陳路,譚超
PD-1通路的抑制在腫瘤治療中的研究進(jìn)展
陳路,譚超△
程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)主要表達(dá)于活化的T細(xì)胞表面,其與配體PD-L1/PD-L2結(jié)合后激活下游信號通路負(fù)向調(diào)控T細(xì)胞的活化。腫瘤發(fā)生時(shí)腫瘤細(xì)胞表面PD-1配體的表達(dá)異常增加,介導(dǎo)了腫瘤的免疫逃逸。抑制PD-1信號通路有助于T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤效應(yīng),該通路抑制劑的開發(fā)也成為腫瘤免疫治療的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。本文闡述了抑制PD-1通路在體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)中的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)以及PD-1通路抑制劑臨床開發(fā)的最新進(jìn)展,為腫瘤免疫治療提供一個(gè)新的靶點(diǎn),并為免疫治療聯(lián)合傳統(tǒng)治療方法的臨床應(yīng)用提供理論及臨床基礎(chǔ)。
腫瘤;免疫療法;綜述;程序性死亡蛋白1;PD-1配體
程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)主要表達(dá)于活化的T細(xì)胞表面,與其配體相互作用參與抑制外周組織中持續(xù)的免疫應(yīng)答,并阻止自身組織免疫損傷[1]。除T細(xì)胞外,PD-1還可由B細(xì)胞、自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞以及活化的單核細(xì)胞表達(dá)產(chǎn)生。PD-1的配體包括PD-L1和PD-L2,主要表達(dá)于巨噬細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞以及炎性環(huán)境中其他多種細(xì)胞[2]。而非免疫細(xì)胞一般表達(dá)的PD-1配體主要是PD-L1,腫瘤細(xì)胞上PD-L1的表達(dá)與T細(xì)胞表面的PD-1相互作用,誘導(dǎo)抗腫瘤T細(xì)胞的凋亡,使腫瘤細(xì)胞逃避免疫攻擊[3]。本文著重關(guān)注了PD-1及其配體所介導(dǎo)的信號通路作為一個(gè)新型治療靶點(diǎn)在腫瘤藥物研發(fā)中的最新進(jìn)展。
目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)PD-L1在肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、食管癌、肝細(xì)胞癌、惡性黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、腎細(xì)胞癌以及尿路上皮癌等腫瘤組織中高表達(dá)[4]。在正常的肺、子宮、腎、結(jié)腸或皮膚(痣)組織中沒有表達(dá)或低表達(dá)[5]。Baral等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)PD-L1的表達(dá)與腫瘤的預(yù)后相關(guān)。目前也有證據(jù)表明,PD-1的另一個(gè)配體PD-L2在人類腫瘤組織中也有表達(dá)[7]。Rozali等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)的成纖維細(xì)胞中有PD-L1和PD-L2的表達(dá),而與PD-L2陰性患者相比,PD-L2陽性患者的生存率明顯降低,在食管癌、卵巢癌或肝細(xì)胞癌中也出現(xiàn)類似現(xiàn)象,盡管PD-1/PD-L2和PD-1/PD-L1是否介導(dǎo)不同的T細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及抗腫瘤效應(yīng)還不清楚,但PD-1/PD-L2的結(jié)合比PD-1/PD-L1表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的親和力。
PD-L1/PD-L2與腫瘤微環(huán)境中T細(xì)胞表達(dá)的PD-1相互作用,可引起抗腫瘤T細(xì)胞的凋亡,在NSCLC和黑色素瘤患者中,腫瘤組織中浸潤的淋巴細(xì)胞(TILs)中PD-1的表達(dá)水平高于外周循環(huán)的淋巴細(xì)胞[9]。同時(shí),在接種疫苗的黑色素瘤患者的外周血中,黑色素瘤抗原特異性細(xì)胞——毒性淋巴細(xì)胞和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞均表達(dá)PD-1[10]。在食管癌的腫瘤細(xì)胞中PD-L2的表達(dá)與CD8+T細(xì)胞的水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[11]。以上結(jié)果顯示,腫瘤細(xì)胞可能通過表達(dá)PD-1的配體引起特異性T細(xì)胞的凋亡,從而逃避免疫殺傷。
