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“ing”的奇境記

2015-03-13 20:07周童瑜
求學(xué)·文科版 2015年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:奇境介詞定語

周童瑜

看到ing,也許你的腦海會(huì)認(rèn)為它就是一個(gè)表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,或者干脆用非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種來將其概括。但實(shí)際上,它的用法在語法中就像一個(gè)個(gè)奇境,想要完全吃透得費(fèi)一番氣力。下面我們就通過例句來看看“ing”的奇境到底有哪些。

奇境記一:時(shí)態(tài)之境

ing在時(shí)態(tài)中,主要有過去、現(xiàn)在和將來三種進(jìn)行時(shí),我們通過兩道題來將其“秒殺”。

1. —Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets. —You

______ something.

A. have left B. are always leaving

C. are leaving D. always left

2. —Hey, look where you are going? —Oh, I'm terribly sorry, _____.

A. I'm not noticing B. I wasnt noticing

C. I haven't noticed D. I dont notice

解析:第1題選B,表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,丟三落四。第2題選B,表示剛才未留意。

時(shí)態(tài)之境也涉及ing式的被動(dòng)態(tài),如:I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. have加ing是受到介詞of的影響, 使用完成式結(jié)構(gòu)是強(qiáng)調(diào)chosen的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在heard之前。

奇境記二:狀語之境

ing在狀語中,主要涉及伴隨狀語、時(shí)間狀語、原因狀語、讓步狀語和結(jié)果狀語。伴隨狀語:They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 時(shí)間狀語:Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library. 原因狀語:Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 讓步狀語: Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 結(jié)果狀語:His father died, leaving him a lot of money. ing式作結(jié)果狀語通常表示謂語動(dòng)詞的直接結(jié)果,是意料中的結(jié)果。 請(qǐng)看一道題目:

3. European football is played in 80 countries, _____it the most popular sports in the world.

A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

解析:該題選A而非選D。需要提醒考生的是,to do做結(jié)果狀語時(shí),往往強(qiáng)調(diào)難以意料的結(jié)果。

奇境記三:否定之境

ing的否定形式是直接在其動(dòng)詞ing形式前加not。如:His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 考生要注意兩個(gè)例句的不同類型。再看一道題目:

4.______the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

A.Not completing B.Not completed

C.Not having completed D.Having not completed

解析:此題考查ing的完成式的否定用法。根據(jù)題意,“未完成”和“逗留”兩者有明顯的時(shí)間先后,所以需用ing的完成式,且分詞的否定形式應(yīng)在分詞前直接加not,故選C。

奇境記四:句型之境

ing在一些特定句型中,有些指定動(dòng)詞必須加ing。如:It is no use/good crying over spilt milk. It is a waste of time /worth / worthless reading the whole story. We have difficulty / trouble/bother/a problem (in) finishing the work. 此外還有be busy (in) doing sth, spend some time (in) doing sth, have fun/a good time (in) doing等句型。

奇境記五:介詞之境

介詞后面的動(dòng)詞必須加ing,這是常識(shí)。下面我們通過一道題,看看介詞之境遭遇“距離”,該如何破解。

5. How about the two of us _____ a walk down the garden?

A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking

解析:此題橫線處的動(dòng)詞雖然被the two of us制造了與介詞about之間的“距離”,但依然受其制約,必須用taking,故選C。

“介詞之境”此處必須提到to doing的一些常見短語,如look forward to,pay attention to等。高考常見的類似短語還有be / get / become used/accustomed to習(xí)慣于,be addicted to沉溺于、對(duì)……上癮 ,be opposed to 反對(duì),as opposed to相對(duì)于,devote oneself to獻(xiàn)身于、專心于,be reduced to淪為,be exposed to 暴露于、遭受,get down to著手做,object to反對(duì),come close to幾乎、將近,take to開始喜愛,when it comes to談到……時(shí),the key to ……的答案、關(guān)鍵,access to進(jìn)入,be subject to 服從、隸屬。

奇境記六:特殊動(dòng)詞之境

一些動(dòng)詞后面必須ing,還有一些可以看情況來選擇是否加ing。必須加ing的動(dòng)詞:mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, consider, admit(承認(rèn)),advise, appreciate=enjoy, avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, stop, delay, imagine, include, keep, quit, resist, risk, understand, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, complete, deny, detest, endure, prevent, fancy, postpone, recall, resent, resume, face, stand, forgive, keep等。選擇型加ing類動(dòng)詞:forget, regret, remember, stop, mean等,這些動(dòng)詞需要看具體情況來選擇是否要用ing式。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí),后面接ing式皆表示被動(dòng)意義。如:The old woman requires looking after carefully.

奇境記七:賓補(bǔ)之境

ing可在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如:We heard the children shouting downstairs. 此外ing還可在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等帶有使動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或反復(fù)。如:We kept the fire burning all night long.

奇境記八:定語之境

定語之境分兩種情況:一是動(dòng)詞ing式可作前置定語,如running shoes表示鞋子的用途和功能, 此時(shí)ing式表示被修飾的人或物正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。二是ing式短語可作后置定語。如:They lived in a house facing south. 需要注意的是,ing作定語,要求其動(dòng)作必須與主句謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如果不是,則需用定語從句。如:The expert who came here yesterday(不能用coming here yesterday作后置定語)will give us a lecture.

奇境記九:邏輯復(fù)合之境

ing的邏輯復(fù)合之境包括動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。ing 式需要自己的邏輯主語時(shí),一般在 ing式前加物主代詞或名詞所有格(即名詞后加's),這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)就是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。比較:Cathy insisted on doing it herself. 她堅(jiān)持要自己做(此句doing it的邏輯主語是主語“她”) Cathy insisted on my doing it. 她堅(jiān)持要我做(此句doing it的邏輯主語是“我”)Would you mind me/my opening the window?你介意我開窗嗎?需要提醒考生的是,ing式作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語一般與句子的主語保持一致。如:Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. the garden無法充當(dāng)look的邏輯主語,故畫線句可改為we saw a beautiful garden。倘若ing式由于表達(dá)需要,不能和句中主語一致,ing式此時(shí)就必須要有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語。該邏輯主語通常由名詞或代詞來充當(dāng),這種結(jié)構(gòu)就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)并不是一個(gè)句子,該結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首或句尾,充當(dāng)整個(gè)句子的狀語,表示時(shí)間、原因、方式等。如:Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. Winter having come, its getting colder and colder.最后需要提醒考生的是,一些固定的ing式短語,如generally speaking, judging from, considering, supposing, taking... into consideration等,它們的邏輯主語可以和句子的主語不一致。這種ing式短語可以看作一種固定用法。如:Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.

編后語

愛麗絲漫游奇境的時(shí)候,可愛的柴郡貓幫了愛麗絲好多忙。那什么可以幫助我們漫游“ing”的奇境呢?那就是ing最原始的核心意義,即表示正在進(jìn)行和主動(dòng)。在這個(gè)原始意義的指導(dǎo)下,結(jié)合如上所述,你是否可以完全漫游“ing”的奇境了呢?

推薦閱讀:提到語法大塊頭虛擬語氣,你是否“整個(gè)人都不好了”?別急,本期同步出刊的《求學(xué)》理科版“新生語法系列”之《特殊詞之特殊虛擬式》,將條件句之外的所有特殊虛擬式一網(wǎng)打盡,讓你對(duì)虛擬語氣不再困惑。

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