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鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物在引起尿道下裂過(guò)程中對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響

2015-02-09 12:15蔣旭平沈百欣綜述審校
醫(yī)學(xué)綜述 2015年14期

蔣旭平,沈百欣(綜述),張 煒(審校)

(1.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科,南京 210029; 2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科,南京 210011)

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分子生物醫(yī)學(xué)

鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物在引起尿道下裂過(guò)程中對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響

蔣旭平1△,沈百欣2(綜述),張煒1※(審校)

(1.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科,南京 210029; 2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科,南京 210011)

摘要:近年來(lái),新生兒尿道下裂的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升的趨勢(shì),越來(lái)越受到專家和學(xué)者的重視。鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物(PAEs)被認(rèn)為是新生兒尿道下裂的作用因素之一,其在環(huán)境中的廣泛存在對(duì)人類的健康產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響,尤其在雄性生殖系統(tǒng)方面。多項(xiàng)研究表明,Leydig細(xì)胞是PAEs的靶細(xì)胞之一,但PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的作用機(jī)制尚不明確。該文闡述PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞影響的最新發(fā)現(xiàn),并討論P(yáng)AEs在導(dǎo)致尿道下裂過(guò)程中,對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞作用機(jī)制的最新進(jìn)展,為后續(xù)的研究和探索提供新的思路。

關(guān)鍵詞:鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物;尿道下裂;Leydig細(xì)胞

尿道下裂是男性兒童泌尿生殖系最常見(jiàn)的先天畸形之一,發(fā)病率為出生男嬰的1/300~1/250[1],并且在世界范圍內(nèi)呈逐漸增加的趨勢(shì)[2-4]。鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物(phthalate acid esters,PAEs)是尿道下裂的重要發(fā)病因素之一,是一類脂溶性有機(jī)化合物,作為塑化劑被廣泛應(yīng)用[5]。PAEs包括鄰苯二甲酸-2-乙基己基酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)等幾十種,廣泛存在于空氣、土壤和水源中,可通過(guò)呼吸道、皮膚、消化道以及輸血、腎透析等途徑進(jìn)入人體,對(duì)雄性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生顯著影響。近幾年,PAEs導(dǎo)致尿道下裂的機(jī)制被廣泛的研究,Leydig細(xì)胞是PAEs的重要靶細(xì)胞,現(xiàn)就PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響及其作用機(jī)制予以綜述。

1尿道下裂的形成及其影響因素

在胚胎發(fā)育期,尿道溝在腹側(cè)從后向前閉合,形成正常男性尿道,如發(fā)育障礙、尿道溝未完全閉合,就形成尿道下裂。尿道下裂常合并發(fā)生隱睪、睪丸癌和精子發(fā)生異常,這些疾病被統(tǒng)稱為睪丸發(fā)育不全綜合征,是男性胎兒在胚胎和性腺發(fā)育時(shí)受到干擾,而形成生殖系統(tǒng)的一系列異常。尿道下裂的發(fā)病機(jī)制至今尚不明確,可能涉及遺傳因素[6]、內(nèi)分泌因素[7]、環(huán)境因素[8]和其他因素。目前研究多集中在具有擬雌激素或抗雄激素作用的內(nèi)分泌干擾物質(zhì),PAEs是其中重要的一類,暴露于這些物質(zhì)中是尿道下裂的一個(gè)重要發(fā)病因素[9]。

2PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響

Leydig細(xì)胞是睪丸特異性細(xì)胞,大多數(shù)哺乳動(dòng)物在睪丸發(fā)育過(guò)程中會(huì)有兩代不同的Leydig細(xì)胞,即胎兒型Leydig細(xì)胞(fetal leydig cell,F(xiàn)LCs)和成年型Leydig細(xì)胞(adult leydig cell,ALCs),在人類胎兒期終末階段和嚙齒類動(dòng)物出生后的第2周,F(xiàn)LCs逐漸被ALCs取代。在胚胎發(fā)育后期,睪酮與雄激素受體結(jié)合后誘導(dǎo)外生殖器、尿道和前列腺的形成,胚胎期Leydig細(xì)胞分泌睪酮能力的降低會(huì)對(duì)雄性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生重大影響。FLCs是胚胎期睪酮的唯一來(lái)源,PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響在尿道下裂的發(fā)生過(guò)程中起很關(guān)鍵的作用。

