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滇西瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段新生代多期構(gòu)造變形特征及時(shí)代約束*

2015-03-15 12:04:36吉風(fēng)寶戚學(xué)祥常裕林張超趙宇浩韋誠
巖石學(xué)報(bào) 2015年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:糜棱巖瀾滄江黑云母

吉風(fēng)寶 戚學(xué)祥** 常裕林 張超 趙宇浩 韋誠

JI FengBao1,QI XueXiang1**,CHANG YuLin2,ZHANG Chao1,ZHAO YuHao3 and WEI Cheng1

1. 大陸構(gòu)造與動(dòng)力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所,北京 100037

2. 中國冶金地質(zhì)總局山東正元地質(zhì)勘察院,濟(jì)南 250101

3. 中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局南京地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,南京 210016

1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China

2. Shandong Zhengyuan Geological Exploration Institute,China Metallurgical Geology Bureau,Jinan 250101,China

3. Nanjing Institutes of Geology and Mineral Resources,China Geological Survey,Nanjing 210016,China

2015-05-05 收稿,2015-09-26 改回.

1 引言

青藏高原東南緣三江構(gòu)造帶是岡瓦納古陸東北緣塊體相繼于中晚泥盆世、二疊世和三疊世裂離、向北運(yùn)移,塊體之間的古特提斯洋(瀾滄江洋、哀牢山-金沙江洋)、中特提斯洋(班公湖-怒江洋)和新特提斯洋(雅魯藏布-密支那洋)相繼俯沖(Metcalfe,2011,2013),印支(蘭坪-思茅)地塊、Sibumasu(保山-羌塘)地塊和騰沖-緬西地塊分別于印支期和燕山晚期相互拼合(?eng?r,1984;Dewey et al.,1988;?eng?r et al.,1993;從柏林等,1993;莫宣學(xué)等,1993;鐘大賚,1998;Yin and Harrison,2000;李興振等,2002;戚學(xué)祥等,2010a,b,2012)形成的由多個(gè)地塊(如騰沖-緬西、Sibumasu/保山-羌塘和印支)以及塊體之間殘余縫合帶(如高黎貢縫合帶、瀾滄江縫合帶和哀牢山-金沙江縫合帶)組成的復(fù)雜構(gòu)造帶(Mitchell,1993;Mitchell et al.,2004;Morley,2004;Metcalfe,2006;Acharyya,2007;Heppe et al.,2007;楊經(jīng)綏等,2012)。在喜山運(yùn)動(dòng)期間,印度板塊向北俯沖碰撞導(dǎo)致青藏高原東南緣塊體發(fā)生大規(guī)模旋轉(zhuǎn)和逃逸(Tapponnier and Molnar,1976;Tapponnier et al.,1982,1990),塊體沿古縫合帶發(fā)生大規(guī)模走滑(丁林,1991;鐘大賚等,1991;Leloup et al.,1993,1995;鐘大賚,1998;劉俊來等,2006,2007,2011;羅照華等,2006;Morkey,2007;Searle et al.,2007;王二七等,2006;Cao et al.,2010)形成由總體走向近南北,向北收斂、向南撒開的三條大型構(gòu)造帶和三個(gè)地塊組成的構(gòu)造格局(圖1a)。前人對東部哀牢山-金沙江構(gòu)造帶和西部高黎貢構(gòu)造帶中的大規(guī)模類型走滑剪切作用進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究,認(rèn)為前者為左行大型韌性走滑剪切帶,主要形成于35 ~21Ma(Sch?rer et al. ,1990,1994;Harrison et al. ,1992,1996;Leloup et al. ,1993,1995,2001;Zhang and Sch?rer,1999;Gilley et al. ,2003;Searle et al. ,2010;Li et al. ,2014),后者為大型右行韌性走滑剪切帶,形成于38 ~10Ma(鐘大賚等,1991;季建清等,2000;Lee et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2006;Lin et al. ,2009;李再會等,2012;Zhang et al. ,2012b;王丹丹等,2013)。但對分隔保山-羌塘地塊和蘭坪-思茅地塊的邊界性瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶的研究相對薄弱,且主要集中于北段的碧羅雪山至崇山一帶,認(rèn)為碧羅雪山以北以右行走滑為主,碧羅雪山-崇山段以左行走滑為特征,其走滑時(shí)限為37 ~21Ma (陳新躍等,2006;Wang et al. ,2006;Akciz et al.,2008;張波,2008;張波等,2009,2011;Zhang et al.,2010,2012a;唐淵等,2013),瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段(崇山-臨滄巖體段)是瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶轉(zhuǎn)折段,蘭坪-思茅盆地在此段緊縮呈“蜂腰”狀,其構(gòu)造變形特征、形成時(shí)限及其與塊體的擠出關(guān)系仍未查明。近年來,筆者對中段韌性變形特征進(jìn)行了野外調(diào)研,發(fā)現(xiàn)該段同時(shí)存在典型的左行和右行走滑剪切標(biāo)志及兩組拉伸線理交切的現(xiàn)象。為此,在野外調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上,通過顯微構(gòu)造學(xué)、巖石學(xué)和同位素年代學(xué)等方法,對該段韌性變形特征,左行和右行走滑作用的時(shí)空關(guān)系及其形成時(shí)代進(jìn)行研究,并結(jié)合前人研究成果,揭示瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶韌性變形的形成機(jī)制及其與塊體旋轉(zhuǎn)擠出的關(guān)系,為進(jìn)一步探討三江構(gòu)造帶的形成演化提供依據(jù)。

