渠海賢,敖國昆,李 強,談志遠
1解放軍總醫(yī)院,北京 100853;2解放軍第309醫(yī)院 放射科,北京 100091
肝移植術(shù)后非吻合口膽道狹窄的介入治療
渠海賢1,敖國昆2,李 強2,談志遠2
1解放軍總醫(yī)院,北京 100853;2解放軍第309醫(yī)院 放射科,北京 100091
目的探討肝移植術(shù)后非吻合口膽道狹窄的介入治療方法及其療效。方法回顧性分析2009年1月- 2013年12月解放軍第309醫(yī)院共9例肝移植術(shù)后發(fā)生非吻合口膽道狹窄的臨床資料,分別行經(jīng)腋中線入路和劍突下入路建立2條引流道,行球囊擴張術(shù)和膽道引流術(shù)。結(jié)果9例均表現(xiàn)為肝內(nèi)膽管多發(fā)狹窄合并膽泥形成,其中2例合并膽道吻合口狹窄,1例合并膽道吻合口瘺。2例治療無效,黃疸指數(shù)漸進性增高,臨床癥狀和體征未見明顯緩解。7例好轉(zhuǎn),黃疸指數(shù)下降,臨床癥狀和體征明顯緩解。結(jié)論反復球囊擴張、分支多次引流、反復膽道塑形是肝移植術(shù)后膽道非吻合口狹窄的有效介入治療方法。
肝移植;膽管造影術(shù);并發(fā)癥;介入治療
隨著臨床肝移植技術(shù)的發(fā)展,因吻合口技術(shù)不當而造成的吻合口狹窄、吻合口漏等并發(fā)癥呈下降趨勢,而以供肝膽管樹損害為主要特征的非吻合口膽道狹窄(non-anastomotic biliary strictures,NAS)則成為主要的膽道并發(fā)癥,其發(fā)生率為20% ~34%,其中6% ~ 13%需再次肝移植,病死率達19%,被稱為“阿喀琉斯之踵再現(xiàn)”,是造成移植失敗的主要原因[1]。經(jīng)皮肝穿刺膽道引流技術(shù)(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)作為肝移植術(shù)后膽道并發(fā)癥的主要治療手段,已經(jīng)得到大多數(shù)國內(nèi)外學者的肯定。我們嘗試用反復球囊擴張、分支多次引流、反復膽道塑形對9例非吻合口狹窄的病例進行治療,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1臨床資料 2009年1月- 2013年12月解放軍第309醫(yī)院收納的9例肝移植患者,男性6例,女性3例,平均年齡47(39 ~ 65)歲。7例為乙肝后肝硬化或肝癌,2例為原發(fā)性膽汁淤積性肝硬化。9例供肝冷保存時間平均為11.6 h,熱缺血時間4 ~ 8 min,平均6 min。9例患者均采用原位經(jīng)典肝移植術(shù)式,行膽總管端端吻合。
2臨床表現(xiàn)及診斷 早期臨床癥狀均表現(xiàn)為黃疸、發(fā)熱,出現(xiàn)于移植術(shù)后3 ~ 30個月,于移植術(shù)后1年內(nèi)發(fā)生者6例。在排除其他并發(fā)癥后行經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道造影術(shù)(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)確診。膽道并發(fā)癥均為非吻合口膽道狹窄,造影表現(xiàn)為肝內(nèi)膽管多發(fā)狹窄合并膽泥形成。
3治療 均行經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝穿刺、球囊擴張術(shù)、引流管置入術(shù)。術(shù)前仔細閱讀患者上腹部MR圖像了解肝形態(tài)、肝內(nèi)外膽管情況,以指導穿刺入路的選擇及引流方案的制訂。經(jīng)腋中線入路和劍突下入路膽道穿刺成功后造影,以全面了解患者膽道情況。造影表現(xiàn)為肝內(nèi)膽管多發(fā)狹窄合并膽泥形成,膽道樹呈枯樹枝樣改變(圖1)。經(jīng)導絲順入球囊導管,反復2 ~ 3次球囊擴張左右肝管主干、肝總管、膽總管中上段及吻合口,然后分別經(jīng)腋中線入路置入引流管至膽總管,經(jīng)劍突下入路置入引流管至右肝段膽管(圖2)。
4術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后常規(guī)給予補液及抗生素治療。地塞米松10 mg加入100 ml 0.9%氯化鈉注射液中緩慢沖洗膽道,2次/d。觀察每天引流膽汁色澤、引流量。同時監(jiān)測黃疸指數(shù)。如不緩解,則造影了解膽道情況,重復上述球囊擴張術(shù),及時調(diào)整引流管位置,使其達到充分引流和為膽道塑形的作用(圖3)。
圖 1 患者,男,41歲,肝移植術(shù)后1年,造影顯示右肝內(nèi)膽管顯影不良,狹窄形成,可見多發(fā)泥沙樣充盈缺損,膽總管及吻合口未見狹窄圖 2 球囊擴張術(shù)后,經(jīng)劍突下入路將引流管置入右肝內(nèi)膽管圖 3 患者引流1個月后,將兩根導管分別調(diào)整位置,引流不同肝內(nèi)膽管。箭頭示右前支引流1個月后狹窄改善圖 4 反復調(diào)整引流6個月后,左、右肝內(nèi)膽管狹窄部分有改善,但整體改善不明顯,后再行肝移植Fig. 1 PTC showed progressive form of NAS with diffuse involvement of intrahepatic biliary tree in a male patient with almost complete disappearance of the functional bile ducts 1 year after orthotopic liver transplantation. Common bile duct and anastomotic were normalFig. 2 Drainage tube was placed into right intrahepatic bile duct through the xiphoid process after balloon expansionFig. 3 Drainage tubes were regulated for different intrahepatic bile ducts. Compared with Fig.2, the condition of intrahepatic bile duct was partially improved after one monthFig. 4 Repeatedly adjusted the drainage tube for 6 months, intrahepatic bile duct stenosis was partially improved, but the overall improvement was not obvious despite the interventional therapy and it still needed retransplantation
