葛正華,吳 顥
早期連續(xù)性血液凈化在胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)膿毒癥急性腎損傷患者的應(yīng)用分析
葛正華,吳 顥
目的 探討早期行連續(xù)性血液凈化(CBP)在胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)膿毒癥急性腎損傷(AKI)患者的臨床意義。方法 采用前瞻性對(duì)照研究,選擇2010年1月至2013年12月我院及長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房收治的胃癌術(shù)后1周內(nèi)并發(fā)膿毒癥AKI的70例患者為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為早期CBP的治療組和常規(guī)CBP的對(duì)照組,各35例。所有患者均按照胃癌術(shù)后和膿毒癥的集束化原則治療。收集整理2組患者的臨床數(shù)據(jù),比較2組患者2周內(nèi)尿量、肌酐、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞、白蛋白等指標(biāo)的變化,以及存活率、住院時(shí)間、住院總費(fèi)用等資料,評(píng)價(jià)早期CBP對(duì)胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)膿毒癥AKI患者的治療意義。結(jié)果 治療組尿量恢復(fù)情況明顯好于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),治療組尿素氮、肌酐、CRP水平明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);治療組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平低于對(duì)照組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;治療組白蛋白水平和對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異;治療組APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、Marshall評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);治療組存活率明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);治療組平均住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),住院總費(fèi)用2組間無(wú)明顯差異。結(jié)論 早期CBP能有效提高胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)嚴(yán)重膿毒癥AKI患者的存活率,有利于患者尿量、肌酐的早期恢復(fù),縮短住院時(shí)間。
胃癌術(shù)后;膿毒癥;急性腎損傷;連續(xù)性血液凈化
手術(shù)是臨床治療胃癌的主要方法,根治性切除術(shù)涉及胃腸道切除和重建,易并發(fā)危重并發(fā)癥[1]。膿毒癥是感染引起的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,常導(dǎo)致患者多個(gè)器官功能損傷,其中腎臟是常見的受累器官。既往研究顯示48%的嚴(yán)重膿毒癥患者可伴有急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury, AKI) ,甚至是腎衰竭,且該類患者容易出現(xiàn)酸中毒、電解質(zhì)紊亂等并發(fā)癥,使病情惡化預(yù)后變差,住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),治療費(fèi)用增加,并且死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高[2]。胃癌術(shù)后早期并發(fā)膿毒癥急性腎損傷屬危重癥,其短期死亡率達(dá)50%[3]。筆者在得到醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)和患方知情同意后,從2010年1月開始,將患者隨機(jī)分組比較療效,以探討早期連續(xù)血液凈化(continuous blood purification, CBP)在改善胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)膿毒癥AKI患者預(yù)后的應(yīng)用效果。
表1 各組治療前后相關(guān)理化指標(biāo)比較(各組n=35,x±s)
注:與常規(guī)CBP對(duì)照組治療后比較aP<0.05,bP<0.05;CBP為連續(xù)血液凈化
1.1 一般資料 采用前瞻性對(duì)照研究,選擇2010年1月至2013年12月我院和長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房收治的胃癌術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)并發(fā)膿毒癥AKI的70例患者為研究對(duì)象。按數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)分為早期行CBP的治療組和常規(guī)行CBP的對(duì)照組,各35例。其中男性41例,女性29例;年齡44~65歲,平均(56.3±9.7)歲。2組年齡、性別、晨起體溫、晨起收縮壓、晨起心率、AKI分期等差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,有可比性。
1.2 篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)初診為胃癌,行根治性切除術(shù)的患者;(2)術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)并發(fā)膿毒癥AKI,膿毒癥診斷根據(jù)2001年美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)/危重病醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],AKI的定義參照文獻(xiàn)[5]的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(3)排除不能配合治療或中途放棄治療、既往惡性腫瘤、免疫相關(guān)、出血性等疾病的患者。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo) 觀察并記錄患者2周治療期間的生命體征,如24h尿量、體溫、血壓、心率等,理化指標(biāo)包括肌酐、總膽紅素、轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、白細(xì)胞、白蛋白、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)等。生存資料包括存活率,ICU住院時(shí)間,住院總費(fèi)用等。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,采用c2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 治療組與對(duì)照組治療前后各項(xiàng)理化指標(biāo)比較 治療組2周內(nèi)尿量恢復(fù)情況明顯好于對(duì)照組(t=2.14,P<0.05),尿素氮、肌酐、CRP水平明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平低于對(duì)照組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.92,P>0.05),白蛋白水平與對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異(t=1.7,P>0.05);治療組APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分、Marshall評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 治療組與對(duì)照組治療后療效及住院時(shí)間、費(fèi)用比較 治療組存活率明顯高于對(duì)照組(t=4.643,P<0.05);住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組(t=3.501,P<0.01),住院總費(fèi)用無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05)。見表2。