圖1 瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段地質(zhì)簡圖(a,據(jù)Wang and Burchfiel,1997 修編;b,云南省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,2011①云南省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院.2011. 1∶250000 鳳慶幅地質(zhì)圖修編)Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the middle segment of the Lancang tectonic zone (a,modified after Wang and Burchfiel,1997)

2 區(qū)域地質(zhì)概況

瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶位于青藏高原東南緣,北與高黎貢和金沙江構(gòu)造帶平行展布,沿碧羅雪山和崇山山脈向南延入臨滄巖體,沿臨滄巖體東側(cè)直至進(jìn)入泰國境內(nèi),長約1300km(圖1a)。寬3 ~20km,東部以瀾滄江逆沖斷層帶與蘭坪-思茅地塊為界,西部以昌寧-鳳慶逆沖斷裂帶分隔于保山地塊。瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶云南境內(nèi)總體可分為三部分:北段為碧羅雪山以北向南延伸至崇山山脈,南段自以臨滄巖體經(jīng)景洪向南進(jìn)入泰國,南北兩段之間崇山南部至臨滄巖體北部構(gòu)成構(gòu)造帶的中段,即構(gòu)造帶從近南北走向轉(zhuǎn)向南東東走向后又轉(zhuǎn)向近南北向的過渡地段(圖1)。北段長約350km,寬3 ~20km,走向近南北,由西側(cè)角閃巖相條帶狀片麻巖、糜棱巖化片麻巖、花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖和東側(cè)綠片巖相云母片巖、千枚巖和板巖組成。角閃巖相變質(zhì)巖糜棱巖化變形明顯,糜棱面理和拉伸線理發(fā)育,面理總體走向近南北向,傾向、傾角變化較大(傾角一般>60°),兩側(cè)傾向相反,呈正花狀,線理向南傾伏,傾角較小(<30°,一般<20°)。指向構(gòu)造發(fā)育,碧羅雪山以北以右旋為主,以南以左旋為主(Akciz et al.,2008;張波,2008;張波等,2009,2011;Zhang et al.,2010,2012;唐淵等,2013)。南段由西部的高壓藍(lán)片巖帶、中部臨滄巖體和東部的韌性走滑剪切帶構(gòu)成。其中,東部韌性走滑剪切帶寬度變化較大,不同地段糜棱巖化程度不同,多由糜棱巖或初糜棱巖組成。中段長約100km,寬度3 ~20km,整體走向NW-SE,于昌寧-鳳慶-云縣一帶轉(zhuǎn)為近E-W 走向(圖1b),主體由高綠片巖相-角閃巖相片麻巖、混合巖和石榴云母片巖組成。帶內(nèi)巖石糜棱巖化明顯,糜棱面理和拉伸線理發(fā)育,產(chǎn)狀變化較大,總體傾向南西,指向構(gòu)造揭示其存在典型的右行和左行兩種走滑運(yùn)動(dòng)性質(zhì)。瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶東側(cè)的蘭坪-思茅地塊內(nèi)出露的地層為侏羅系-白堊系陸相沉積(紅層),內(nèi)部褶皺、逆沖推覆構(gòu)造發(fā)育。構(gòu)造帶西側(cè)保山-羌塘地塊內(nèi)出露的地層為古生界被動(dòng)陸緣沉積地層和零星分布的中生界沉積地層,大型北東向左行走滑斷裂帶南汀河斷裂帶和畹町?dāng)嗔褞⒌貕K內(nèi)部分為三部分(圖1a),南汀河斷裂帶北起云縣茂蘭、向南匯入實(shí)皆斷裂,未切穿瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶(朱玉新等,1994;王晉南等,2006);畹町?dāng)嗔褞虮敝翞车閰R入柯街?jǐn)嗔?,向南匯入實(shí)皆斷裂(常祖峰等,2012;Morley,2007)。