2.1 PD-1通路抑制的體內(nèi)抗腫瘤效應(yīng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明PD-1通路參與了腫瘤的免疫逃逸,而阻斷PD-1通路可恢復(fù)抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng);與不表達(dá)或低表達(dá)PD-L1的腫瘤細(xì)胞相比,表達(dá)PD-L1的腫瘤細(xì)胞抵抗T細(xì)胞殺傷的能力增強(qiáng),促進(jìn)了腫瘤組織的侵襲,但這些效應(yīng)可因PD-L1抗體的作用而被逆轉(zhuǎn)[12]。另外,PD-1缺陷的小鼠體內(nèi)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長受到抑制,提示在沒有PD-1/PD-LI相互作用時(shí),機(jī)體具有強(qiáng)大的抗腫瘤免疫效應(yīng),同時(shí)在腫瘤小鼠模型中應(yīng)用抗PD-1或抗PD-L1抗體,可以減輕腫瘤對機(jī)體造成的負(fù)擔(dān)并提高生存率[13]。
進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制PD-1/PD-L1通路,并與其他免疫治療方法聯(lián)合可增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[14]。在腫瘤鼠模型中將PD-1抗體與重組的白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-2聯(lián)合可強(qiáng)烈抑制腫瘤的生長,甚至可使腫瘤消退[15]。在慢性病毒性感染導(dǎo)致的T細(xì)胞耗竭模型中,PD-1抗體和IL-2聯(lián)合治療可產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用,使病毒特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加、殺傷能力增強(qiáng)[16]。Mkrtichyan等[17]研究指出,PD-L1抗體與腫瘤特異性T細(xì)胞移植聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,可消除表達(dá)PD-L1的鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,而單獨(dú)使用T細(xì)胞移植治療則不能達(dá)到這種效果。Kono等[18]也發(fā)現(xiàn)PD-L1抗體與Toll樣受體激動(dòng)劑或粒細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子聯(lián)合治療種植性腫瘤小鼠,可延長其存活時(shí)間。以上研究均表明PD-1通路阻斷與其他腫瘤免疫治療方法具有協(xié)同效應(yīng)。
2.2 PD-1通路抑制的體外抗腫瘤效應(yīng)McGee等[19]分別從NSCLC及卵巢癌患者分離出CD8+T細(xì)胞、腫瘤來源的樹突狀細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞,然后進(jìn)行體外培養(yǎng),并應(yīng)用PD-L1抗體后發(fā)現(xiàn),CD8+T細(xì)胞的增殖及γ干擾素(IFN-γ)的產(chǎn)生能力均提高,同時(shí)淋巴細(xì)胞在應(yīng)對腫瘤抗原時(shí)產(chǎn)生IFN-γ的能力也增強(qiáng),而將這些淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)入患卵巢腫瘤的免疫缺陷小鼠體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組小鼠相比實(shí)驗(yàn)組腫瘤的生長明顯減慢。同樣,從接種黑色素瘤抗原疫苗患者體內(nèi)分離的T細(xì)胞在體外用PD-1抗體培養(yǎng)后,其對黑色素瘤抗原的細(xì)胞毒效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)[20]。Wang等[21]在一個(gè)樹突狀細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞融合的體外免疫模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),PD-1抗體可以促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞朝活化表型方向分化,并增強(qiáng)其對腫瘤靶細(xì)胞的殺傷能力。此外,PD-1通路也參與了天然免疫系統(tǒng)的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者分離的NK細(xì)胞表達(dá)PD-1,然而痊愈患者的NK細(xì)胞卻不表達(dá),在用PD-1抗體處理PD-1陽性的NK細(xì)胞后,其INF-γ產(chǎn)生能力及細(xì)胞毒作用等抗腫瘤效應(yīng)均得到增強(qiáng)[22]。