表2 治療組與對(duì)照組治療后療效及住院時(shí)間、費(fèi)用比較(各組n=35,x±s)
注:與常規(guī)CBP對(duì)照組治療后比較aP<0.05,bP<0.05。CBP為連續(xù)血液凈化
膿毒癥AKI是創(chuàng)傷和手術(shù)后的常見并發(fā)癥,伴有高病死率。有研究[6]證實(shí),血清肌酐水平即使輕微升高就可增加急性腎功能不全患者的病死率。胃癌手術(shù)屬于Ⅱ類手術(shù),術(shù)中受到消化道等處細(xì)菌的感染幾率很大,容易并發(fā)術(shù)后膿毒癥。目前膿毒癥致AKI的機(jī)制仍不完全明確,可能是炎癥反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的炎癥介質(zhì)及內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的活性物質(zhì)損傷腎臟組織造成。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多種生物分子如血小板活化因子、腫瘤壞死因子、內(nèi)皮素等均可能參與其中[7]。這種情況下,臨床上往往單純的藥物對(duì)AKI的療效不理想。
自1977年Kramer將連續(xù)性血液濾過(guò)引入血液透析領(lǐng)域后,人們擺脫了傳統(tǒng)的間歇性血液透析觀念。同時(shí)由于連續(xù)性血液濾過(guò)操作簡(jiǎn)單易行,具有明確的超濾脫水能力,在急性腎損傷的救治中得到了廣泛使用[8]。目前已衍生為一系列技術(shù)如:連續(xù)靜脈-靜脈血液濾過(guò)、連續(xù)動(dòng)脈-靜脈血液透析、連續(xù)性靜脈-靜脈血液透析濾過(guò)等,這些技術(shù)統(tǒng)稱為連續(xù)性腎臟替代治療。2000年,黎磊石院士在國(guó)際上首次提出了連續(xù)性血液凈化的概念,并且闡述了這一技術(shù)的核心是持續(xù)地凈化以及多器官功能支持。目前CBP已突破傳統(tǒng)的腎臟病領(lǐng)域,廣泛應(yīng)用于危重病的救治中[9]。一般認(rèn)為常規(guī)的血液透析由于快速地去除水分和溶質(zhì),血漿滲透壓突然下降,容易導(dǎo)致患者得血流動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡,而膿毒癥急性腎損傷的病人往往血壓不穩(wěn)定、體溫異常、心動(dòng)過(guò)速等,常規(guī)血液透析可能進(jìn)一步加重患者得病情。CBP的特點(diǎn)是:床邊,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,持續(xù)、緩慢、高效的濾過(guò)。與傳統(tǒng)的間歇性血液透析相比,容量波動(dòng)小,凈超濾率低,無(wú)膠體滲透壓改變,可以隨時(shí)調(diào)整液體平衡,更符合生理,能有效改善患者的心血管功能。Ronco等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期血液凈化治療有利于改善患者預(yù)后可能與早期糾正內(nèi)環(huán)境失調(diào)、維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)、預(yù)防更嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥有關(guān)。另外有研究結(jié)果顯示膿毒癥的早期優(yōu)化補(bǔ)液易引起液體超負(fù)荷導(dǎo)致后期的預(yù)后惡化[11],血液凈化治療有利于改善后期水負(fù)荷,爭(zhēng)取營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持的液體空間。
胃癌術(shù)后發(fā)生膿毒癥一旦合并腎臟的損害,死亡率大大增加。由于大部分急性腎損傷是可逆的,理論上講在其發(fā)展的任何階段進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療均有望恢復(fù)其功能。然而在CBP治療的最佳時(shí)機(jī)上,至今未有共識(shí)。本研究采用前瞻性病例對(duì)照研究,在排除可能的影響因素后,選擇連續(xù)6 h尿量<0.5 ml·kg-1·h-1為界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以6 h和24 h為早期治療和常規(guī)治療的區(qū)分,得到了較為客觀的結(jié)果。研究結(jié)果顯示,早期治療組2周內(nèi)尿量恢復(fù)情況明顯好于對(duì)照組,尿素氮、肌酐、CRP水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,提示早期行CBP治療有益于患者腎臟功能的持續(xù)恢復(fù)。雖然治療組2周內(nèi)白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平低于對(duì)照組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示早期行CBP治療并不能顯著改善患者的感染情況,仍需要依靠有效的抗生素治療。早期治療組2周內(nèi)白蛋白水平和對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異,一方面提示早期CBP治療不能顯著改善患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,但這也可能與治療過(guò)程中補(bǔ)充外源性白蛋白有關(guān)。早期治療組APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分、Marshall評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組,提示早期CBP治療能有效的持續(xù)改善患者生理狀況、器官功能;早期治療組存活率明顯高于對(duì)照組,平均住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,提示早期行CBP治療能減少部分患者死亡,提高救治成功率,并有效縮短住院時(shí)間;但住院總費(fèi)用兩組間無(wú)明顯差異。由此可見,早期CBP能有效改善患者的機(jī)體生理狀態(tài)和加快器官衰竭的功能恢復(fù),并顯著提高患者的生存率。
總之,早期血液凈化治療能保持患者時(shí)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,持續(xù)改善實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)膿毒癥急性腎損傷的患者要把握CBP治療時(shí)機(jī),早期治療有積極的臨床意義,尿量改變可作為早期啟動(dòng)血液凈化治療的實(shí)用性指標(biāo)。
[1] Franco R, Giovanni C, Daniele M. Long-term results after R0 resection in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer[M].Milan: Grafiche Porpora, 2012:125-130.
