国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

超聲波輻射條件下錫(II)催化合成二吲哚基甲烷的方法研究*

2015-01-06 10:54王乃興李玉葉
云南化工 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:熔點吲哚產(chǎn)率

黃 忠,王乃興,田 強,李玉葉

(1.云南省化工研究院,昆明 650228;2.中國科學(xué)院理化技術(shù)研究所,北京 100080)

·科學(xué)研究·

超聲波輻射條件下錫(II)催化合成二吲哚基甲烷的方法研究*

黃 忠1*,王乃興2*,田 強1,李玉葉1

(1.云南省化工研究院,昆明 650228;2.中國科學(xué)院理化技術(shù)研究所,北京 100080)

研究了一種由SnCl2催化合成二吲哚基甲烷的高效方法。引用超聲波輻射作為反應(yīng)條件,在反應(yīng)體系中加入當(dāng)量的催化劑能夠在短時間內(nèi)合成出二吲哚基甲烷且分離方法簡單易行。合成出的系列二吲哚基甲烷具有一定的光學(xué)性質(zhì),即在400~600 nm波長范圍內(nèi)范圍內(nèi)具有光吸收作用,且在受波長為370 nm光的激發(fā)下,會發(fā)出波長約為440 nm的紫光。

超聲波輻射;吲哚;二吲哚基甲烷;熒光

眾所周知,二吲哚基甲烷(BIMs)系列化合物擁有廣泛的生物活性而被應(yīng)用于藥物行業(yè)[1]。例如,BIMs能夠增加生物體荷爾蒙和雌性激素分泌和有效地緩解纖維肌痛癥狀[2],BIMs由于具有調(diào)節(jié)癌癥相關(guān)激素代謝產(chǎn)物的功效而能夠有效地預(yù)防癌癥[3]。由于BIMs在醫(yī)療上具有上述的重要作用,一些文獻報道了BIMs的合成方法[4-14],其可以通過吲哚及其衍生物與醛或酮類化合物在催化劑的作用下發(fā)生縮合反應(yīng)來合成。這些催化劑包括質(zhì)子酸(例如HCl)[4],路易斯酸(如AuCl3,In(OTf3),ZrCl4)[5]。但是這些合成方法都具有各自的缺點,如反應(yīng)時間長、催化劑負載量大、催化劑昂貴(如AuCl3,In(OTf3))、產(chǎn)物收率低、反應(yīng)溫度高和分離方法復(fù)雜等。因此有必要尋找一種新的方法克服上述不足。

超聲波輻射在許多有機反應(yīng)中已經(jīng)被證明是一種有效的合成技術(shù)[15]。與傳統(tǒng)方法相比,此技術(shù)具有產(chǎn)率高、反應(yīng)時間短和反應(yīng)條件溫和的優(yōu)點[16]。由文獻可知,絕大部分Lewis酸催化合成BIMs需要超過當(dāng)量比的催化劑和很長的反應(yīng)時間[4g,5b,17]。在本研究中,闡述了超聲波輻射條件下,SnCl2在室溫下催化吲哚與醛或酮的縮合反應(yīng)制備BIMs的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。與先前報道的方法相比,本研究的超聲波輻射方法具有催化加負載量?。▋H需要當(dāng)量級的催化劑)、收率高和反應(yīng)時間短的優(yōu)點。SnCl2在室溫下催化吲哚與醛或酮的縮合反應(yīng)制備BIMs的反應(yīng)式如下:

1 實驗部分

1.1 試劑與儀器

所用的試劑均為市售分析純試劑。SILG/UV 254型薄層硅膠色譜;X-4型熔點測定儀;Excalibur 3 100(Varian)紅外光譜儀;測定(KBr制片)。Bruker 400 MHz核磁共振譜(TMS作為內(nèi)標(biāo));Bruker Microflex質(zhì)譜儀;UV-2501PCS型雙通道光譜儀;Shimadzu RF-5301PC型熒光光譜儀。

1.2 實驗步驟

在含有吲哚(1,1 mmol),醛或酮(0.5 mmol)和溶劑(0.5 mL)的體系中加入催化劑(0.5 mmol)。反應(yīng)體系在超聲波輻射條件下,室溫反應(yīng),反應(yīng)一段時間后反應(yīng)混合物通過真空過濾以除去催化劑,催化劑使用CH2Cl2(5 mL×3)洗滌,合并濾液。濾液通過真空濃縮后,經(jīng)柱層析色譜進行分離得到純凈的目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物(層析介質(zhì)為硅膠,洗滌劑為乙酸乙酯-石油醚,體積比為1∶3~1∶5)。