3 測試方法

3.1 EBSD 組構(gòu)

EBSD 組構(gòu)分析由中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所大陸構(gòu)造與動(dòng)力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。定向樣品沿垂直面理并平行于線理方向切制光薄片,薄片拋光、噴碳后進(jìn)行EBSD 測量,測試儀器為日本電子公司(JEOL)制造的JSM-56101V 型掃描電鏡和丹麥HKL 公司制造的CHANNEL5 型號EBSD 儀器。加速電壓為20kV,工作距離為20mm,將衍射點(diǎn)數(shù)進(jìn)行等面積下半球赤平投影,得到反映晶體CPO 的各主要晶軸空間分布的極密圖。組構(gòu)圖解的坐標(biāo)軸設(shè)置為X 軸平行于拉伸線理的方向,XY 為面理方向,Z 軸為垂直面理的方向,晶格優(yōu)選方位極密圖統(tǒng)計(jì)由Channel 5 軟件完成,詳細(xì)實(shí)驗(yàn)流程參考文獻(xiàn)(許志琴等,2009)。

3.2 40Ar/39Ar 年代學(xué)

黑云母40Ar/39Ar 定年由中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所同位素?zé)崮甏鷮W(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。樣品破碎后經(jīng)重液浮選和磁選,選出黑云母初級樣品,然后在雙目鏡下經(jīng)手工仔細(xì)挑選,樣品純度在99%以上。選純的黑云母單礦物(純度>99%)用超聲波清洗。清洗后的樣品被封進(jìn)石英瓶中送核反應(yīng)堆中接受中子照射。照射工作是在中國原子能科學(xué)研究院的“游泳池堆”中進(jìn)行的,使用B4 孔道,中子流密度約為2.65 ×1013n·cm-2S-1。照射總時(shí)間為1444min,積分中子通量為2.30 ×1018n·cm-2;同期接受中子照射的還有用做監(jiān)控樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣:ZBH-25 黑云母標(biāo)樣,其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)年齡為132.7 ±1.2Ma,K 含量為7.6%。

樣品的階段升溫加熱使用石墨爐,每一個(gè)階段加熱30min,凈化30min。質(zhì)譜分析是在多接收稀有氣體質(zhì)譜儀Helix MC 上進(jìn)行的,每個(gè)峰值均采集20 組數(shù)據(jù)。所有的數(shù)據(jù)在回歸到時(shí)間零點(diǎn)值后再進(jìn)行質(zhì)量歧視校正、大氣氬校正、空白校正和干擾元素同位素校正。中子照射過程中所產(chǎn)生的干擾同位素校正系數(shù)通過分析照射過的K2SO4和CaF2來獲得,其值為:(36Ar/37Aro)Ca=0.0002389,(40Ar/39Ar)K=0.004782,(39Ar/37Aro)Ca=0.000806。37Ar 經(jīng)過放射性衰變校正;40K 衰變常數(shù)λ =5.543 ×10-10y-1(Steiger and Jager,1977);用ISOPLOT 程序計(jì)算坪年齡及正、反等時(shí)線(Ludwig,2001)。坪年齡誤差以2σ 給出。詳細(xì)實(shí)驗(yàn)流程參考文獻(xiàn)(陳文等,2006;張彥等,2006)。

圖2 瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段昌寧-耈街剖面構(gòu)造剖面圖Fig.2 Changning-Goujie structural section in the middle segment of the Lancang tectonic zone