2.1實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蛷垷樀萚10]運(yùn)用DBP成功誘導(dǎo)建立了大鼠尿道下裂的動(dòng)物模型。目前生理和內(nèi)分泌領(lǐng)域的比較學(xué)研究認(rèn)為,大鼠暴露于PAEs引發(fā)生殖系統(tǒng)出生缺陷的關(guān)鍵因素對(duì)人類研究具有很高的價(jià)值[11-13],大量尿道下裂的研究都借助于大鼠模型。

2.2PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響PAEs最顯著的影響是引起Leydig細(xì)胞聚集增生,該現(xiàn)象由Parks首次報(bào)道[14]。Leydig細(xì)胞異常地向睪丸中心位置遷移并聚集在一起,形成一個(gè)巨大的病灶,病灶由異常的曲細(xì)精管和管內(nèi)的Leydig細(xì)胞組成,并將支持細(xì)胞包圍在其中,增生的細(xì)胞可能來(lái)源于睪丸間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞[15]。在亞細(xì)胞水平上,PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響也有很多發(fā)現(xiàn)。對(duì)孕12~21 d的SD大鼠用100 mg/(kg·d)的DBP進(jìn)行處理,雄性仔鼠在7周齡大時(shí),其Leydig細(xì)胞核大小、延伸率、周邊染色質(zhì)聚集參數(shù)出現(xiàn)增高,但網(wǎng)狀染色質(zhì)的分布和孤立染色質(zhì)的聚集參數(shù)明顯降低[16];20周大時(shí),雄性仔鼠的Leydig細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)不典型增生,此時(shí)光學(xué)設(shè)備下可觀察到聚集的Leydig細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)卵圓狀的細(xì)胞核,胞核內(nèi)有核仁和大量嗜酸性物質(zhì),胞質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)大量游離的核糖體、中間絲、條帶狀內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)等[17];而內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)隨著小鼠周齡的增長(zhǎng)會(huì)有不同變化,5~7周齡時(shí),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)滿布于Leydig細(xì)胞內(nèi),此后逐漸降低,至17周時(shí)消失[18]。在PAEs作用下,Leydig細(xì)胞如何產(chǎn)生這些復(fù)雜的形態(tài)變化及變化的意義都尚未被闡明,還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

2.3PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞分泌功能的影響Klinefelter等[19]的研究結(jié)果表明,PAEs使Leydig細(xì)胞聚集增生的同時(shí),睪酮水平也會(huì)下降,說(shuō)明增生并未增加Leydig細(xì)胞分泌睪酮的能力。其他研究者也證實(shí),PAEs會(huì)降低Leydig細(xì)胞的活性,并影響睪酮生成[17-18,20-21]。Li等[22]利用乙烷二甲烷磺酸鹽消除成年大鼠睪丸Leydig細(xì)胞,在新生Leydig細(xì)胞形成的過(guò)程中用PAEs對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)PAES暴露后相對(duì)于對(duì)照組Leydig細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增多,而睪酮水平降低,Leydig細(xì)胞特異性標(biāo)志物膽固醇側(cè)鏈裂解酶Cyp11a1、3β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶1和胰島素樣因子3等均顯著下調(diào),這些標(biāo)志物的下降也表明Leydig細(xì)胞活性受到抑制。PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞功能的抑制作用已形成共識(shí),但事實(shí)上,僅高劑量的PAEs會(huì)有抑制效應(yīng),降低睪酮合成途徑相關(guān)酶的基因和蛋白表達(dá)[23],而低劑量的PAEs會(huì)促進(jìn)睪酮的合成[24]。不同的PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的影響程度也不同,含4~5個(gè)碳原子烷基鏈的單酯對(duì)睪酮的抑制作用最強(qiáng),而含0~2個(gè)碳原子的最弱[25]。此外,PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的作用還具有種屬差異,人類和小鼠的敏感性不如大鼠[26-27]。

3PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的作用機(jī)制

PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的作用機(jī)制是近年來(lái)研究的熱點(diǎn),但目前仍未被完全闡明?,F(xiàn)在被人們普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)是,PAEs通過(guò)干擾膽固醇的調(diào)節(jié)降低睪酮的生成量。Leydig細(xì)胞可直接由血中攝取膽固醇,在線粒體內(nèi)膜上轉(zhuǎn)換為孕烯醇酮,進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)化為有活性的雄激素。在膽固醇向線粒體內(nèi)膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及雄激素合成過(guò)程中有很多關(guān)鍵蛋白的參與,如B類1型清道夫受體、類固醇激素合成急性調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(steroidogenic acute regulatory protein,StAR)、3β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶、細(xì)胞色素P450 17A1等。其中B類1型清道夫受體蛋白促進(jìn)膽固醇進(jìn)入產(chǎn)睪酮細(xì)胞;StAR作為轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白使膽固醇進(jìn)入線粒體膜;3β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶是將孕烯醇酮轉(zhuǎn)化為睪酮的關(guān)鍵酶;細(xì)胞色素P450 17A1則是睪酮合成酶,將孕酮轉(zhuǎn)化為雄烯二酮。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DEHP及其代謝產(chǎn)物鄰苯二甲酸單-2-乙基己酯的暴露會(huì)使Leydig細(xì)胞內(nèi)的StAR、Cyp11a1表達(dá)下降[20],DBP也會(huì)產(chǎn)生相同的作用[10]。Cyp11a1編碼生成細(xì)胞色素P450膽固醇側(cè)鏈裂解酶P450scc,后者參與睪酮生成的第一步酶促反應(yīng),將膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化為孕烯雌酮[20],由此推斷,PAEs通過(guò)干擾膽固醇的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和抑制第一步酶促反應(yīng)影響睪酮的生成。Johnson等[28]也通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,Leydig細(xì)胞生成睪酮的急劇衰減是由于膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、睪酮合成路徑相關(guān)酶的信使RNA和蛋白(StAR、Cyp11a1等)表達(dá)下降;同時(shí),還發(fā)現(xiàn)固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白2表達(dá)下降,固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白2是控制FLCs膽固醇和甾體代謝的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之一,其活性下降在PAEs的作用機(jī)制中也可能起關(guān)鍵作用。類固醇生成因子1的活性對(duì)FLCs生成睪酮過(guò)程中很多蛋白的表達(dá)有影響,對(duì)男性生殖功能和發(fā)育起重要作用,因此,類固醇生成因子1活性下降同樣被認(rèn)為是PAEs的作用機(jī)制之一[29]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),睪酮生成的最初機(jī)制可能是雞卵清蛋白上游啟動(dòng)子轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Ⅱ?qū)ΣG酮生成抑制作用的解除,而不是由旁分泌直接刺激睪酮生成;DBP能夠誘導(dǎo)雞卵清蛋白上游啟動(dòng)子轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Ⅱ在FLCs內(nèi)重新表達(dá),和類固醇生成因子1競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地結(jié)合于編碼睪酮合成酶基因的啟動(dòng)子序列交叉反應(yīng)元件,導(dǎo)致StAR、細(xì)胞色素P450 17A1表達(dá)下降,影響睪酮的生成[30]。另外,鄰苯二甲酸單-2-乙基己酯還能特異性結(jié)合于細(xì)胞色素P450 17A1,從而抑制睪酮的合成[31]。氧化應(yīng)激損傷是另一個(gè)重要的作用機(jī)制[32]。美國(guó)一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一般人群尿液樣品中幾種PAEs的代謝產(chǎn)物與血液中炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激的標(biāo)志物具有顯著相關(guān)性[33]。其他一些研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),PAEs能使細(xì)胞中活性氧簇水平上升,導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激,并通過(guò)脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化作用及損傷細(xì)胞中的遺傳物質(zhì)等方式,對(duì)細(xì)胞及機(jī)體造成氧化損傷[32,34-35]。另外,PAEs能直接作用于Leydig細(xì)胞,刺激Leydig細(xì)胞的早期增生并延長(zhǎng)抑制其分化可能是PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的作用機(jī)制之一,最終影響其功能[22,36-37]。而Lee等[38]對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞增生機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),PAEs能使睪丸內(nèi)的磷脂酶D顯著增高,而在其他器官(如肝臟、精囊、前列腺等)則無(wú)明顯變化,提示PAEs可能通過(guò)產(chǎn)生活性氧或其他應(yīng)激引導(dǎo)激活磷脂酶D,從而導(dǎo)致睪丸Leydig細(xì)胞的增生。而雌二醇也被認(rèn)為能介導(dǎo)PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的毒性作用,PAEs會(huì)導(dǎo)致睪丸內(nèi)多種蛋白表達(dá)改變,其中一些蛋白符合雌二醇調(diào)節(jié)的通路網(wǎng)絡(luò)[19],但具體的作用機(jī)制還不清楚。綜上所述,PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的可能作用機(jī)制有:①干擾膽固醇向線粒體膜的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);②影響膽固醇向睪酮轉(zhuǎn)化的酶促反應(yīng);③干擾睪酮合成酶信使RNA的表達(dá);④雞卵清蛋白上游啟動(dòng)子轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Ⅱ競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地抑制類固醇生成因子1及其下游相關(guān)蛋白;⑤氧化應(yīng)激損傷;⑤抑制Leydig細(xì)胞分化;⑦其他。這些機(jī)制是近幾年研究的熱點(diǎn),但有些還不夠完善,有待以后進(jìn)一步的研究。另外,在研究過(guò)程中,一些對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞的保護(hù)機(jī)制也被發(fā)現(xiàn),如DBP作用于大鼠后,過(guò)氧化物酶6主要定位于胎鼠睪丸的Leydig細(xì)胞中,其可能通過(guò)發(fā)揮抗氧化作用及刺激Leydig細(xì)胞增殖,抵抗PAEs的毒性作用[39]。而轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-E2相關(guān)因子2在Leydig細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激的過(guò)程中則能夠通過(guò)核聚集起到保護(hù)作用[40]。