1.3 目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物表征

1)3-((2,4-Dichlorophenyl)(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole(3a):產(chǎn)率96%;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶6.29(s,1 H),6.59(d,J=1.6 Hz,2H),7.03-7.10(m,3 H),7.15(d,J=8.4 Hz,1H),7.20(t,J=8.0 Hz,2H),7.35(d,J=8.0 Hz,2H),7.39(d,J=8.0 Hz,2H),7.46(d,J=2.0 Hz,1H),7.85(brs,2H,NH);13CNMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):36.4,111.3,117.9,119.6,119.8,122.3,123.9,126.9,127.1,129.4,131.3,132.6,134.7,136.8,140.2;IR:3413,3 055,2 924,2 851,1 587,1 557,1 455,1417,1216,1095,864,797,740 cm-1.EI-MS:理論值:390.069 3;測定值:390.050 9.熔點:107-109℃。

2)3-((1H-indol-3-yl)(4-nitrophenyl)methyl)-1H-indole(3b):產(chǎn)率:80%;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶d=5.60(s,1 H),6.69(d,J=1.7 Hz,2 H),7.03(t,J=7.6 Hz,2 H),7.20(t,J=7.5 Hz,2 H),7.34(d,J=8.0 Hz,2 H),7.39(d,J=8.2 Hz,2 H),7.51(d,J=8.6 Hz,2 H),8.05(br s,2 H,NH),8.14(d,J=8.7 Hz,2 H);IR:3420,3076,3055,2959,2851,1568,1488,1456,1 338,1 093,1 075,742 cm-1.熔點:247-249℃.[6]

3)3-((1H-indol-3-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-1H-indole(3c):產(chǎn)率:93%.1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶5.89(s,1 H),6.64(d,J=1.6 Hz,2 H),6.99-7.03(m,2 H),7.15-7.19(m,2 H),7.22(d,J=7.2 Hz,1 H),7.26-7.30(m,2H),7.34-7.36(m,4H),7.39(d,J=7.9 Hz,2H),7.88(br s,2 H,NH);13C NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):40.3,111.2,119.3,119.7,120.0,122.0,123.8,126.3,127.2,128.3,128.8,136.8,144.2;IR:3415,3055,3027,2959,2925,2 852,1 600,1 492,1 456,1 417,1 336,1 073,1 010,743,701 cm-1.熔點:90-94℃.[6]

4)Methyl4-(di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)benzoate(3d):產(chǎn)率:93%.1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶4.13(d,J=7.1 Hz,3H),5.94(s,1 H),6.66(d,J=1.6 Hz,2 H),7.01(t,J=7.7 Hz,2 H),7.18(t,J=7.8 Hz,2 H),7.35-7.38(m,4H),7.42(d,J=8.2 Hz,2H),7.95-7.97(m,4SH);13C NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶40.4,52.1,111.3,118.7,119.4,119.8,122.1,123.8,126.9,128.2,128.9,129.7,136.8,149.8,167.5;IR:3 406,3 054,2 950,2 925,2 852,1 704,1 606,1456,1435,1418,1282,1115,762,743,704 cm-1;熔點:118-120℃.[10a]

5)3-((1H-indol-3-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-1H-indole(3e):產(chǎn)率:98%;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶3.79(s,3H),5.85(s,1 H),6.65(s,J=1.5 Hz,2 H),6.82(d,J=8.6 Hz,2 H),7.01(t,J=7.5 Hz,2 H),7.17(t,J=7.6 Hz,2 H),7.25(d,J=8.6 Hz,2H),7.35(d,J=8.2 Hz,2H),7.39(d,J=7.9 Hz,2H),7.89(br s,2 H,NH);13C NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶39.5,55.4,111.1,113.7,119.4,120.1,120.2,122.0,123.7,127.2,129.8,136.4,136.9,158.1;IR:3439,3055,2957,2930,2835,1 608,1 509,1 456,1 417,1 338,1 243,1 091,792,741 cm-1;熔點:200-202℃.[6]