4 構(gòu)造變形特征

4.1 韌性剪切變形

韌性剪切帶內(nèi)的巖石都發(fā)生不同程度的韌性變形,其中的石英具有明顯的波狀消光、亞顆粒和動(dòng)態(tài)重結(jié)晶現(xiàn)象,長石多發(fā)育機(jī)械雙晶、核幔結(jié)構(gòu)和應(yīng)力出溶作用(應(yīng)力蠕英結(jié)構(gòu)、應(yīng)力條紋結(jié)構(gòu))、不對稱旋轉(zhuǎn)碎斑、多米諾構(gòu)造,以及長英質(zhì)條帶定向排列構(gòu)成糜棱面理和拉伸線理,局部形成S-C 組構(gòu)等。構(gòu)造帶內(nèi)的巖石都發(fā)生不同程度的糜棱巖化,形成超糜棱巖、糜棱巖和初糜棱巖,其中,糜棱巖構(gòu)成剪切帶的主體,超糜棱巖主要分布于剪切帶西南部,初糜棱巖不均勻分布。礦物組合主要有:石榴石+黑云母+斜長石+石英、角閃石+黑云母+長石、黑云母/白云母+斜長石+鉀長石+石英。糜棱面理產(chǎn)狀變化較大,但整體上具有西部傾向南東東,傾角30°左右,中部走向近南北,近直立,東部則變?yōu)閮A向西,傾角25°左右的變化趨勢,且在局部存在“背形”或“向形”式的變化(圖2、圖3)。拉伸線理相對穩(wěn)定,向南南東傾伏,傾伏角10° ~25°。局部同一面理上發(fā)育兩組斜交的線理(120° ~157°∠6° ~15°和308° ~337°∠29° ~39°),且傾伏角較大的線理被近水平線理切割(圖4a),反映兩期走滑剪切變形特征。

韌性剪切帶內(nèi)指向構(gòu)造發(fā)育。露頭尺度上和顯微尺度下,在平行拉伸線理和垂直面理的XZ 面上,長英質(zhì)條帶被拉斷旋轉(zhuǎn)形成的不對稱旋轉(zhuǎn)透鏡體和眼球狀旋轉(zhuǎn)碎斑、長石及石英團(tuán)塊構(gòu)成的“δ”或“σ”旋轉(zhuǎn)碎斑(圖4)、云母魚、石英被拉長斜列與云母等片狀礦物一起構(gòu)成S-C 組構(gòu)、以及長石沿解理面發(fā)生滑動(dòng)形成的“多米諾”構(gòu)造(圖5)顯示出明顯的走滑性質(zhì)。其中,這些構(gòu)造指向標(biāo)志出構(gòu)造帶中-西部以左行走滑為主,東部以右行走滑為主的特點(diǎn)(圖4)。

4.2 脆韌性變形

該階段構(gòu)造變形繼承了早期糜棱面理,局部存在糜棱面理被拉斷、錯(cuò)開,并被同構(gòu)造石英充填形成的翼狀構(gòu)造(Passchier,2001;Mukherjee,2014)(圖4f),長英質(zhì)脈體被錯(cuò)斷而形成的“書斜”構(gòu)造(圖4e)和S-C 組構(gòu),以及標(biāo)志右行剪切作用的云母魚和鉀長石被后期左行剪切作用錯(cuò)開(圖5e)等脆韌性變形特征,并在整個(gè)剪切帶中都展示出左行剪切的運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)制,反映其形成于韌性剪切帶隆升到中上部構(gòu)造層次后發(fā)生的構(gòu)造變形。

圖3 瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段鳳慶-魯史剖面構(gòu)造剖面圖Fig.3 Fengqing-Lushi structural section in the middle segment of the Lancang tectonic zone

總體來看,瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段韌性剪切帶整體上具有正花狀構(gòu)造特征,即糜棱面理在西部呈低角度傾向北東東,東部低角度傾向南西西,中部面理近直立。韌性剪切帶早期以右行韌性走滑剪切變形,后期以左行脆韌性變形走滑剪切變形為特征。