綜上所述,阻斷PD-1通路主要從以下幾個(gè)方面增強(qiáng)對腫瘤的殺傷效果:(1)通過增強(qiáng)歸巢能力促使效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞在腫瘤部位的聚集[18]。(2)減少腫瘤微環(huán)境中調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量或降低其活性[19]。(3)增加效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量[21]。(4)提高腫瘤特異性T細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒作用,增強(qiáng)其對腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷[23]。(5)增強(qiáng)促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[23]。(6)下調(diào)潛在的抑制細(xì)胞因子如IL-10[24]。
基于PD-1通路在抗腫瘤中的重要作用,現(xiàn)已有許多針對該通路的抑制劑被研發(fā)出來,主要分PD-1和PD-L1兩類抑制劑,其在臨床腫瘤(本文主要以肺癌為主)治療中的最新進(jìn)展如下。
3.1 PD-1抑制劑與肺癌的研究
3.1.1 PD-1抑制劑Pembrolizumab與肺癌PD-1抑制劑Pembrolizumab可抑制PD-1與其配體PD-L1/PD-L2結(jié)合。Pembrolizumab的Ⅰ期試驗(yàn)評估發(fā)現(xiàn),在治療9周后整體客觀緩解率達(dá)21%、總生存期和無進(jìn)展生存期平均持續(xù)時(shí)間分別為51周和9.7周[25]。以上數(shù)據(jù)表明,Pembrolizumab單藥治療PD-L1陽性腫瘤患者具有有效性和安全性。其聯(lián)合順鉑/培美曲塞或卡鉑/紫杉醇治療的Ⅰ期試驗(yàn)的評估也正在進(jìn)行,預(yù)期肺癌患者的總生存期將會(huì)進(jìn)一步延長[26]。
3.1.2 PD-1抑制劑Nivolumab與肺癌PD-1抑制劑Niv?olumab已經(jīng)在肺癌中進(jìn)行了綜合的臨床評估,結(jié)果顯示在晚期NSCLC患者中,Nivolumab單藥治療的總有效率為17%,據(jù)估計(jì)平均有效持續(xù)的時(shí)間為74周(范圍從>6.1周到>133.9周),1年總體生存率為42%,2年為24%[27]。同時(shí)Nivolumab與多種其他療法聯(lián)合治療已進(jìn)行Ⅰ期和Ⅰ/Ⅱ期試驗(yàn):如Nivolumab在鱗狀NSCLC患者中作為三線藥物單藥治療;在晚期NSCLC患者中采用阿扎胞苷和恩替諾特(enti?nostat)治療后,使用Nivolumab治療與口服阿扎胞苷進(jìn)行比較的Ⅱ期試驗(yàn);Nivolumab與化療作為PD-L1陽性晚期NSCLC患者的Ⅲ期試驗(yàn)均在進(jìn)行中。除此之外,在晚期黑色素瘤患者中,Nivolumab與CTLA-4單克隆抗體易普利姆瑪(Ipilim?umab)聯(lián)合治療結(jié)果(40%聯(lián)合治療患者有效,65%患者有臨床好轉(zhuǎn)跡象)初步顯示聯(lián)合治療比之前任一種單藥治療的效果更好[28]。
3.2 PD-L1抑制劑與肺癌的研究
3.2.1 PD-L1抑制劑BMS-936559與肺癌PD-L1抑制劑BMS-936559主要是抑制PD-L1結(jié)合到T細(xì)胞的CD80上,同時(shí)也抑制PD-1與PD-L1的結(jié)合。在Ⅰ期試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),49例晚期NSCLC患者中有5例患者具有客觀療效,其中13例鱗狀NSCLC患者中有1例具有客觀療效,3例病情穩(wěn)定且持續(xù)時(shí)間≥24周,6例在24周內(nèi)病情無進(jìn)展性;而36例非鱗狀亞型的患者中,4例具有客觀療效,3例病情穩(wěn)定且持續(xù)時(shí)間≥24周,9例在24周內(nèi)病情無進(jìn)展,由此看出其與組織學(xué)亞型關(guān)聯(lián)性不大[29]。
3.2.2 PD-L1抑制劑MPDL3280A與肺癌研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PDL1抑制劑MPDL3280A在治療NSCLC患者中客觀有效率達(dá)23%,且大多數(shù)患者的持續(xù)有效時(shí)間從>24周延長至>75周[30]。基于這一較好的治療結(jié)果,其Ⅱ期試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)在局部臟器轉(zhuǎn)移及全身性轉(zhuǎn)移的NSCLC患者中進(jìn)行,將重點(diǎn)監(jiān)測MPDL3280A單藥治療的PD-L1陽性患者,預(yù)期此類患者的存活率及生存質(zhì)量將會(huì)提高[31]。
與傳統(tǒng)治療藥物一樣,PD-1通路抑制劑的不良反應(yīng)主要包括皮膚表現(xiàn)(如皮疹、瘙癢和白癜風(fēng))[32]、胃腸道反應(yīng)(如腹瀉和結(jié)腸炎)[33]、內(nèi)分泌表現(xiàn)(甲狀腺功能減退和甲亢)、肝臟表現(xiàn)(肝炎和肝功能酶增多)[34]、肺炎、葡萄膜炎、輸液相關(guān)反應(yīng)和疲勞[35]。