6)3-(Furan-2-yl(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole(3f):產(chǎn)率:80%;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)∶5.95(s,1 H),6.06(d,J=2.7 Hz,1 H),6.31(d,J=2.6 Hz,1H),6.86(s,2 H),7.04(t,J=7.5 Hz,2 H),7.18(t,J=7.7 Hz,2 H),7.34-7.36(m,3 H),7.49(d,J=7.9 Hz,2 H),7.92(br s,2 H,NH);IR:3 411,3 120,3 056,2 956,2 923,2 852,1 504,1 456,1 418,1 336,1 217,1 094,1 010,783,742 cm-1;M.P.:>300℃.[4c]

7)3-((4-(Di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole(3ga)和3gb:3ga和3gb的產(chǎn)率分別為78%和20%。

3ga:1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):5.80(s,2 H),6.42(s,4 H),7.01(t,J=7.2 Hz,4 H),7.15(t,J=7.2 Hz,4 H),7.24(s,4 H),7.29(d,J=8.0 Hz,4H),7.38(d,J=7.9 Hz,4H),7.58(br s,4 H,NH);IR:3 407,3 054,2 960,2 924,2 848,1 456,1 417,1 336,742 cm-1;熔點:182-184℃.[8b]

3gb:IR:3 399,3 055,2 960,2 924,2 845,1 695,1 602,1 575,1 456,1 417,1 338,1 212,1 094,1 011,785,743 cm-1;熔點:204-206℃([8a]203-204℃)

8)3h:產(chǎn)率:80%.IR:3414,3085,3052,2 932,2 854,1 456,1 415,1 336,1 264,1 242,1 102,1 014,763,741 cm-1;熔點:145-147℃(146-147℃).[7]

9)3-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl)-1H-indole:(3i):產(chǎn)率:30%.1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):1.93(s,6 H),6.87-6.91(m,2 H),7.06-7.11(m,4 H),7.32(d,J=8.1 Hz,2 H),7.43(d,J=8.2 Hz,2 H),7.89(br s,2 H,NH);IR:3 412,3 084,3 054,2 964,2 930,2 869,1 487,1 456,1 415,1 334,1 099,1 012,769,741 cm-1;熔點:165-167℃.[10c]

10)3-(1-(1H-indol-3-yl)butyl)-1H-indole(3j):產(chǎn)率:33%.1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):0.97(t,J=7.4 Hz,3 H),1.42-1.48(m,2 H),2.19-2.15(m,2 H),4.49(t,J=7.4 Hz,2 H),6.99(d,J=2.2 Hz,2 H),7.03-7.07(m,2 H),7.14-7.18(m,2 H),7.33(d,J=8.1 Hz,2 H),7.62(d,J=7.9 Hz,2 H),7.86(br s,2 H,NH);IR:3 410,3 078,3 055,2 956,2 925,2 870,1 456,1 417,1 337,1 093,1 011,741 cm-1;熔點:247-249℃.[10d]

2 結(jié)果和討論

2.1 反應(yīng)條件探索

本文研究了在不同催化劑催化條件下,吲哚與2,4-二氯苯甲醛(2 a)合成BIM(3 a)的反應(yīng),反應(yīng)結(jié)果見表1。

由表1看,在無催化劑的條件下,在180 min的反應(yīng)時間內(nèi),3 a的收率少于10%。當(dāng)用2 d和2 e作為反應(yīng)底物時,檢測不到相關(guān)產(chǎn)物3 d和3 e的生成。當(dāng)加入當(dāng)量的Lewis酸作為催化劑時,3 a的收率得到大幅度的提高。在篩選的催化劑中,SnCl2的效果最明顯,在15 min的反應(yīng)時間內(nèi)其產(chǎn)率最高,達到了96%。雖然CuBr2催化的反應(yīng)速度最快,但是其催化反應(yīng)出大量的副產(chǎn)物造成分離困難,目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物收率低。Mg(ClO4)2的催化活性很低,在180 min的反應(yīng)時間內(nèi),目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物的收率僅有45%。此結(jié)果說明,催化劑的活性對目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物的收率具有十分重要的作用。在篩選的催化劑中,SnCl2的催化活性適中,是此類反應(yīng)最為合適的催化劑。

表1 由吲哚與2,4-二氯苯甲醛制備BIM(3a)反應(yīng)條件實驗結(jié)果Tab.1 Optimization on the conversion of indole and 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde to BIM(3a)

