張運(yùn)劍,王曉芳,羅 凌,施舉紅
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簡(jiǎn)化肺栓塞嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)對(duì)老年肺栓塞預(yù)后判斷價(jià)值的探討
張運(yùn)劍1*,王曉芳1,羅 凌1,施舉紅2
(1北京積水潭醫(yī)院,北京大學(xué)第四臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京100035;2中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院呼吸科,北京,100730)
探討簡(jiǎn)化肺栓塞嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)(sPESI)對(duì)老年肺栓塞(PTE)患者危險(xiǎn)分層的價(jià)值。采取回顧性病例對(duì)照研究,將233例于2002年4月至2015年5月在北京積水潭醫(yī)院確診的PTE患者分為老年組(≥65歲,=132)和非老年組(<65歲,=101),對(duì)老年和非老年P(guān)TE患者的合并癥、臨床特征、sPESI以及30d病死率進(jìn)行分析。老年組年齡(76.32±6.77)歲,非老年組年齡(51.93±10.39)歲;30d病死率分別為22.73%和11.88%,兩組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.033)。老年組合并心功能不全、心律失常、腦血管病、腎功能不全、高血壓病、糖尿病及肺炎者較非老年組高,兩組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.05)。14.39%的老年患者和13.86%的非老年患者合并腫瘤,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.908),但兩組合并腫瘤的構(gòu)成不同,老年組以肺癌為主,而非老年組以骨腫瘤占多數(shù)。老年組動(dòng)脈血氧分壓低于非老年組[(59.39±11.00)(66.44±13.77)mmHg,=0.002],而肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓、腦鈉肽及心肌肌鈣蛋白I水平均高于非老年組,兩組之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.000,=0.003和=0.041)。老年組和非老年組sPESI≥1者分別占73.48%和48.51%,兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.000)。老年組內(nèi)死亡者與存活者比較,sPESI≥1的比例分別為90.00%和68.63%,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.020);死亡老年患者的sPESI均值也高于存活老年患者[(2.23±1.52)(1.18±1.11),=0.001]。sPESI評(píng)估老年組和非老年組30d預(yù)后的ROC曲線(xiàn)下面積(AUC)分別為0.704(95%CI 0.596~0.812)和0.723(95%CI 0.551~0.896)。sPESI有助于老年P(guān)TE患者的危險(xiǎn)分層。
老年人;肺栓塞;簡(jiǎn)化肺栓塞嚴(yán)重度指數(shù);危險(xiǎn)分層
急性肺栓塞(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)發(fā)病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而升高。老年P(guān)TE患者合并癥多,臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,預(yù)后影響因素更復(fù)雜。簡(jiǎn)化肺栓塞嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)(simplified pulmonary embolism severity index,sPESI)作為一種簡(jiǎn)單的臨床評(píng)估量表用于非高危PTE患者的初步危險(xiǎn)分層,能簡(jiǎn)化PTE診治流程,并得到2014年歐洲心臟病學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)急性肺栓塞診斷和管理指南的推薦[1]。但sPESI是基于整體PTE患者而建立的危險(xiǎn)分層方法,其對(duì)老年P(guān)TE患者預(yù)后判斷的研究并不多。本文針對(duì)老年P(guān)TE患者的主要特征以及sPESI與預(yù)后的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,以期對(duì)老年P(guān)TE患者進(jìn)行更合理的危險(xiǎn)分層,改善其預(yù)后。
選取2002年4月至2015年5月北京積水潭醫(yī)院確診的PTE患者233例。根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外部分研究年齡分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3,4],本研究分為老年組(≥65歲組,=132)和非老年組(<65歲組,=101)。
根據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸病學(xué)分會(huì)制定的《肺血栓栓塞癥的診斷與治療指南(草案)》診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2],并至少符合以下3項(xiàng)中1項(xiàng):(1)CT肺動(dòng)脈造影(computed tomographic pulmonary angiography,CTPA)發(fā)現(xiàn)肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓直接證據(jù);(2)肺動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果陽(yáng)性;(3)肺核素通氣/灌注掃描結(jié)果呈高度可能者。233例中CTPA確診192例,肺動(dòng)脈造影確診16例,肺核素通氣/灌注掃描診斷19例;另外6例患者因發(fā)病時(shí)病情危重不能進(jìn)行以上檢查,根據(jù)PTE危險(xiǎn)因素、臨床表現(xiàn)并結(jié)合超聲心動(dòng)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)右室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度降低而室壁不厚或右心室/右心房擴(kuò)大或發(fā)現(xiàn)血栓而診斷。
