誘因。因此,需重視年齡及相關(guān)誘因在AMI發(fā)病中的作用。

表1 兩組患者一般資料比較

表2 兩組患者心電圖表現(xiàn)比較〔n(%)〕

表4 兩組患者超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查結(jié)果及心功能Killip分級(jí)比較

注:E峰=左房室瓣口舒張?jiān)缙诜逯笛魉俣?,A峰=左房室瓣口舒張晚期峰值血流速度;a為Z值

本研究結(jié)果顯示,老年組患者糖尿病、高血壓發(fā)生率高于中青年組,首發(fā)表現(xiàn)為呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀、肩背部疼痛、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、胃腸道癥狀及其他癥狀者所占比例高于中青年組,而首發(fā)表現(xiàn)為胸痛、胸悶者所占比例低于中青年組;老年組患者上消化道出血、休克、心力衰竭及心律失常發(fā)生率高于中青年組,急性腦血管意外發(fā)生率低于中青年組,提示中青年AMI患者與老年AMI患者的首發(fā)表現(xiàn)及合并癥情況存在一些差異,而心律失常、休克等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生會(huì)掩蓋AMI的臨床表現(xiàn),易導(dǎo)致誤診誤治,因此在接診中青年疑診AMI患者時(shí)一定要完善相關(guān)檢查、篩選相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素并給予針對(duì)性處理,以有效防治中青年AMI[5]。

通過(guò)分析心電圖表現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),老年組患者高側(cè)壁梗死、下壁梗死及≥2個(gè)部位梗死、非ST段抬高發(fā)生率高于中青年組,右心室梗死、廣泛前壁梗死發(fā)生率低于中青年組,且中青年組患者無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)高側(cè)壁梗死及心房梗死,與高敬等[6]研究結(jié)果相似。分析中青年AMI患者與老年AMI心電圖表現(xiàn)存在差異的主要原因與病程有關(guān),而束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯、并發(fā)心律失常、存在小病灶、多部位梗死或預(yù)激綜合征等易掩蓋AMI的典型心電圖表現(xiàn),部分患者可出現(xiàn)記錄不全面、碎裂QRS波等[7-8]。

通過(guò)分析冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),老年組患者前降支病變、回旋支病變、右冠狀動(dòng)脈病變及≥2支病變發(fā)生率高于中青年組,血管正常率低于中青年組,與多數(shù)臨床報(bào)道結(jié)果一致[9-11]。隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)及病程延長(zhǎng),AMI患者冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化呈進(jìn)行性發(fā)展,加之多數(shù)老年AMI患者常合并高血壓、糖尿病等,已加重冠狀動(dòng)脈損傷嚴(yán)重程度,從而導(dǎo)致老年AMI患者雙支及多支病變發(fā)生率增高。部分AMI患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查結(jié)果為正常的原因可能為血栓與冠狀動(dòng)脈痙攣相互作用,導(dǎo)致血栓自行緩解[12-14]。通過(guò)分析超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查結(jié)果及心功能Killip分級(jí)發(fā)現(xiàn),老年組患者左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、E值低于中青年組,A值高于中青年組,心功能Killip分級(jí)差于中青年組,提示中青年AMI患者心功能較好,如予以及時(shí)治療可有效改善其預(yù)后。

綜上所述,中青年AMI患者多存在起病誘因、首發(fā)表現(xiàn)較典型、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度較輕、心功能較好,應(yīng)積極予以治療以改善其預(yù)后。

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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)

Clinical Features of Middle-aged and Young Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

FANLi-yong,YANGJie.DepartmentofCardiovascularMedicine,theSecondPeople′sHospitalofNanyang,Nanyang473000,China

Objective To analyze the clinical features of middle-aged and young patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods A total of 407 patients with acute myocardial infarction were selected in the Second People′s Hospital of Nanyang from 2010 to 2013,and they were divided into A group(lower than 60 years old,n=91)and B group(equal or over 60 years old,n=316)according to age.General information,electrocardiographic findings,coronary angiography results,echocardiography results and cardiac Killip grade were compared between the two groups.Results No statistically significant differences of gender was found between the two groups(P>0.05);incidence of diabetes and hypertension,proportion of patients with precipitating factors of B group was statistically significantly higher than that of A group,respectively(P<0.05);proportion of respiratory symptoms,humeral back pain,central nervous system symptoms,gastrointestinal symptoms and other symptoms performed as first manifestation of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while proportion of chest pain and chest distress performed as first manifestation of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group(P<0.05);The incidence of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,shock,heart failure and arrhythmia of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while incidence of acute cerebrovascular accident of B group was statistically significantly lower than that of A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of atrial myocardial infarction,posterior myocardial infarction or anteroseptal myocardial infarction was found between the two groups(P>0.05),while incidence of high lateral myocardial infarction,inferior myocardial infarction,equal or over 2 infarcted focus,non-ST-segment elevation of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while incidence of right ventricular infarction and extensive anterior myocardial infarction of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of incidence of left main coronary artery lesion was found between the two groups(P>0.05);incidence of anterior descending artery lesion,left circumflex artery lesion,right coronary artery lesion and equal or over 2 vessel lesions of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while proportion of normal vessels of B group was statistically significantly lower than that of A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of left atrial diameter,LVDD or IVST was found between the two groups(P>0.05);LVEF and early diastolic blood flow peak velocity of left atrioventricular orifices of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group,while late diastolic blood flow peak velocity of left atrioventricular orifices of B group was statistically significantly higher than that of A group,and the cardiac Killip grade of B group was statistically significantly worse than that of A group(P<0.05).Conclusion Most middle-aged and young patients with acute myocardial infarction exist precipitating factors,have typical first manifestation,and the severity of coronary artery lesions is relatively mild,the cardiac function is relatively good,that should be positively treat to improve the patients′prognosis.

Myocardial infarction;Middle aged;Young adult;Aged;Ventricular function

473000河南省南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科

范麗勇,473000河南省南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科;E-mail:13639678780@139.com

R 542.22

B

10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.11.029

2015-06-24;

2015-11-12)

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