2.2 反應(yīng)介質(zhì)對反應(yīng)的影響

在篩選催化劑之后,本研究考察了在SnCl2作為催化劑的條件下,不同的反應(yīng)介質(zhì)的溶劑化效應(yīng)對本反應(yīng)的影響。本反應(yīng)在二氯甲烷、甲苯和甲醇中能夠順利的進行并得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,且收率高。此結(jié)果說明SnCl2可以廣泛的適應(yīng)于極性和非極性溶劑。但是,相比之下SnCl2在二氯甲烷和甲苯中具有更高的催化活性和選擇性??紤]到反應(yīng)時間,二氯甲烷最為合適。篩選出反應(yīng)介質(zhì)之后,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與常規(guī)的攪拌相比,超聲波輻射條件下反應(yīng)的速度提高了16倍。

因此,本研究得出了BIMs制備的最佳條件,即在室溫下通過超聲波輻射,使用二氯甲烷作為反應(yīng)溶劑,SnCl2作為催化劑。據(jù)此前文獻報道,由于許多Lewis酸受反應(yīng)體系中氮氣捕獲作用而失效,故使用量要多于當(dāng)量比[4g]。而本研究僅需要當(dāng)量比的催化劑,故會大幅度降低合成成本。研究認為超聲波輻射能夠有效地排除體系中的氮氣,超聲波輻射帶來的劇烈震動能夠減小反應(yīng)底物及催化劑與氮氣接觸的幾率,如此便能使此反應(yīng)暴露在空氣中進行,有效地降低了反應(yīng)條件。

在篩選的最佳條件下,本研究考察芳香醛、脂肪醛和酮與吲哚的反應(yīng),并制備了一系列的BIMs,實驗結(jié)果如表2所示。表2結(jié)果顯示,芳香醛無論是反應(yīng)速度或產(chǎn)物收率均高于脂肪醛和酮。在芳香醛的反應(yīng)中,絕大部分芳香醛能夠順利反應(yīng)并在短時間內(nèi)得到高收率的目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物。芳香醛中的芳環(huán)特性對反應(yīng)速度具有十分重要的作用,即富電子芳環(huán)比缺電子芳環(huán)需要更長的反應(yīng)時間。如2b比2c活潑,更容易與吲哚發(fā)生反應(yīng),同時副反應(yīng)也更容易發(fā)生,造成反應(yīng)選擇性下降和目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物的收率較低。TLC檢測顯示,2b比2c擁有更多的無法界定的副產(chǎn)物,并隨著反應(yīng)時間的延長,副產(chǎn)物的種類也隨著增多。在2e反應(yīng)中,由于對甲氧基苯基屬于富電子基團,故反應(yīng)體現(xiàn)了很高的選擇性。盡管2f體現(xiàn)得不夠活潑,但是在超聲波輻射條件下,120 min的反應(yīng)時間內(nèi),其反應(yīng)收率能夠達到80%。由于2g為二醛,故其反應(yīng)有兩種反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物,反應(yīng)完全時產(chǎn)物為3ga,反應(yīng)不完全時產(chǎn)物為3gb,其中后者為前者的副產(chǎn)物,二者的總收率為98%。根據(jù)實驗結(jié)果,芳香醛的反應(yīng)速度要高于酮,原因是空間位阻效應(yīng),很明顯具有兩個取代基的酮的位阻大于只有一個取代基的醛。因此丙酮的轉(zhuǎn)化率非常低,在120 min反應(yīng)時間內(nèi),目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物僅有30%。若取代基R1和R2為剛性結(jié)構(gòu),其空間位阻效應(yīng)有限,如環(huán)己酮(2h)與吲哚的反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物收率在120 min內(nèi)達到80%。

表2 吲哚與醛酮反應(yīng)制備BIMs實驗結(jié)果Tab.2 Condensation of indole with various aldehydes and ketones to form BIMs