5 石英組構(gòu)特征

石英晶格優(yōu)選方位是查明韌性剪切變形走滑方向和變形條件的重要方法。為此,筆者分別對剪切帶北部的昌寧-耈街剖面和南部的鳳慶-魯史剖面中的糜棱巖樣品進(jìn)行EBSD 石英C 軸組構(gòu)分析。其中12QMZ-1-1、13QCG-13和13QCG-25 分別采自昌寧-耈街剖面西翼、中部和東翼的長英質(zhì)糜棱巖;樣品12QFL-8、12QFL-36 和12QFL-53分別采自鳳慶-魯史剖面西南翼的花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖、中部的長英質(zhì)糜棱巖和東北翼的長英質(zhì)糜棱巖。測試結(jié)果如圖6 所示。

從圖6 可以看出,所有樣品石英C 軸晶格優(yōu)選方位極密均存在平行于Y 軸和分布于Z 軸附近的2 個(gè)極密,前者為柱面<a >滑移系,反映形成于中溫(450 ~600℃)的變形環(huán)境(Schmid and Casey,1986),后者為疊加于前期的中低溫菱面<a >滑移系和低溫底面<a >滑移系的單斜單環(huán)帶組構(gòu)類型,變形溫度約300 ~550℃(Takeshita,1996)。昌寧-耈街剖面中、東部和鳳慶-魯史剖面樣品石英C 軸晶格優(yōu)選方位圖中溫變形顯示右行剪切指向,后期中低溫變形顯示左行特征,昌寧-耈街剖面西翼則顯示兩期左行特征,與剖面整體呈向形構(gòu)造相符。樣品石英C 軸晶格優(yōu)選方位圖結(jié)果與野外露頭和鏡下觀察剪切標(biāo)志相符。

6 年代學(xué)研究

6.1 樣品描述

黑云母40Ar-39Ar 定年樣品采自于的昌寧-耈街剖面中黑云母片巖(12QMZ-15,24°54'12″N,99°43'38″E)和花崗糜棱巖(12QMZ-34,24°56'53″N,99°43'58″E)(圖1b)。12QMZ-15黑云母片巖主要礦物組成為黑云母(45%),白云母(5%)、石英(40%)、長石(10%)。其中黑云母呈他形片狀定向分布,未發(fā)生任何蝕變,石英呈條帶狀,間隔分布于云母富集帶間,定向排列的黑云母、多晶條帶狀石英構(gòu)成面理,含少量保留斑晶形態(tài)的細(xì)?;L石,其邊部零星見蠕英結(jié)構(gòu),反映巖石經(jīng)歷過韌性變形和動(dòng)態(tài)重結(jié)晶作用。12QMZ-34 花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖主要礦物組成為長石(55%)、石英(35%)、黑云母(9%),副礦物主要有鋯石、磷灰石、榍石及磁鐵礦等不透明礦物(1%),長石殘斑粒度變化較大,約1 ×3mm ~3 ×5mm,長石機(jī)械雙晶、細(xì)?;饔蔑@著,局部發(fā)育蠕英結(jié)構(gòu)。云母呈殘縷狀,未發(fā)生任何蝕變,與細(xì)?;拈L石、動(dòng)態(tài)重結(jié)晶石英顆粒組成基質(zhì)。

6.2 定年結(jié)果

2 個(gè)樣品40Ar-39Ar 年齡分析的數(shù)據(jù)見表1,坪年齡和等時(shí)線年齡見圖7。12QMZ-15 樣品中黑云母840 ~1060℃的7個(gè)加熱步給出了近一致的表觀年齡,對應(yīng)的坪年齡為17.8 ±0.2Ma(MSWD=0.83),析出39Ar 量占總量的66.5%;等時(shí)線年齡為17.7 ±0.3Ma(MSWD=1.4)。12QMZ-34 樣品中黑云母840 ~1170℃的10 個(gè)加熱步給出了近一致的表觀年齡,對應(yīng)的坪年齡15.0 ±0.2Ma(MSWD =0.59),析出39Ar 量占總量的85.3%;等時(shí)線年齡為14.7 ±0.4Ma(MSWD =1.04),兩樣品初始40Ar/36Ar 值分別為296.7 ±5.5 和300.4 ±7.8,與現(xiàn)今大氣氬的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值(295.5 ±5)誤差范圍內(nèi)一致,反映樣品受污染的程度較小,且等時(shí)線年齡與坪年齡在誤差范圍內(nèi)一致,年齡真實(shí)可信。

