鄭兆泓 胡良皞(揚(yáng)州江都區(qū)中醫(yī)院內(nèi)科 揚(yáng)州 225200)
慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫研究
鄭兆泓 胡良皞
(揚(yáng)州江都區(qū)中醫(yī)院內(nèi)科 揚(yáng)州 225200)
假性囊腫是慢性胰腺炎最常見的并發(fā)癥,因其發(fā)病率較低、起病隱匿、病程時(shí)間長(zhǎng)等,以往對(duì)其研究較少。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展,現(xiàn)對(duì)胰腺假性囊腫的分型、疾病特點(diǎn)、診斷和治療等都有了進(jìn)一步的了解,本文對(duì)此進(jìn)行綜述。
假性囊腫 慢性胰腺炎 診斷 治療
假性囊腫是慢性胰腺炎最常見的并發(fā)癥,是因胰管阻塞或狹窄引起胰管內(nèi)壓力增大,導(dǎo)致囊性擴(kuò)張并液體積聚不能吸收而形成[1],其囊壁由纖維或炎性肉芽組織形成,囊內(nèi)無(wú)胰腺上皮層襯墊[2]。本文綜述慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫的分型、疾病特點(diǎn)、診斷和治療措施。
1961年,Sarles等[3-4]提出胰腺假性囊腫的分類取決于急性還是慢性胰腺炎,因?yàn)閮烧叩募傩阅夷[在病理學(xué)上有明顯區(qū)別,繼發(fā)于急性胰腺炎的假性囊腫是壞死性囊腫,是因胰腺壞死及滲出所致,而繼發(fā)于慢性胰腺炎的假性囊腫則為潴留囊腫,是胰管病變所致。但在臨床上,這一區(qū)別僅在囊腫形成早期較為明顯,囊腫成熟后則難以區(qū)分。1991年D’Egidio和Schein[5]對(duì)胰腺假性囊腫進(jìn)行了分類:I型為急性胰腺炎發(fā)作后產(chǎn)生,很少與胰管相通;II型為慢性胰腺炎急性發(fā)作后產(chǎn)生,即胰管有慢性胰腺炎特征性改變,但無(wú)明顯梗阻,而且胰管往往與囊腫相通;III型為發(fā)生于無(wú)急性發(fā)作史的慢性胰腺炎患者,有明確的胰管完全或不完全梗阻。根據(jù)胰管解剖結(jié)構(gòu)可將慢性胰腺炎的假性囊腫分為主胰管交通型和非交通型兩類[6-8]。Barkin和Hyder[9]對(duì)于慢性胰腺炎的假性囊腫按照形成原因又分為急性(>4周內(nèi)有急性發(fā)作史)和慢性(無(wú)急性發(fā)作史)兩類。
在假性囊腫的發(fā)生機(jī)制上,慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫多為胰管阻塞或狹窄引起胰管內(nèi)壓力增大,導(dǎo)致囊性擴(kuò)張,囊腫多與胰管相通,而急性胰腺炎假性囊腫多因胰腺和胰周組織壞死溶解、局限包裹后形成,囊腫多不與胰管相通[1]。有報(bào)道慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫發(fā)病率為25%[10]。但亦有報(bào)道為20%~40%,低于急性胰腺炎假性囊腫的50%~71.5%[11-13],但因該研究樣本量小、隨訪時(shí)間長(zhǎng),有些患者在確診慢性胰腺炎10年后才發(fā)生假性囊腫,因而數(shù)據(jù)具有不確定性。有研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)的慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫位于胰腺頭部,但因該研究包含了部分急性胰腺炎樣本,故對(duì)結(jié)果有所影響。在一項(xiàng)同樣包含急性和慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫的外科手術(shù)和尸檢研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)胰外假性囊腫多位于體部和尾部區(qū)域,而大多數(shù)胰內(nèi)假性囊腫則位于胰腺頭部[15]。慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫的形態(tài)大多為圓形或橢圓形,但也有少部分為多房型或多形型。有研究[16]測(cè)量103例慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫大小,發(fā)現(xiàn)其平均直徑為9 cm。假性囊腫的囊液大多為胰液,少部分為胰腺壞死組織,但也有血性液體的報(bào)道。對(duì)于假性囊腫的形成時(shí)間,急性胰腺炎為4~6周,但慢性胰腺炎因起病較為隱匿,病程時(shí)間長(zhǎng)而不明確[17]。
慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫患者的臨床癥狀無(wú)特異性,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道大部分患者僅有持續(xù)的、程度不同的腹痛癥狀,少數(shù)患者由于囊腫壓迫周圍臟器組織引起黃疸、早飽、體重下降等癥狀。因?yàn)橐认傥恢幂^深而不易觸及,僅較大的假性囊腫在上腹部查體時(shí)可捫及包塊。目前CT和磁共振成像是診斷胰腺假性囊腫的最可靠方法。鋇餐和碘水造影可以觀察胃腸道被假性囊腫壓迫、推移的情況,對(duì)假性囊腫的探查更有立體感,不失為一種有效的輔助檢查手段。超聲內(nèi)鏡可了解假性囊腫的位置,確定胃壁和囊壁的相對(duì)位置,找到合適的穿刺點(diǎn)。內(nèi)鏡下逆行性膽胰管造影可以提示囊腫與胰管交通與否,對(duì)于愈后判斷和治療選擇有一定意義。
慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫的治療方案與急性胰腺炎假性囊腫大致相同,可采用內(nèi)科保守治療、手術(shù)切除、經(jīng)胃囊腫引流術(shù)、囊腫十二指腸吻合術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡和介入治療等,但應(yīng)以患者具體情況而定。有關(guān)慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫需要進(jìn)一步治療的適應(yīng)證為:①持續(xù)腹痛;②出現(xiàn)壓迫消化道引起早飽、胃腸道梗阻、體重下降等癥狀;③出現(xiàn)壓迫膽道引起的黃疸等癥狀;④壓迫脾靜脈造成門脈高壓和胃底靜脈曲張;⑤囊腫感染;⑥囊腫體積增大[17]。
4.1內(nèi)科保守治療
因有部分慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫可自行吸收,可采用抑制胰腺外分泌的藥物(如奧曲肽)輔助治療,以加速囊腫吸收。
4.2手術(shù)治療
手術(shù)治療作為胰腺假性囊腫的傳統(tǒng)治療方式,可選擇囊腫摘除術(shù)或囊腫及部分胰腺切除術(shù)、囊腫與腸道和胃引流術(shù)等。
4.3介入治療
胰腺假性囊腫的介入治療作為近代興起的新型治療方式,目前普遍認(rèn)為其療效和外科手術(shù)相似,但具有費(fèi)用低、住院時(shí)間短、出院后3個(gè)月內(nèi)生活質(zhì)量提高等優(yōu)勢(shì)。介入治療主要分為透壁引流和經(jīng)乳頭引流兩種,方法是置入1根或數(shù)根與消化道相通的支架[18-19],如囊腫直徑1個(gè)月內(nèi)縮小30%~50%即為治療有效[20]。內(nèi)鏡下逆行性膽胰管造影可用于檢查囊腫是否與主胰管相通,如囊腫與主胰管相通,可選擇內(nèi)鏡下胰管支架植入術(shù),如囊腫過大或有感染可行鼻胰管引流術(shù)輔助治療;如囊腫與主胰管不相通,對(duì)囊腫結(jié)構(gòu)較為成熟、與胃腸壁貼合緊密者,可選擇超聲內(nèi)鏡引導(dǎo)下的囊腫胃腸道引流術(shù)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于直徑較?。ǎ? cm)的囊腫,經(jīng)乳頭引流與透壁引流療效相當(dāng),但前者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生概率低于透壁引流[9,21-22]。
綜上所述,慢性胰腺炎假性囊腫因其發(fā)病率較低、起病隱匿、病程時(shí)間長(zhǎng),有關(guān)其確切發(fā)病率、誘因等仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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Research on the pseudocyst of chronic pancreatitis
ZHENG Zhaohong, HU Lianghao
(Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiangdu District, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225200, China)
Pseudocyst is the common complication of the chronic pancreatitis. Because of lower incidence, insidious onset and long duration, the research related to pancreatic pseudocyst was less in the past. With the continuous development of the medical science, the classification, disease characteristics, diagnoses and treatment of the pancreatic pseudocyst have been further understood. This paper summarizes it.
pseudocyst; chronic pancreatitis; diagnose; treatment
R657.5+2
A
1006-1533(2015)14-0025-02
2015-05-18)