由于BIMs 3a-e和3ga除了吲哚基之外還具有其他芳環(huán)取代基,筆者認為這些BIMs具有一定的光學(xué)性質(zhì)。于是本文還研究了這些化合物在三氯甲烷中的吸收光譜、激發(fā)和發(fā)射光譜,如表3所示。表3結(jié)果顯示,除3b外,其他所有BIMs在400~600 nm的波長范圍內(nèi)均有吸收作用,當(dāng)使用370nm的紫外光激發(fā)這些化合物時,這些化合物均體現(xiàn)出了熒光效應(yīng),其的最大發(fā)射峰在440 nm處,即發(fā)射紫光。在比較這些化合物的光譜后發(fā)現(xiàn),苯環(huán)上的取代基對光學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響很小。3a具有最大的Stokes位移,為28 nm,3c和3ga具有最小的Stokes位移為13 nm。另外,根據(jù)紫外-可見吸收光譜的起始吸收帶,可以計算出這些化合物的禁帶寬度約為2.40 eV。此結(jié)果表明,這些BIMs可以作為半導(dǎo)體和光學(xué)材料研究的潛在對象。

表3 部分BIMs的光學(xué)性質(zhì)Tab.3 Optical properties of some BIMs

3 結(jié)論

探討了一種在室溫下合成BIMs的有效地合成方法。該方法在超聲波輻射條件下進行,具有反應(yīng)條件溫和、反應(yīng)時間短、產(chǎn)物收率高、分離簡單和催化劑簡單且使用量較少的優(yōu)勢。制備的BIMs具有一定的光學(xué)性能和滿足半導(dǎo)體的基本條件,可以作為半導(dǎo)體和光學(xué)研究的潛在應(yīng)用材料。

本研究感謝云南省科技創(chuàng)新平臺建設(shè)計劃(2015DC008)的支持。

[1] (a)Drasar B S,Hill M J.Human Intestinal Flora[M].New York:Academic Press,1974.(b)Sundberg R J.The Chemistry of Indoles[M].New York:Academic Press,1996.(c)Lo K KW,Tsang K H K,Hui WK,et al.Luminescent rhenium(I)diimine indole conjugates-photophysical,electrochemical and protein-binding properties.Chem[J].Commun. 2003:2704-2705.(d)De Silva A.P,Gunaratne H Q N,Gunnlaugsson T,et al.Signaling Recognition E-vents with Fluorescent Sensors and Switches[J]. Chem.Rev.1997,97,1515-1566.(e)Prodi L,Bolletta F,Montalti M,et al.Luminescent chemosensors for transition metal ions.Coord.Chem.Rev[J]. 2000,205,59-83.(f)Karthik M,Tripathi A K, Gupta N M,et al.Zeolite catalyzed electrophilic substitution reaction of indoles with aldehydes:synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes[J].Catal.Commun.2004,5,371-375.(g)Dzyuba S V,Bartsch R A.Recent Advances in Applications of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid/SupercriticalCO2Systems[J].Angew. Chem.Int.Ed.2003,42,148-150.(h)Dupont J,de Souza R F,Suarez P A Z.Ionic liquid(molten salt)phase organometallic catalysis[J].Chem.Rev. 2002,102,3667-3691..(h)Gribble,G.W.Recent developments in indole ring synthesis—methodology and applications[J].Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans. 1 2000,7,1045-1075.(i)Zhao S,Liao X,Cook J M.Enantiospecific,Stereospecific Total Synthesis of(+)-Majvinine,(+)-10-Methoxyaffinisine,and(+)-Na-Methylsarpagine as Well as the Total Synthesis of the Alstonia Bisindole Macralstonidine[J].Org.Lett.2002,4,687-690.(j)Miyake F Y,Yakushijin K,Horne D A.Synthesis of Marine Sponge Bisindole Alkaloids Dihydrohamacanthins[J]. Org.Lett.2002,4,941-943.

[2] (a)Plimmer J R,Gammon D W,Ragsdale N N. Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals[M].New York:vol. 3,John Wiley and Sons,2003.(b)Hibino S,Chozi T.Simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid uni[J]t.Nat.Prod.Rep. 2001,18,66-87.(c)Chang Y C,Riby J,Chang G H F,et al.Cytostatic and antiestrogenic effects of 2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane,a major in vivo product of dietary indole-3-carbinol[J].Biochem.Pharmacol.1999,58,825-834.(d)Shilling A D,Carlson D B,Katchamart S,et al. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane,a Major Condensation Product of Indole-3-carbinol,Is a Potent Estrogen in the Rainbow Trout[J].Toxicol Appl.Pharmacol. 2001,170,191-200.(e)Ge X,Yannai S,Rennert G,et al.3,3′-Diindolylmethane induces apoptosis in human cancer cells[J].Biochem.Biophys. Res.Commun.1996,228,153-158.(f)Ge X,F(xiàn)ares F A,Yannai S.Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by indol-3-carbinol is independent of p53 and bax[J].Anticancer Res.1999,19,3199-3203.