圖4 瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段韌性變形特征(I)昌寧-耈街剖面:(a)剪切帶東翼花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖面理面上發(fā)育的兩期線理;(b)剪切帶西翼超糜棱巖及糜棱線理;(c)剪切帶西翼花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖發(fā)育σ 型旋斑,指示左行(XZ 面);(d)剪切帶東翼花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖發(fā)育σ 型旋斑,σ 型旋斑指示右行(XZ面);(e)剪切帶西翼云母片巖中的淺色花崗巖脈被剪切錯(cuò)開,指示后期脆韌性左行剪切(XZ 面);(f)剪切帶東翼長英質(zhì)糜棱巖發(fā)育的翼狀構(gòu)造指示左行脆韌性變形(XZ 面). (Ⅱ)鳳慶-魯史剖面:(g)剪切帶東翼花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖發(fā)育σ 型旋斑,σ 型旋斑指示右行(XZ 面);(h)剪切帶東翼花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖發(fā)育兩期面理(XZ 面)Fig.4 Ductile deformation characterization for the middle segment of the Lancang tectonic zone(I) Changning-Goujie section: (a) two generation mineral stretching lineations on the foliation in granitic mylonite,the east side of the shear zone;(b)ultramylonite in the west side of the shear zone; (c) σ-type porphyroblast in granitic mylonite,indicating sinistral shearing (XZ),west side of the shear zone;(d)σ-type porphyroblast in granitic mylonite,indicating dextral shearing(XZ),east side of the shear zone;(e)dislocation structure in mica schist,indicating brittle-ductile sinistral shearing in later stage(XZ),west side of the shear zone;(f)flanking structures in felsic mylonite,indicating brittle-ductile sinistral shearing(XZ),east side of the shear zone. (Ⅱ)Fengqing-Lushi section:(g)σ-type porphyroblast in granitic mylonite, indicating dextral shearing(XZ),east side of the shear zone;(h)two generation foliations in granitic mylonite (XZ),east side of the shear zone

7 討論

7.1 走滑作用時(shí)代

近年來,前人對瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶北段(即碧羅雪山-崇山一帶)韌性剪切變形特征及其形成時(shí)代進(jìn)行了研究。通過對韌性剪切帶中糜棱巖、同構(gòu)造花崗巖、變形巖脈及未變形巖脈等進(jìn)行獨(dú)居石/鋯石U-Pb 和黑云母/白云母40Ar-39Ar 同位素年代學(xué)測試(Akciz et al.,2008;Zhang et al.,2010,2012a;唐淵等,2013),結(jié)果表明同構(gòu)造花崗巖中獨(dú)居石/鋯石、變形花崗巖脈中鋯石變質(zhì)邊U-Pb 年齡為37 ~21Ma,糜棱巖、同構(gòu)造花崗巖、變形巖脈中黑云母/白云母40Ar-39Ar 分別為13 ~19Ma、14 ~20Ma,說明韌性剪切作用形成于37 ~21Ma。黑云母和白云母封閉溫度(350℃和400℃)的特點(diǎn)說明該年齡反映深變質(zhì)變形帶隆升的時(shí)代。前人對構(gòu)造帶中段糜棱巖中的黑云母進(jìn)行了40Ar-39Ar 同位素測試,獲得27 ~28Ma(陳新躍等,2006;Wang et al.,2006)和17Ma(李述靖和單業(yè)華,1995)兩組同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)。野外和鏡下觀察表明構(gòu)造帶中段存在早期韌性和后期左行脆韌性兩個(gè)階段的變形,前者形成于中高溫條件(450 ~600℃),后者形成于中低溫(350 ~550℃)條件,本文獲得的黑云母40Ar-39Ar (17 ~15Ma)與前人獲得兩組年齡數(shù)據(jù)中的17Ma 年齡數(shù)據(jù)一致,是對后期左行脆韌性變形期時(shí)代上限、韌性剪切變形時(shí)代下限的限定,而27 ~28Ma40Ar-39Ar 同位素年齡位于北段與韌性剪切變形有關(guān)花崗巖鋯石U-Pb 年齡區(qū)間,代表韌性剪切變形形成和隆升時(shí)代。

圖7 瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段韌性剪切帶內(nèi)黑云母40Ar/39Ar 坪年齡(a、c)和等時(shí)線年齡(b、d)Fig.7 40Ar/39Ar plateau age spectra (a,c)and isochron ages (b,d)of biotite from shear zone in middle segment of the Lancang tectonic zone