[2] Brivet FG, Kleinknecht DJ, Loirat P, et al. Acute renal failure in intensive care units-causes,outcome,and prognostic factors of hospital mortality;a prospective,muhicenter study[J]. Critical Care Med, 1996, 24(2): 192-198.
[3] Colombo C, Ronellenfitsch U, Yuxin Z, et al. Clinical, pathological and surgical characteristics of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor and their influence on survival: a multi-center study[J]. Annal Surg Oncol, 2012, 19(11): 3361-3367.
[4] Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS international sepsis definitions conference[J]. Intens Care Med, 2003, 29(4): 530-538.
[5] 急性腎損傷專家共識(shí)小組.急性腎損傷診斷與分類專家共識(shí)[J].中華腎臟病雜志,2006,22(11):661-663.
[6] Lassnigg A, Schmidlin D, Mouhieddine M, et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2004, 15(6): 1597-1605.
[7] Messmer UK, Briner VA, Pfeilschifter J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide induce apoptotic cell death in bovine glomerular endothelial cells[J]. Kidney Intern, 1999, 55(6): 2322-2337.
[8] Santos OF, Boim MA, Barros EJ, et al. Role of platelet activating factor in gentamicin and cisplatin nephrotoxicity[J]. Kidney Intern, 1991, 40(4): 742-747.
[9] Ma SY, Liu CY. Continuous renal replacement therapy on patients of multiple organs dysfunction syndrome with acute renal failure[J]. 中國(guó)危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué), 2003, 15(2): 97-99.
[10] Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial[J]. Lancet, 2000, 356(9223): 26-30.
[11] Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada TA, et al. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality[J]. Critical Care Med, 2011, 39(2): 259-265.
(本文編輯:甘輝亮)
Application of early continuous blood purification in patients with gastric cancer complicated with postoperative sepsis and acute kidney injury
GeZhenghua,WuHao
(DepartmentofNephrology,RudongPeopleHospital,Rudong226400,China)
Objective To explore clinical significance in early continuous blood purification (CBP) in patients with gastric cancer complicated with postoperative sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods A prospective analysis was made in the study. Seventy gastric cancer patients complicated with postoperative sepsis and AKI were chosen as our research subjects from the intensive care units (ICUs) of our hospital and Changhai Hospital, from January 2010 to December 2013. The subjects were randomly divided into the early continuous blood purification group (or the treatment group) and the routine CBP control group (or the control group), each consisting of 35 subjects. All patients were treated according to the principle of cluster treatment of postoperative gastric cancer and sepsis. Clinical data of the patients in the 2 groups were collected, then, comparisons were made in the level changes of urine output, serum creatinine, C reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBC), albumin and other indicators, as well as survival rate, hospitalization time and total medical costs. Finally, evaluations were made on the clinical effects of early CBP on the patients with gastric cancer complicated with postoperative sepsis and AKI.Results The urine restoration for the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group(P<0.05), and the levels of urine nitrogen, creatinine and CRP were obviously lower than those of the control group (P< 0.05). WBC level for the treatment group was lower than that of the control group, but without statistical significance. There was no significant difference in albumin level for the treatment group, as compared with that of the control group. APACHE, Marshall and SOFA scores for the treatment group were all lower than those of the control group (P< 0.05). Survival rate for the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P< 0.05). Average hospitalization time for the treatment group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (P< 0.001), However, there was no obvious difference in the total cost of hospitalization, when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Early CBP could effectively increase the survival rate of patients with gastric carcinoma complicated with severe sepsis and AKI, help to restore the levels of urine and creatinine and shorten hospitalization time.
Gastric cancer after surgery; Sepsis; Acute renal injury; Continuous blood purification
226400 江蘇 如東,如東縣人民醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科(葛正華);第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科(吳顥)
R457
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-0754.2015.05.011
2015-03-12)