[3] (a)Michnovicz J J,Bradlow H L,Huang M J,et al.(Eds.)Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention1:Fruits and Vegetables[M].American Chemical Society:Washington,DC,1994.(b)Hong C,F(xiàn)irestone G L,Bjeldanes L F.Bcl-2 family-mediated apoptoticeffects of 3,3′-diindolylmethane(DIM)in human breast cancer cells[J].Biochem.Pharmacol.2002,63,1085-1097.(c)Carter T H,Liu C K,Ralph W J,et al.Diindolylmethane Alters Gene Expression in Human Keratinocytes In Vitro[J].Nutr.2002,132,3314-3324.(d)Chen D Z,Qi M,Auborn K J,et al.Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane Induce Apoptosis of Human Cervical Cancer Cells and in Murine HPV16-Transgenic Preneoplastic Cervical Epithelium[J].J.Nutr.,2001,131,3294-3302.

[4] (a)Kamble V T,Kadam K R,Joshi N S,et al.HClO4 -SiO2 as a novel and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of bis-indolylmethanes and bis-indolylglycoconjugates[J].Catal.Commun.2007,8,498-502.(b)Ramesh C,Banerjee J,Pal R,et al.Silica Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate and Amberlyst-15:Two Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Facile Synthesis of Bis-and Tris(1H-indol-3-yl)methanes from Indoles and Carbonyl Compounds[J].Adv. Synth.Catal.2003,345,557-559.(c)Deb M L,Bhuyan P J.An efficient and clean synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes in a protic solvent at room temperature Tetrahedron Lett[J].2006,47,1441-1443.

[5] (a)Zhang Z H,Yin L,Wang Y M.An Efficient and Practical Process for the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes Catalyzed by Zirconium Tetrachloride Synthesis[J].2005,1949-1954.(b)Yadav J S,Subba Reddy B V,Murthy Ch V S R G,et al.Lithium Perchlorate Catalyzed Reactions of Indoles:An Expeditious Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes[J]..Synthesis 2001,783-787.(c)Nagarajan R,Perumal P T.InCl3 and In(OTf)3 catalyzed reactions:synthesis of 3-acetyl indoles,bis-indolylmethane and indolylquinoline derivatives[J].Tetrahedron 2002,58,1229-1232.(d)Zeng,X F,Ji S J,Wang S Y.Novel method for synthesis of unsymmetrical bis(indolyl)alkanes catalyzed by ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN)under ultrasonic irradiation[J].Tetrahedron 2005,61,10235-10241.

[6] Satam J R,Parghi K D,Jayaram R V.12-Tungstophosphoric acid supported on zirconia as an efficient and heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes and tris(indolyl)methanes[J]. Catal.Commun.2008,9,1071-1078.

[7] Gibbs T J K,Tomkinson N C O.Aminocatalytic preparation of bisindolylalkanes[J].Org Biomol.Chem. 2005,3,4043-4045.

[8] (a)Guillermo P C,José G G E,José L G R,et al.Infrared-assisted eco-friendly selective synthesis of diindolylmethanes[J].Green Chemistry,2003,5,337-339.(b)Ji S J,Wang S Y,Zhang Y,et al. Facile synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes using catalytic amount of iodine at room temperature under solvent-free conditions[J].Tetrahedron,2004,60,2051-2055.

[9] (a)Ji S J,Zhou M F,Gu D G,et al.Efficient Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes Catalyzed by Lewis Acids in Ionic Liquids[J].Synlett 2003,2077-2079.(b)Hagiwara H,Sekifuji M,Hoshi T,et al. Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquid Immobilized on Silica(ILIS)[J]. Synlett,2007,1320-1322;

[10] (a)Bandgar B P,Shaikh K A.Molecular iodinecatalyzed efficient and highly rapid synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes under mild conditions[J].Tetrahedron Lett.2003,44,1959-1961.(b)Najmodin A,Lalleh T,Mohammad R S.Highly efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes in water[J].Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical 2007,275,109-112.(c)Meshram G A,Vishvanath D P.Simple and Efficient Method for Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)Methanes with Cu(BF4)2·SiO2 Under Mild Conditions[J].Synthetic Communications,2010,40,29-38.(d)Ma Z H,Han H B,Zhou Z B,et al. SBA-15-supported poly(4-styrenesulfonyl(perfluorobutylsulfonyl)imide)as heterogeneous Bronsted acid catalyst for synthesis of bis(indolyl)ethane derivatives[J].Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical 2009,311,46-53.