包括年齡、合并癥(腫瘤、心功能不全、心律失常、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺炎、腎功能不全、腦血管病、高血壓病、糖尿病、高脂血癥、低蛋白血癥)、動(dòng)脈血氧分壓(PaO2)、超聲心動(dòng)圖估測(cè)肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓、心肌肌鈣蛋白I(cardiac troponin-I,cTnI)、腦鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、血尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)。
以sPESI及30d病死率為預(yù)后指標(biāo)。sPESI納入指標(biāo)包括以下6項(xiàng):年齡≥80歲、合并慢性心肺疾病或心功能不全、合并腫瘤、血壓<100mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)、脈搏≥110次/min、動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度<90%,每項(xiàng)計(jì)1分。
應(yīng)用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,統(tǒng)計(jì)方法采用獨(dú)立樣本檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率表示,組間比較采用2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn);以sPESI評(píng)分作為判斷30d內(nèi)死亡與否的臨界值,以敏感度為縱座標(biāo),(1?特異度)為橫坐標(biāo)繪制患者30d的受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線(xiàn),用ROC曲線(xiàn)下面積(area under curve,AUC)衡量sPESI評(píng)分系統(tǒng)判斷預(yù)后的能力。根據(jù)Youden指數(shù)(靈敏度+特異度?1)的最大值確定PTE患者30d生存與否的最佳臨界值。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
老年組132例,男66例,女66例,年齡65~96(76.32±6.77)歲,溶栓治療3例,死亡30例,30d病死率22.73%。非老年組101例,男59例,女42例,年齡18~64(51.93±10.39)歲,溶栓治療9例,死亡12例,30d病死率為11.88%。老年組30d病死率較非老年組高,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(2=4.555,=0.033)。
老年組患者合并心功能不全、心律失常(心房顫動(dòng))、腦血管病、腎功能不全、高血壓病、糖尿病及肺炎的發(fā)生率較非老年組高,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.05;表1)。老年組和非老年組分別有19例(14.39%)和14例(13.86%)腫瘤患者,兩組差別無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.908),但兩組腫瘤構(gòu)成不同。老年組以肺癌為主,共8例(非小細(xì)胞肺癌7例、小細(xì)胞肺癌1例),乳腺癌、腎癌各2例,其余食管癌、肝癌、結(jié)腸癌、膽管癌、口腔癌、鼻咽癌及子宮內(nèi)膜癌各1例;而非老年組以骨腫瘤占多數(shù),共6例(肉瘤4例、惡性間葉腫瘤1例、未分型低度惡性腫瘤1例),子宮內(nèi)膜癌2例,其余乳腺癌、腎癌、胃間充質(zhì)瘤、腹膜后惡性梭形細(xì)胞瘤、慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤各1例。
老年組PaO2低于非老年組,而肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓、BNP及cTnI均高于非老年組,兩組之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.05);兩組之間D?二聚體、血白蛋白和SUA差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表2)。
老年組sPESI≥1分者比例高于非老年組(2=15.248,=0.000;表3)。
死亡的老年P(guān)TE患者中sPESI≥1分者占90.00%(27/30),而存活的老年P(guān)TE患者sPESI≥1分者占68.63%(70/102),兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.020)。死亡患者的sPESI均值也高于存活患者(=0.001,95%CI:0.44~1.65;表4)。
表1 老年組與非老年組合并癥情況比較
表2 老年組與非老年組主要檢查指標(biāo)比較
SUA: serum uric acid; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; cTnI: cardiac troponin-I. 1mmHg=0.133kPa
表3 老年組與非老年組sPESI比較
sPESI: simplified pulmonary embolism severity index
表4 老年組內(nèi)死亡與存活患者sPESI比較
sPESI: simplified pulmonary embolism severity index
sPESI評(píng)估老年組和非老年組30d預(yù)后的AUC分別為0.704[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(standard error,SE)0.055,95%CI 0.596~0.812]和0.723(SE 0.088,95%CI 0.551~0.896;圖1,2),兩組均有較大AUC,且老年組AUC略小于非老年組。老年組和非老年組的最佳臨界值均為1.5,其敏感度、特異度分別為0.633、0.657和0.500、0.865;此臨界值時(shí),老年組特異度略低于非老年組。
圖1 sPESI判斷老年患者30d預(yù)后的ROC曲線(xiàn)