除常見不良反應(yīng)外,PD-1通路抑制劑還可能對細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP)酶存在潛在影響。因?yàn)橹委熜詥慰寺】贵w不能被CYP酶代謝分解,而是通過腎濾過或通過受體介導(dǎo)機(jī)制代謝,故其不會(huì)產(chǎn)生由CYP酶介導(dǎo)的藥物間相互作用,由此被認(rèn)為不會(huì)產(chǎn)生CYP酶參與的直接的藥物-藥物相互作用[36]。但有研究表明,PD-1通路參與效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞應(yīng)答,可能會(huì)調(diào)控許多藥物運(yùn)輸?shù)鞍缀虲YP酶的水平,其抑制劑與高劑量IL-2聯(lián)合治療可使肝細(xì)胞癌患者體內(nèi)多個(gè)CYP酶的表達(dá)降低,其機(jī)制可能與免疫調(diào)節(jié)性抗體誘導(dǎo)的某些細(xì)胞因子有關(guān)[37]。
文中所及的體內(nèi)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明PD-1通路的阻斷在腫瘤治療中具有明顯效果,同時(shí),臨床上針對該通路的各類抑制劑也已處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段,并已顯示良好的效果,但這類抑制劑是否能真正應(yīng)用于臨床治療,以及其在治療過程中產(chǎn)生的不良反應(yīng)仍不完全確定。目前這類抑制劑主要以治療肺癌為主,其對腫瘤的治療是否存在癌癥類型的局限性也未可知。但總的來說,免疫療法的應(yīng)用將開啟腫瘤治療的新途徑,無論是動(dòng)物研究還是臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果均將會(huì)為這類治療方法在臨床的應(yīng)用提供基礎(chǔ)和依據(jù)。
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(2014-11-26收稿2015-02-13修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
The research progress of PD-1 channel inhibition in tumor treatment
CHEN Lu,TAN Chao△
The First Clinical Medical College,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China△
Programmed death1(PD-1)is mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cell.The combination between PD-1 and its legends PD-L1/PD-L2 activate downstream signaling pathways and negatively regulate T cell activation.Ab?normal increase expression of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface mediates the tumor immune escape.Inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway contributes to antitumor effect of T cells.The development of this pathway inhibitors has become a hot spot for tu?mor immunotherapy.This article expounds the progress about antitumor effects mediated by PD-1 pathway inhibition from experiments in vivo or in vitro and clinical development of PD-1 pathway inhibitors,providing a new target for cancer immu?notherapy and theoretical and clinical basis for the clinical application of immunotherapy with traditional therapy methods.
neoplasms;immunotherapy;review;programmed death 1;PD-1 ligand
R73
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.036
湖北省自然科學(xué)基金資助(2014CFB307)
宜昌,三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(郵編443002)
陳路(1972),男,主治醫(yī)師,學(xué)士,主要從事病理、腫瘤研究
△通訊作者E-mail:yczxyytanchao@sina.com