[11] Chakrabarty M,Ghosh N,Basak R,et al.Dry reaction of indoles with carbonyl compounds on montmorillonite K10 clay:a mild,expedient synthesis of diindolylalkanes and vibrindole A[J].Tetrahedron Lett.2002,43,4075-4078.

[12] Liao B S,Chen J T,Liu S T.An Efficient Preparation of Bis(indole)methanes Catalyzed by Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate Salts in A-queous Medium[J].Synthesis 2007,3125-3128.

[13] (a)Wang L,Han J,Tian H,et al.Synthesis[M]. 2005,337.(b)Mi X L,Luo S Z,He J Q,et al.Dy(OTf)3 in ionic liquid:an efficient catalytic system for reactions of indole with aldehydes/ketones or imines[J].Tetrahedron Lett.2004,45,4567-4570.

[14] Khalafi-Nezhad A,Parhami A,Zare A,et al.Trityl Chloride as a Novel and Efficient Organic Catalyst For Room Temperature Preparation of Bis(indolyl)methanes under Solvent-Free Conditions in Neutral Media[J].Synthesis 2008,617-621.

[15] (a)Luche J.L.Synthetic Organic Sonochemistry[M].New York:Plenum Press,1998.(b)Li J T,Lin Z P,F(xiàn)en J F,et al.One-pot synthesis of 4-oxo-2-thioxohexahydropyrimidines catalyzed by potassium carbonate under ultrasound[J].Synth. Commun.2004,34,2623-2631.

[16] Kobayashi S,Araki M,Yasuda M.One-pot synthesis of β-amino esters from aldehydes using lanthanide triflate as a catalyst[J].Tetrahedron Lett. 1995,36,5773-5776.

[17] (a)Einhorn C,Einhorn J,Luche J L.Sonochemistry-The Use of Ultrasonic Waves in Synthetic Organic Chemistry[J].Synthesis 1989,787-813.(b)Singh V,Sapehiyia V,Kad G L.Ultrasonically Activated Oxidation of Hydroquinones to Quinones Catalysed by Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Doped on Metal Exchanged K-10 Clay[J].Synthesis 2003,198-200.

An Efficient Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes Catalyzed by Sn(Ⅱ)in Ultrasonic Irradiation

HUANG Zhong1*,WANG Nai-xing2*,TIAN Qiang1,LI Yu-ye1

(1.Yunnan Chemical Research Institute,Kunming 650228,China
2.Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100080,China)

An efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes catalyzed by SnCl2was developed with good yields.The new method in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation is successful with stoichiometric catalyst,short reaction time and very easily isolation procedure.These prepared products have a wide absorption at the region of 400-600 nm when excited by ultraviolet of about 370 nm.Their emission peaks are about 440 nm,indicating that these BIMs emit purple light.

Condensation,ultrasonic irradiation,indole,bis(indolyl)methanes,fluorescence

O621.3

A

1004-275X(2015)05-0001-07

10.3969/j.issn.1004-275X.2015.05.001

*特約稿件

收稿:2015-09-07

云南省科技創(chuàng)新平臺建設(shè)計劃(2015DC008)。

黃忠(1983-),男,湖南溆浦人,博士,高級工程師,主要從事有機精細化工產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)工作。pifushu@163.com。

猜你喜歡
熔點吲哚產(chǎn)率
污水廠污泥產(chǎn)率隨季節(jié)變化研究
吲哚美辛腸溶Eudragit L 100-55聚合物納米粒的制備
Al2O3對P2O5-B2O3-Bi2O3體系低熔點玻璃結(jié)構(gòu)和性能的影響
CeCl3和CeO2對松木屑的催化熱解作用研究
HPV16E6與吲哚胺2,3-二氧化酶在宮頸病變組織中的表達
原煤深度解離分步釋放浮選試驗研究
金屬催化下吲哚7位的修飾
農(nóng)用低溫相變蓄熱材料磷酸氫二鈉的制備與性能研究
抗氧化劑2-吲哚啉酮衍生物對NF-κB信號通路的抑制作用
Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide by Zinc Halide/PPh3/n-Bu4NBrNBr