7.2 構(gòu)造演化

青藏高原東南緣三江構(gòu)造域是經(jīng)歷多期次構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)改造形成的塊體拼合、擠出和大規(guī)模走滑作用構(gòu)造變形域,尤其是新生代印度板塊向北俯沖碰撞導(dǎo)致青藏高原東南緣塊體——印支地塊和Sibumasu 地塊發(fā)生大規(guī)模旋轉(zhuǎn)和逃逸(Tapponnier and Molnar,1976;Tapponnier et al.,1982,1990),塊體沿古縫合帶發(fā)生大規(guī)模走滑作用(丁林,1991;鐘大賚等,1991;鐘大賚,1998;Leloup et al.,1993,1995;劉俊來等,2006,2007,2011;羅照華等,2006;Morley,2007;Searle et al.,2007;王二七等,2006;Cao et al.,2010),形成東部以哀牢山-金沙江大規(guī)模左行走滑剪切帶、西部以高黎貢右行韌性剪切帶和中部瀾滄江韌性剪切帶為界的構(gòu)造格局(圖1a)。瀾滄江韌性走滑剪切帶的形成時(shí)代與前二者一致,反映其形成與蘭坪-思茅地塊和保山地塊之間的相對運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)。即在擠出過程中,蘭坪-思茅地塊向南擠出速度快于保山地塊時(shí),瀾滄江韌性剪切帶發(fā)生右行走滑剪切作用,形成一系列反映右行走滑剪切的指向構(gòu)造,反之則形成左行走滑剪切變形。瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段中部面理糜棱產(chǎn)狀近直立,東、西兩側(cè)糜棱面理產(chǎn)狀和構(gòu)造指向都截然相反,展示出典型的“花”狀構(gòu)造,以及糜棱面理中保留有早期傾伏角較大的拉伸線理,揭示中下地殼形成的韌性剪切帶在斜向擠出隆升過程中,韌性變形巖石以中部近直立糜棱面理糜棱巖為界,分別向東、西兩側(cè)斜向逆沖形成的,剪切帶兩側(cè)邊緣部位在中部物質(zhì)向外擠出、并向東、西兩側(cè)逆沖過程中致使糜棱面理(S1)發(fā)生彎曲變形,形成兩側(cè)分別為傾向相反的兩條逆沖斷層帶控制的的正花狀構(gòu)造的雛形(圖8a,b)。在斜向擠出作用下韌性剪切帶隆升到上部構(gòu)造層次后,保山地塊內(nèi)北東走向的畹町和南汀河兩條構(gòu)造帶發(fā)生左行走滑作用(Erogˇlu et al.,2013),致使南汀河構(gòu)造帶南部的物質(zhì)(包括臨滄巖體)向北東擠壓,形成瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段向北東彎曲的弧形,南段(臨滄巖體)直接逆沖于蘭坪-思茅盆地之上的構(gòu)造特征(楊振德,1996;Wang and Burchfiel,1997;段建中,1999;段建中和譚筱紅,2000),在此過程中,韌性剪切帶東部物質(zhì)相對向北運(yùn)移,在韌性剪切帶內(nèi)疊加左行脆韌性變形構(gòu)造(圖8c,d)。

圖8 瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段構(gòu)造變形過程示意圖Fig.8 Structural deformation process evolution in the middle segment of the Lancang tectonic zone

8 結(jié)論

(1)瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段經(jīng)歷了兩階段變形事件:早期南西向北東斜沖右行韌性變形過程形成宏觀韌性變形標(biāo)志東部糜棱面理低角度傾向西、西部低角度傾向東、中部近直立,兩側(cè)分別逆沖于未發(fā)生變形變質(zhì)的中生代沉積巖之上的花狀構(gòu)造;后期構(gòu)造帶整體經(jīng)歷近水平左行脆韌性剪切變形作用。

(2)黑云母40Ar-39Ar 定年結(jié)果及前人同位素年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)表明瀾滄江構(gòu)造帶中段早期韌性走滑剪切作用變形作用不晚于28Ma,止于17 ~15Ma,脆韌性變形起始于17 ~15Ma。

致謝 EBSD 測試工作由陳方遠(yuǎn)副研究員完成,40Ar-39Ar同位素測年在中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所國土資源部同位素地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,成文過程中李寶龍博士給予了較大幫助,在此一并表示感謝!

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