Figure 1 ROC curve for 30-day mortality in the elderly patients by sPESI ROC: receiver operating characteristic; sPESI: simplified pulmonary embolism severity index
PTE的發(fā)病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而增加,臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,病死率高[5]。國(guó)外資料顯示≥65歲PTE患者30d病死率為14.2%~39.4%[6,7]。老年P(guān)TE患者合并癥多,既造成診斷困難,又加劇其心肺功能障礙。我們的研究結(jié)果顯示老年組肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓、BNP及cTnI均較高,而PaO2低于非老年組。老年組PTE患者30d病死率為22.73%,明顯高于非老年組的11.88%,主要與老年組有1/3病例合并心功能不全以及腦血管病、腎功能不全、糖尿病、肺炎等因素有關(guān)。另外,老年高危PTE患者能溶栓的機(jī)會(huì)較少,本研究中老年組僅有3例溶栓(2.27%),而非老年組溶栓者9例(8.91%),治療措施的受限也會(huì)增加老年P(guān)TE患者的病死率。
圖2 sPESI判斷非老年患者30d預(yù)后的ROC曲線(xiàn)
Figure 2 ROC curve for 30-day mortality in the non-elderly patients by sPESI ROC: receiver operating characteristic; sPESI: simplified pulmonary embolism severity index
對(duì)老年P(guān)TE患者進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確危險(xiǎn)分層并采取相應(yīng)治療措施是改善其預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵。目前對(duì)PTE的危險(xiǎn)分層主要基于臨床狀況評(píng)估、右心功能評(píng)價(jià)及是否有心肌損傷。sPESI作為一種臨床評(píng)估量表用于血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的急性PTE患者初步危險(xiǎn)分層可以簡(jiǎn)化診斷流程。國(guó)外研究顯示sPESI對(duì)PTE預(yù)后具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,能節(jié)約檢查成本并縮短住院時(shí)間[8?10]。因此,2014年ESC推薦低危患者(sPESI=0分)可早期出院,而中?;颊撸╯PESI≥1分)需根據(jù)右心功能和心肌損傷標(biāo)志物進(jìn)一步分層[1]。由于評(píng)估sPESI預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值的資料絕大多數(shù)基于整個(gè)PTE群體,目前僅有極少數(shù)研究顯示sPESI可較好地預(yù)測(cè)≥65歲老年P(guān)TE患者的30d病死率[11],因此,有必要進(jìn)一步研究sPESI對(duì)老年P(guān)TE患者預(yù)后的判斷價(jià)值。我們研究顯示老年P(guān)TE患者sPESI≥1分者比例明顯高于非老年組,而且老年組內(nèi)死亡者sPESI評(píng)分高于存活者;sPESI對(duì)評(píng)估老年組和非老年組30d病死率的AUC分別為0.704和0.723,說(shuō)明sPESI評(píng)分系統(tǒng)無(wú)論對(duì)于老年還是非老年P(guān)TE患者均能較好地區(qū)分可能死亡和可能存活的患者,有助于老年P(guān)TE患者的危險(xiǎn)分層。
老年P(guān)TE患者合并癥多而復(fù)雜,在應(yīng)用sPESI評(píng)估預(yù)后時(shí)應(yīng)區(qū)別對(duì)待。本研究中兩組sPESI預(yù)測(cè)30d死亡的最佳臨界值均為1.5,但老年組的特異度為0.657,低于非老年組的0.865,這提示判斷老年P(guān)TE患者預(yù)后時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮一些未包括在sPESI評(píng)分系統(tǒng)中的因素,如合并腦血管病、腎功能不全、糖尿病、肺炎等疾病。另一方面,sPESI評(píng)分系統(tǒng)中只是依據(jù)合并癥的有或無(wú)評(píng)分,并未考慮合并癥的種類(lèi)和嚴(yán)重程度。雖然本研究中兩組合并腫瘤的比例并無(wú)差異,但老年組以肺癌為主。許小毛等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌合并靜脈血栓栓塞癥者30d病死率高達(dá)20.8%。早期國(guó)外資料顯示子宮內(nèi)膜癌、淋巴瘤合并靜脈血栓栓塞癥的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于乳腺癌和前列腺癌[13]。另外,我們資料顯示老年患者合并心房顫動(dòng)比例明顯高于非老年組,有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)PTE合并心房顫動(dòng)的患者30d病死率高達(dá)35.1%[14]。因此,對(duì)合并肺癌、心房顫動(dòng)的老年P(guān)TE患者更應(yīng)重視。基于以上原因,有研究者認(rèn)為采用疾病累計(jì)評(píng)分表(Cumulative Illness Rating Scale,CIRS)可能更有利于老年P(guān)TE患者預(yù)后的判斷[15]。
老年P(guān)TE患者的預(yù)后影響因素多,雖然sPESI未能涵蓋某些預(yù)后影響因素,但因其簡(jiǎn)單易于操作,可用于判斷血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的老年P(guān)TE患者30d病死率。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Predictive value of simplified pulmonary embolism severity index for pulmonary thromboembolism in the elderly