9例均置入2根引流管,技術(shù)成功率100%。首次PTC術(shù)后隨訪4 ~ 27個月。其中1例行膽道造影和球囊擴張術(shù)多達35次。7例經(jīng)多次治療后緩解,黃疸指數(shù)大幅度下降,但仍未達到正常水平,臨床癥狀和體征好轉(zhuǎn),膽道狹窄不同程度改善。2例患者經(jīng)反復球囊擴張和膽道引流,黃疸未見明顯緩解,膽管形態(tài)未見明顯改善(圖4),膽汁引流量50 ~ 200 ml/d,后期均導致移植失敗。
非吻合口膽道狹窄是指各種原因引起的彌漫性或局灶性的移植肝膽管樹狹窄、擴張、毀損和管型形成,伴有淤膽或纖維化[2]。肝移植術(shù)后非吻合口膽道狹窄病因復雜,其發(fā)生與供肝的冷/熱缺血時間、缺血再灌注損傷、膽道血供受損、免疫排斥反應及巨細胞病毒感染等因素有關(guān),臨床治療較為棘手,對病人術(shù)后的生活質(zhì)量和長期存活均有較大的影響[3-10]。一旦發(fā)生,PTCD因其良好的安全性、可重復性而成為首選治療手段。Nakamura等[11]對14例不伴肝動脈病變的肝內(nèi)膽管多發(fā)狹窄患者經(jīng)多次擴張治療后僅3例有效。Sunku等[12]對35例膽道狹窄行球囊擴張及支架置入,發(fā)現(xiàn)非吻合口狹窄治療后復發(fā)率>90%,治療次數(shù)超過吻合口狹窄病人的2倍。目前尚無特別有效的手段,唯一的根治方法是再次肝移植。
本組治療有如下技術(shù)特點:1)雙側(cè)分支充分引流和反復球囊擴張。狹窄和膽泥形成發(fā)生在各支各級膽管,僅一側(cè)單支引流無法解決問題[13],仍會出現(xiàn)膽紅素升高等癥狀體征。反復球囊擴張,以達到為膽道重新塑形的目的。2)多次調(diào)整引流管位置,使其達到為各分支充分引流的效果,引流的同時也能達到為膽道塑形的效果。3)引流一段時間后,膽泥附著在引流管上容易堵塞引流管。多次更換引流管并選用適當直徑引流管,使其達到為左、右肝內(nèi)膽管充分引流和重新塑形的效果。由于引流管本身可以起到為膽道塑形的作用,所以沒有采用內(nèi)涵管和塑料支架等。4)反復經(jīng)引流管沖洗膽道。術(shù)后防止膽泥形成堵塞引流通道也對預后有較大的影響,沖洗過程中可以觀察到大量絮狀物和膽泥隨沖洗液排出。
術(shù)后及時復查黃疸指標尤為重要。一旦膽紅素下降不明顯,說明膽道引流不充分,即可行造影復查[14-15]。視造影情況調(diào)整引流管位置,重復上述過程。術(shù)后1個月9例黃疸指數(shù)均下降,臨床癥狀均改善,后期相繼出現(xiàn)膽汁引流量少,膽紅素升高等體征,復發(fā)率100%。經(jīng)反復多次球擴引流后,7例臨床癥狀和體征最終緩解,膽道形態(tài)均有不同程度改善。2例雖未見改善,但仍然改善了全身情況,為再次肝移植創(chuàng)造了條件。本研究中較文獻[11]中的緩解率(7/9 vs 3/14)稍高,考慮主要是耐心地對各支膽管反復擴張和充分引流的效果。這提示,盡管這類患者預后差,但耐心、規(guī)范的介入治療仍可以保證療效、延長生存期,而且較再次肝移植風險小、費用低,所以仍然值得嘗試[10,16-17]。
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Interventional therapy in nonanastomotic biliary strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation
QU Haixian1, AO Guokun2, LI Qiang2, TAN Zhiyuan2
1Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;2Department of Radiology, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China
AO Guokun. Email: aogk309@aliyun.com
ObjectiveTo explore the interventional treatment methods in nonanastomotic biliary strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation and observe the effectiveness.MethodsClinical data about 9 cases with nonanastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation from January 2009 to December 2013 in the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA were retrospectively analyzed and balloon dilatation and drainage were performed through axillary midline approach and xiphoid process in 9 cases.ResultsOf the 9 cases characterized by multiple narrow intrahepatic bile ducts merging with bile mud formation, 2 cases had anastomotic stenosis and 1 case had anastomotic fistula. The treatment in 2 cases was invalid with progressive jaundice index and no obviously alleviated clinical symptoms and signs were found. While, the treatment in the other 7 cases was effective with decreased jaundice index and obviously alleviated clinical symptoms and signs.ConclusionRepeated balloon dilatation, biliary drainage of branches several times and repeated biliary shaping are effective methods for nonanastomotic biliary strictures.
liver transplantation; cholangiography; complications; interventional therapy
R 617
A
2095-5227(2015)04-0345-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.04.012
時間:2015-01-04 10:38
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150104.1333.008.html
2014-09-23
渠海賢,男,在讀碩士。Email: quhaixian1989@163.com
敖國昆,男,碩士,主任醫(yī)師。Email: aogk309@aliyun. com