4小結(jié)

學(xué)者們?cè)谘芯窟^(guò)程中應(yīng)用了很多新的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P秃头椒?,如用于體外實(shí)驗(yàn)的R2C細(xì)胞[25]、大鼠MA-10間質(zhì)細(xì)胞[32,34]和小鼠睪丸間質(zhì)瘤MLTC-1細(xì)胞[23]等,均有很高的價(jià)值。利用乙烷二甲烷磺酸鹽消除成熟大鼠睪丸內(nèi)的ALCs,誘導(dǎo)其再生,避免了大鼠青春期內(nèi)分泌變化的干擾[15,22,36]。而將人類胎兒睪丸移植入免疫缺陷的嚙齒類宿主中并暴露于DBP,可以為研究PAEs對(duì)人類Leydig細(xì)胞的作用提供載體[26]。借助這些新的方法,研究PAEs對(duì)Leydig細(xì)胞作用機(jī)制的同時(shí),積極探索Leydig細(xì)胞的保護(hù)機(jī)制,將是以后研究的重點(diǎn)。

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Leydig Cell Influence during the Process of Phthalate Acid Esters-Induced HypospadiasJIANGXu-ping1,SHENBai-xin2,ZHANGWei1.(1.DepartmentofUrology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210029,China;2.DepartmentofUrology,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210011,China)

Abstract:Hypospadias gains more and more attention recently and phthalate acid esters(PAEs),which is widespread in the environment and affects human health seriously,especially the male fertility system,is considered as one of the effect factors.Leydig cell is one of the target cells of PAEs,but the mechanism is still unclear.Here is to make a review of the recent findings about PAEs effects on Leydig cell,and how Leydig cell is affected in the course of phthalate-mediated hypospadias,so as to provide new ideas for the further study and exploration.

Key words:Phthalate acid esters; Hypospadias; Leydig cell

收稿日期:2014-10-08修回日期:2014-12-03編輯:鄭雪

基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81370781)

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.14.001

中圖分類號(hào):R691

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)14-2497-03