ZHANG Yun-Jian1*, WANG Xiao-Fang1, LUO Ling1, SHI Ju-Hong2
(1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, the Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100035, China;2Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China)
Simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI) is a practical validated tool aiming to stratify 30-day mortality risk in acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). However, guidelines for PTE risk stratification are not concerning on age. The aim of our study was to determine the prognostic value of sPESI in the elderly patients with PTE.s A retrospective case-control study was carried out on 233 consecutive patients with identified PTE admitted in our hospital from April 2002 to May 2015. They were divided into the elderly group (≥65 years old,=132) and the non-elderly group (<65 years old,=101). Their complications, clinical features, sPESI score, and 30-day mortality were compared and analyzed.The patients of the elderly group were at age of (76.32±6.77) years, and those of the non-elderly group were (51.93±10.39) years. The former group had a 30-day mortality of 22.73%, and the latter of 11.88%, with significant difference between the two groups (=0.033). The incidences of cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmia, cerebrovascular diseases, renal insufficiency, hypertension, diabetes and pneumonia were significantly higher in the elderly patients than in the non-elderly ones (all<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of malignant tumors between the elderly and non-elderly groups (14.39%13.86%,=0.908). But, the most common tumor was lung cancer in the elderly group, and bone tumor in the non-elderly group. The arterial partial pressure of oxygen was significantly lower in the elderly group than in the non-elderly group [(59.39±11.00)(66.44±13.77)mmHg,=0.002], but the pulmonary arterial pressure, serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin-I were obviously higher in the former than in the latter (=0.000,=0.003 and=0.041). Significant difference was observed in the percentage of patients with sPESI score ≥1 between the two groups (73.48%48.51%,=0.000). In the elderly group, sPESI score ≥1 was found among 90.00% of the dead patients and 68.63% of the survival ones (=0.020). The mean sPESI score was 2.23±1.52 in the dead patients of the elderly group, significantly higher than those survived (1.18±1.11,=0.001). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.704 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.596?0.812] for the elderly patients and 0.723 (95%CI: 0.551?0.896) for the non-elderly ones.sPESI is helpful for risk stratification in the elderly patients with acute PTE.
aged; pulmonary embolism; simplified pulmonary embolism severity index; risk stratification
(Z141107002514153).
R592; R563.5
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.12.207
2015?09?01;
2015?10?18
北京市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)資助課題(Z141107002514153)
張運(yùn)劍, E-mail: zhangyjian@126.com